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PubMed2000

Green tea consumption and chronic atrophic gastritis: a cross-sectional study in a green tea production village.

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is well known as a precancerous lesion of the stomach, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection increases the risk of CAG. While recent studies have reported that green tea consumption decreases the risk of gastric cancer, there has been no study analyzing the relationship between green tea consumption and the both risks H. pylori infection and CAG. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 636 subjects living in a farming village in Japan to examine the relationship among green tea consumption, H. pylori infection, and CAG. Smoking, alcohol drinking, consumption of four beverages, including green tea, and of five foods were investigated as lifestyle factors that may affect H. pylori infection and CAG. The measurement of H. pylori-IgG antibodies was used to define H. pylori infection, and serum pepsinogens were used to define of CAG. The unconditional logistic regression model was used for analyzing each odds ratio (OR). H. pylori infection was positively associated with the risk of CAG (OR = 3.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.59-5.36). High green tea consumption (more than 10 cups per day) was negatively associated with the risk of CAG, even after adjustment for H. pylori infection and lifestyle factors associated with green tea consumption (OR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.93). These results support the hypothesis that high green tea consumption prevents CAG.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Toxic effects of indocyanine green, infracyanine green, and trypan blue on the human retinal pigmented epithelium.

BACKGROUND: Indocyanine green, infracyanine green, and trypan blue are frequently used as aids to visualize structures removed during vitreoretinal surgery. But they may have toxic effects on the retina. We therefore compared the acute and chronic toxicities of these stains on cultured human retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells using clinically relevant concentrations and an identical experimental setup for each agent. METHODS: Monolayers of RPE cells were incubated with various concentrations of indocyanine green, infracyanine green (each at 0.005%, 0.05%, and 0.5%) or trypan blue (0.05%, 0.06%, 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.5%) for 5 min (acute exposure) or 6 days (chronic exposure). Using the propidium iodide assay, acute cytotoxicity was monitored at 15-min intervals for up to 3 h. Chronic cytotoxicity was assessed by monitoring cell calcein esterase activity, cell proliferation, and cell morphology (viability) after 6 days of exposure. RESULTS: Indocyanine and infracyanine green induced acute and chronic toxicities at a concentration above 0.05%. Trypan blue evoked no acute toxicity, but it was chronically cytotoxic at all tested concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Despite thorough rinsing after application, significant amounts of the not sufficiently water soluble indocyanine and infracyanine green are retained after surgery by the eye. Trypan blue, being more water-soluble than ICG, is probably retained to the least degree. This circumstance is fortunate given that trypan blue exhibits a chronic cytotoxicity comparable to ICG at all clinically relevant concentrations. During vitrectomy, surgeons should aim to expose retinal tissue to only low concentrations of these stains and for as short a period as possible.

Cell Proliferation↗
PubMed1994

Is chicken green-sensitive cone visual pigment a rhodopsin-like pigment? A comparative study of the molecular properties between chicken green and rhodopsin.

Chicken green is a visual pigment present in chicken green-sensitive cones and has an amino acid sequence more similar than any other cone visual pigments to the rod visual pigments, rhodopsins. Here we have investigated the molecular properties of chicken green and compared them with those of rhodopsin to elucidate whether or not chicken green is a rhodopsin-like pigment. While chicken green has a molecular extinction coefficient and a photosensitivity very similar to those of rhodopsin, it displays faster regeneration from 11-cis-retinal and opsin and faster formation and decay of the physiologically active meta II intermediate than rhodopsin. These differences correlate with the physiological difference between cones and rods. Thus in spite of the similarity in amino acid sequence, chicken green displays molecular properties required for a cone visual pigment that are clearly different from those of rhodopsin.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Red, green, and red-green hybrid pigments in the human retina: correlations between deduced protein sequences and psychophysically measured spectral sensitivities.

To analyze the human red, green, and red-green hybrid cone pigments in vivo, we studied 41 male dichromats, each of whose X chromosome carries only a single visual pigment gene (single-gene dichromats). This simplified arrangement avoids the difficulties of complex opsin gene arrays and overlapping cone spectral sensitivities present in trichromats and of multiple genes encoding identical or nearly identical cone pigments in many dichromats. It thus allows for a straightforward correlation between each observer's spectral sensitivity measured at the cornea and the amino acid sequence of his visual pigment. For each of the 41 single-gene dichromats we determined the amino acid sequences of the X-linked cone pigment as deduced from its gene sequence. To correlate these sequences with spectral sensitivities in vivo, we determined the Rayleigh matches to different red/green ratios for 29 single-gene dichromats and measured psychophysically the spectral sensitivity of the remaining green (middle wavelength) or red (long wavelength) cones in 37 single-gene dichromats. Cone spectral sensitivity maxima obtained from subjects with identical visual pigment amino acid sequences show up to a approximately 3 nm variation from subject to subject, presumably because of a combination of inexact (or no) corrections for variation in preretinal absorption, variation in photopigment optical density, optical effects within the photoreceptor, and measurement error. This variation implies that spectral sensitivities must be averaged over multiple subjects with the same genotype to obtain representative values for a given pigment. The principal results of this study are that (1) approximately 54% of the single-gene protanopes (and approximately 19% of all protanopes) possess any one of several 5'red-3'green hybrid genes that encode anomalous pigments and that would be predicted to produce protanomaly if present in anomalous trichromats; (2) the alanine/serine polymorphism at position 180 in the red pigment gene produces a spectral shift of approximately 2.7 nm; (3) for each exon the set of amino acids normally associated with the red pigment produces spectral shifts to longer wavelengths, and the set of amino acids normally associated with the green pigment produces spectral shifts to shorter wavelengths; and (4) changes in exons 2, 3, 4, and 5 from green to red are associated with average spectral shifts to long wavelengths of approximately 1 nm (range, -0.5 to 2.5 nm), approximately 3.3 nm (range, -0.5 to 7 nm), approximately 2.8 nm (range, -0.5 to 6 nm), and approximately 24.9 nm (range, 22.2-27.6 nm).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Influence of plasma protein on the inhibitory effects of indocyanine green and bromcresol green on pulmonary prostaglandin E1 extraction.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of plasma protein on the inhibitory effects of the anionic dyes indocyanine green and bromcresol green on prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) uptake by the lungs. Dog lung lobes were isolated and perfused with either autologous plasma or Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (KRB) containing no protein but with dextran used as a colloid. PGE1 uptake was determined by injecting a bolus, containing radiolabelled PGE1 into the lobar artery and then analysing ethanolic extracts of the venous effluent for radioactivity in PGE1 and PGE1 metabolites by thin layer chromatography and scintillation counting. When the lobes were perfused with KRB, bromcresol green at an average initial concentration of 28.5 microM, reduced PGE1 by an average of 56%. When the lobes were perfused with plasma, similar concentrations of bromcresol green reduced the uptake by less than 2%. A similar result was obtained with indocyanine green, which at an average initial concentration of 17.5 microM reduced uptake by about 70% when the lobes were perfused with KRB, but when the lobes were perfused with plasma similar concentrations of the dye reduced uptake by less than 3.5%. The results suggest that plasma protein binding interferes with the inhibitory effects of these dyes on PGE1 uptake in the lungs.

Alprostadil↗
PubMed2001

Green politics in Germany: what is Green health care policy?

For the first time ever, a Green party has governed in Germany. From September 1998 to January 2001 the German Green party, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, held the Federal Ministry of Health. Little has been said so far about Bündnis 90/Die Grünen and its relation to health policy. This article is intended to fill that void. An analysis of the health policy program of the Greens reveals that it centers around moving the health sector toward more comprehensiveness and decentralization, strengthened patients' rights, increased use of preventive and alternative medicine, and a critique of the German cost-containment debate and policy. The current health policy program of the Greens is closest to that of the Party of Democratic Socialism, and to a lesser extent it has affinities to the program of the Social Democratic Party. The health policy program of Bündnis 90/Die Grünen is furthest from those of the Christian Democratic Union and the Free Democratic Party. The health care reforms passed in 1998 and 1999 were not a shift toward a "Green paradigm" of health care policy, because they included no fundamental changes. In addition, cost-containment is still a major political goal in German health care policy.

Democracy↗
PubMed2002

Fast Green FCF (Food Green 3) inhibits synaptic activity in rat hippocampal interneurons.

The effects of the certified food dye Fast Green FCF (Food Green 3) on miniature synaptic events in whole-cell voltage clamped hippocampal interneurons were examined. Fast Green FCF reduced the frequency, but did not affect the amplitude or kinetics, of miniature synaptic events in a dose-dependent manner. At 1 mg/ml (1.2 mM), the frequency was reduced to 21% of control. The half-maximum effective concentration was estimated to be 200 microg/ml (250 microM). In contrast, the dye Phenol Red neither affected frequency, amplitude nor kinetics of synaptic events. The results suggest that Fast Green FCF acts at a presynaptic locus, thereby inhibiting the release of neurotransmitter.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Enhanced green fluorescence by the expression of an Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein mutant in mono- and dicotyledonous plant cells.

The expression of the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) in plants was analyzed by transient expression in protoplasts from Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Hordeum vulgare, and Zea mays. Expression of GFP was only observed with a mutated cDNA, from which a recently described cryptic splice site had been removed. However, detectable levels of green fluorescence were only emitted from a small number of protoplasts. Therefore, other mutations in the GFP cDNA leading to single-amino acid exchanges in the chromophore region, which had been previously studied in Escherichia coli, were tested in order to improve the sensitivity of this marker protein. Of the mutations tested so far, the exchange of GFP amino acid tyrosine 66 to histidine (Y66H) led to detection of blue fluorescence in plant protoplasts, while the exchange of amino acid serine 65 to cysteine (S65C) and threonine (S65T) increased the intensity of green fluorescence drastically, thereby significantly raising the detection level for GFP. For GFP S65C, the detectable number of green fluorescing tobacco (BY-2) protoplasts was raised up to 19-fold, while the fluorimetricly determined fluorescence was raised by at least 2 orders of magnitude.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mutagenicity of malachite green and leucomalachite green in in vitro tests.

The genotoxic potential of the fungicide malachite green (MG) and its reduced derivative leucomalachite green (LMG) was assessed in bacteria and mammalian cells using the standard Salmonella typhimurium/Ames and CHO/HGPRT tests. In vitro potential DNA damaging effects of MG and LMG were tested using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay on CHO cells. Malachite green was found to be extremely cytotoxic to bacteria and mammalian cells. It did not have any mutagenic activity, in any bacterial strains, in the presence or absence of metabolic activation for doses up to 10 microg per plate. In the CHO/HGPRT test, the mutagenic potential of MG could be evaluated only for very low concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.05 microg ml(-1) medium. When S9 fraction was added to the medium, the highest tested dose could be increased to 1 microg ml(-1). In these experimental conditions, MG did not increase the number of thioguanine-resistant mutants. Leucomalachite green was less toxic than MG to Salmonella typhimurium and did not have mutagenic activity in the Ames' test for doses up to 2000 microg per plate. It was also less cytotoxic than MG to CHO cells and was tested at doses ranging from 5 to 100 microg ml(-1). Overall results indicated that LMG was not mutagenic in the HGPRT test. In the Comet assay, MG induced DNA damage only at cytotoxic doses. Loss of cell viability was observed for doses of > or = 3 microg ml(-1), with parallel increase in DNA alterations as measured by the tail moment. After metabolic activation, however, DNA damage was observed at doses (15-20 microg ml(-1)) inducing only low cytotoxicity. In this case, the direct genotoxicity of MG metabolites could not be excluded. In the absence or presence of metabolic activation, LMG did not have any effect on cell viability or DNA damage for doses up to 500 microg ml(-1). This study indicates that LMG, which is the main residue found in fish tissues after treatment with MG, did not have any mutagenic or clastogenic effects in the experimental conditions used.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of IgE binding to proteins of hardy (Actinidia arguta), gold (Actinidia chinensis) and green (Actinidia deliciosa) kiwifruits and processed hardy kiwifruit concentrate, using sera of individuals with food allergies to green kiwifruit.

BACKGROUND: Allergy to green kiwifruit has become common since the fruit was introduced in North America and Europe 30 years ago. Gold kiwifruit, more recently introduced commercially, has been shown to bind IgE from some individuals allergic to green kiwifruit. Hardy kiwifruit is a third species that is now cultivated in North America with potential application as a fresh fruit and in processed foods. OBJECTIVE: To compare the IgE binding properties of proteins in hardy kiwifruit extract and processed hardy kiwifruit concentrate to each other and to extracts of green and gold kiwifruits to evaluate the potential for allergic cross-reactions. METHODS: Sera from kiwifruit-allergic subjects and individuals without allergies to kiwifruit were assayed for IgE binding to soluble proteins in green, gold and hardy kiwifruits and heat-processed concentrate from hardy kiwifruit using immunoblots and direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Marked IgE binding to specific hardy kiwifruit proteins was identified. However, IgE binding to heat-processed hardy kiwifruit concentrate was remarkably lower than to the raw fruit extract. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that some kiwifruit-allergic individuals may suffer allergic cross-reactions if they consume raw hardy kiwifruit. However, heat processing of the hardy kiwifruit alters allergenic protein structure, dramatically reducing in vitro IgE binding. Processing likely reduces the risk of eliciting an allergic response in those with allergies to raw kiwifruit.

Actinidia↗
PubMed1997

[Fermentation process during the ensiling of green forage low in nitrate. 1. Fermentation process in untreated green forage].

The fermentation process of ensiling green forage, low in nitrate, was proved in 8 experiments with ryegrass, ochardgrass and grass-legumes mixture. It was demonstrated that also in easily fermentable green forage the absence of nitrate promote the occurrence of butyric acid simultaneously with the lactic acid fermentation even at an early stage of fermentation. It is supposed that the lack of nitrate as a natural inhibitor of clostridia leads to early formation of butyric acid. The evolution of clostridia in the beginning of the fermentation process was more rapid than expected. It seems that easily soluble carbohydrates are the substrates of butyric acid formation. That is why in green forage, low on nitrate, clostridia act as food competitors for lactic acid bacteria. Amino acids were not degraded in the early stage of fermentation. In spite of the high content of butyric acid the amount of ammonia was low. Apart from n-butyric acid volatile fatty acids > or = C4 did not occur. The lactic acid formation reached only a restricted extent, also in green forage with a high content of sucrose. It was assumed that there are differences in ensilability of carbohydrate fractions between forage plants.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1975

Oxygen Isotope Fractionation during Photosynthesis in a Blue-Green and a Green Alga.

Oxygen isotope fractionation ((18)O/(16)O) at the natural abundance level has been measured during photosynthesis of a blue-green and a green alga. When sufficient attention is paid to removal of contaminating air O(2) before and during the experiments, then the photosynthetic O(2) evolved, as compared to the water O(2), had an average difference of -0.36% for a blue-green alga and -0.80% for a green alga. These experiments suggest that there is no reason to invoke an inverse isotope effect in photosynthesis as part of the explanation for the (18)O enrichment in atmospheric O(2) relative to O(2) in oceanic waters. In addition, in an indirect way, the experiments also support the argument that the bulk of O(2) evolved during photosynthesis comes from water. A 10% contribution of O(2) arising from CO(2) would have been detectable in the present work.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Toxicity of insecticides in a glass-vial bioassay to adult brown, green, and southern green stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae).

Adult brown, Euschistus servus (Say); green, Acrosternum hilare (Say); and southern green, Nezara viridula (L.), stink bugs were collected from soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., in fall 2001 and 2002 near Stoneville, MS, and Eudora, AR. A glass-vial bioassay was used to determine LC50 values for the three species of stink bugs for the pyrethroids bifenthrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin, and the organophosphates acephate, dicrotophos, malathion, and methyl parathion. Results confirmed findings of other researchers that the brown stink bug was less susceptible to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides than were green and southern green stink bugs. The susceptibility of all three stink bug species to the insecticides tested was very similar at both test locations. The study established baseline insecticide mortality data from two locations in the mid-South for three stink bug species that are pests of soybean and cotton, Gossypium spp. Data from the tests are valuable for future use in studies on resistance and in resistance monitoring programs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative study of the fluorescence properties of the chlorosomal antenna of the green bacterium from the family Oscillochloridaceae and the members from two other families of green bacteria].

The fluorescence properties of bacteriochlorophylls (BChl) of the chlorosomal light-harvesting antenna of Oscillochloris trichoides (strain DG-6) from a new family of green filamentous bacteria Oscillochloridaceae were investigated in comparison with green bacteria from two other families. A strong dependence of the fluorescence intensity of chlorosomal bacteriochlorophyll c of Osc. trichoides on the redox potential of medium was found, which previously was observed only in green sulfur bacteria. The presence of BChl a in chlorosomes did not appear in their absorption spectra but was visualized by fluorescence spectroscopy at 77 K. From the comparative analysis of fluorescence spectral data for the chlorosomal light-harvesting antenna of Osc. trichoides and similar spectral data for green bacteria from two other families, it was concluded that, in some fluorescence spectral features (spectral position of bacteriochlorophyll c/a fluorescence bands; shape and full width at half maximum fluorescence band of chlorosomal bacteriochlorophyll c; the Stokes shift value of bacteriochlorophyll c band; a high molar ratio of bacteriochlorophyll c : bacteriochlorophyll a in chlorosomes that makes the bacteriochlorophyll a fluorescence band unresolved at room temperature; and highly redox-dependent fluorescence intensity of chlorosomal bacteriochlorophyll c), Osc. trichoides chlorosomes are close to the chlorosomal antenna of Chlorobiaceae species.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1977

[Effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on synthesis of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase in green and greening barley shoots].

The synthesis of sigma-aminolevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) in green or greening barley shoots was shown to increase, when the plants were grown on chloramphenicol solutions of varying concentrations for 48 hrs upon illumination. This was evidenced from the increase in the enzyme activity of the chloroplast preparations isolated from the shoots as compared to the controls grown in aqueous media. Similar treatment by cycloheximide resulted in inhibition of the enzyme synthesis as observed in the experiments with green and greening shoots. The activity of porphobilinogenase (the porphobilinogene deaminase and uroporphirinogene III cosynthetase complex) showed similar dependence on the effect of the antibiotics. The results obtained are discussed in terms of localization of the chloroplast enzyme syntheses inside the cell.

Ammonia-Lyases↗
PubMed1997

'Green mice' as a source of ubiquitous green cells.

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is responsible for the green bioluminescence of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Many classes of GFP mutants exist that display modified fluorescence spectra and an increased extinction coefficient. We produced transgenic mouse lines with an 'enhanced' GFP (EGFP) cDNA under the control of a chicken beta-actin promoter and cytomegalovirus enhancer. All of the tissues from these transgenic lines, with the exception of erythrocytes and hair, were green under excitation light. The fluorescent nature of the cells from these transgenic mouse lines would facilitate their use in many kinds of cell transplantation experiments.

Actins↗