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PubMed2004

Suppression of neutrophil recruitment in mice by geranium essential oil.

BACKGROUND: In aromatherapy, essential oils are used as anti-inflammatory remedies, but experimental studies on their action mechanisms are very limited. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To assess their anti-inflammatory activities, the effects of essential oils on neutrophil recruitment in mice were examined in vivo. METHOD: The effect of essential oils on leukocyte and neutrophil recruitment induced 6 h after intraperitoneal injection of casein in mice was examined. RESULTS: Leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity in mice was suppressed by intraperitoneal injections of geranium, lemongrass and spearmint oils at the dose of 5 microl/mouse, but was not by tea tree oil. This recruitment was inhibited dose-dependently by geranium oil. The suppression of leukocyte recruitment resulted from inhibition of neutrophil accumulation. CONCLUSION: Some essential oils used as anti-inflammatory remedies suppress neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneal cavity in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Study on morphology of the pollen of 4 species from Geranium in Heilongjiang Province].

Morphology of the pollen of 4 species from Geranium in Heilongjiang province which are G. wilfordii Maxim., G. sibiricum L., G. platyanthum Duthie. and G. dahuricum DC. were observed with optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results showed pollen grains of the four species were nearly spherical, with short clavate-shaped, net-shaped and cave-shaped veins on the outer walls and three short-furrow germ pores. Both the clava size and number of clava per unit surface area were different. This paper provided evidences for palynology classification of Geranium.

China↗
PubMed1996

Expression of a delta 9 14:0-acyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase gene is necessary for the production of omega 5 anacardic acids found in pest-resistant geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum).

Anacardic acids, a class of secondary compounds derived from fatty acids, are found in a variety of dicotyledonous families. Pest resistance (e.g., spider mites and aphids) in Pelargonium xhortorum (geranium) is associated with high levels (approximately 81%) of unsaturated 22:1 omega 5 and 24:1 omega 5 anacardic acids in the glandular trichome exudate. A single dominant locus controls the production of these omega 5 anacardic acids, which arise from novel 16:1 delta 11 and 18:1 delta 13 fatty acids. We describe the isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a unique delta 9 14:0-acyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase. Several lines of evidence indicated that expression of this desaturase leads to the production of the omega 5 anacardic acids involved in pest resistance. First, its expression was found in pest-resistant, but not suspectible, plants and its expression followed the production of the omega 5 anacardic acids in segregating populations. Second, its expression and the occurrence of the novel 16:1 delta 11 and 18:1 delta 13 fatty acids and the omega 5 anacardic acids were specific to tall glandular trichomes. Third, assays of the recombinant protein demonstrated that this desaturase produced the 14:1 delta 9 fatty acid precursor to the novel 16:1 delta 11 and 18:1 delta 13 fatty acids. Based on our genetic and biochemical studies, we conclude that expression of this delta 9 14:0-ACP desaturase gene is required for the production of omega 5 anacardic acids that have been shown to be necessary for pest resistance in geranium.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Geranium sanguineum (Geraniaceae) seed oil: a new source of petroselinic and vernolic acid.

The occurrence of petroselinic acid (18:1delta6cis) in seed oils was believed to be limited to the Umbelliferae or Apiaceae, and a few other members of the Umbelliflorae. A major occurrence of petroselinic acid outside the Umbelliflorae must therefore be regarded as highly unusual and surprising. The seed oil of Geranium sanguineum, a member of the family Geraniaceae, has now been found to contain petroselinic and vernolic acids as major FA in its seed oil TAG. These unusual FA have not been reported previously as constituents of Geraniaceae seed oils. The structure and composition of the seed oil FA from G. sanguineum were determined by combined use of chromatographic (TLC, capillary GLC) and spectroscopic (IR, GC-MS) techniques. The double-bond position in petroselinic acid was located unambiguously by the characteristic mass fragmentation of its dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) adduct. The epoxy FA was identified as vernolic acid by co-chromatography and by the mass fragments formed during GC-MS of the products of the epoxy ring-opening reaction with BF3 in methanol.

Chromatography↗
PubMed2003

Polyacylated neohesperidosides from Geranium caespitosum: bacterial multidrug resistance pump inhibitors.

Bioassay-directed fractionation for Staphylococcus aureus multidrug resistance efflux pump inhibitors resulted in isolation of novel acylated neohesperidosides from Geranium caespitosum. The more highly acylated compounds had no direct activity against S. aureus, but potentiated activity of the antibiotics berberine, rhein, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Cellular concentrations of berberine were greatly increased in the presence of active esters.

Acylation↗
PubMed2005

Antioxidant activity of A-type proanthocyanidins from Geranium niveum (Geraniaceae).

Geranium niveum S. Watson (Geraniaceae) is a medicinal herb widely used by the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. This species is rich in proanthocyanidins and other phenolics. Previous in vitro assays have demonstrated that proanthocyanidins exhibited antiinflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, enzyme-inhibiting, antioxidant, and radical-scavenging properties. In view of its medicinal use and chemical composition, the aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts and two proanthocyanidins (geranins A and D) from the roots of G. niveum by using seven different assay systems, namely, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2*-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH*), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and singlet oxygen ((1)O2). Two known antioxidants, resveratrol and ascorbic acid, were used as positive controls. The results showed that geranins A and D and the extracts were able to scavenge ABTS, DPPH, O2*-, OH*, and HOCl. The scavenging ability of geranins A and D was similar to that of resveratrol and ascorbic acid in the following assays: ABTS, O2*-, and HOCl. The scavenging capacity of ascorbic acid for DPPH was higher than that of both geranins and resveratrol. On the other hand, the OH* scavenging action of both geranins and resveratrol was similar. The methanol-CHCl3 (1:1) extract had a higher ability to scavenge ABTS, DPPH, and O2*- radicals than the chloroform extract. In turn, the latter was more potent than the methanol-CHCl3 (1:1) extract as OH* or HOCl scavenger agent. Neither geranins A and D nor the extracts were able to scavenge H2O2 and (1)O2. In conclusion, G. niveum roots have proanthocyanidins with powerful radical scavenging in vitro activity. This property may partially explain the wide use of this plant in the Tarahumara indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal illnesses (other than spasms), pain, and fevers associated with oxidative stress.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2002

Uptake of cadmium by the invasive perennial weeds Ranunculus repens and Geranium robertianum under laboratory conditions.

The objective of this study was to compare the accumulation and partitioning of cadmium (Cd) in a fibrous versus a tap root weed, Ranunculus repens and Geranium robertianum respectively. To meet this objective, we compared the accumulation by and the partitioning of Cd in R repens versus G. robertianum grown in soils spiked with 0.015 grams of Cd for a period of three weeks. The rate of Cd uptake was also compared by following the fate of 109Cd within the root, stem and leaf of the two weeds. Prior to Cd exposure, leaf and stem of control R. repens contained significantly greater amounts of Cd as compared to G. robertianum, whereas Cd concentrations in roots of the control plants for the two species were not significantly different (p > 0.05, student's t-test). Post Cd exposure the two species contained similar amounts of Cd in leaf and stem, however, roots of R. repens contained almost two-fold the amounts of Cd as compared to G. robertianum. Comparison of k (h(-1), rate of 109Cd uptake) for stem, leaf and root of the two species indicated that G. robertianum accumulated 109Cd over the first 24-48 h at a faster rate as compared to R. repens. For both species and all three organs, maximum accumulation of 109Cd occurred within the first 24-48 h. Our findings indicate that the fate of Cd within these two species is quite different with the fibrous root of R. repens serving to accumulate and store Cd whereas in G. robertianum, Cd is rapidly taken up and tends to be accumulated within its leaf.

Cadmium↗
PubMed2003

Sex allocation of females and hermaphrodites in the gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum.

Seed production and patterns of sex allocation were studied in female and hermaphroditic plants in two gynodioecious populations of Geranium sylvaticum (Geraniaceae). Females produced more flower buds and seeds than hermaphrodites in one of the two study populations. The other female traits measured (pistil biomass, seed number per fruit, individual seed mass) did not differ between the gender morphs. The relative seed fitness of hermaphrodites differed between the study populations, with hermaphrodites gaining less of their fitness through female function in the population with a high frequency of females. However, the amount and size of pollen produced by hermaphrodites did not differ between populations. The number of flower buds was positively correlated with seed production in females, whereas in hermaphrodites a positive correlation between number of buds and seed production was found in only one of the two study populations. These results suggest that fitness gain through female function is labile in hermaphrodites of this species, and is probably affected by environmental factors such as the sex ratio of the population.

Flowers↗
PubMed2005

Preferences of pollinators and herbivores in gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: For the maintenance of gynodioecy (i.e. the coexistence of female and hermaphroditic plants), females need to compensate for the lack of pollen production through higher seed production or better progeny quality compared to hermaphrodites. In Geranium sylvaticum, females produce more seeds per flower than hermaphrodites. This difference in seed production might be modified by biological interactions with pollinators and herbivores that may favour one sex and thus affect the maintenance of gynodioecy. METHODS: Sexual dimorphism in flower size and flowering phenology, and in attractiveness to pollinators, pre-dispersal seed predators and floral herbivores were examined in natural populations of G. sylvaticum. KEY RESULTS: Pollinators preferred hermaphrodites 25 % more often than females in two of the three study populations, and floral herbivores attacked hermaphrodites 15 % more often than females in two of the six study populations. These preferences might be explained by the larger flower size of hermaphrodites. In contrast, seed predators did not prefer either sex. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that pollinator preference does not benefit females, whereas the higher floral herbivory of hermaphrodites might enhance the maintenance of females in G. sylvaticum. Thus, although the data support the view that ecological factors may contribute to the maintenance of gynodioecy, they also suggest that these contributions may vary across populations and that they may function in opposite directions.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Influenza virus variants with reduced susceptibility to inhibition by a polyphenol extract from Geranium sanguineum L.

A polyphenol extract obtained from the Bulgarian medicinal plant Geranium sanguineum L. (PC) inhibited influenza virus reproduction in vitro, in ovo and in vivo. The inhibitory activity of the plant preparation was proved to be selective and specific. Two variants of the virus A/chicken/Germany/34, strain Rostock (H7N1) (A/Rostock) with reduced drug sensitivity were selected by following passages in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of the substance and by subsequent purification of resistant plaques (A/Rostock-R). PC affected to a lesser extent the biological activity and the infectivity of the resistant variants compared to the sensitive parent. The lower susceptibility of the variants was consistently observed in contact assay, ELISA, cytopathogenic effect reduction, plaque reduction and infectious virus yield reduction assays. Virus-specific protein synthesis in CEF cells infected with the resistant variants, determined by 35S-labelling and following SDS-PAGE, was also less sensitive to inhibition with PC.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cytogenetic investigation of geranium plants in tissue culture].

Cytogenetic study of six cultivars and six selection lines of geranium (Pelargonium spp.), as well as of 100 plants regenerated from callus cultures has been performed. The majority of cultivars and lines had somatic chromosome numbers 2n = 7x = 56. Among regenerated plants of different cultivars (Rozovaja, Dushistaja, Krunk, Aist, Regar) obtained in vitro from various types of explants (internode, petiole) 61% of diploids and 39% aneuploids were revealed. Chromosome numbers in aneuploids varied from 46 to 82, among them 25.6% regenerated plants had 2n = 72; 10.2% -2n = 68; 5.1% -2n = = 64 and 12.8% -2n = 62. Addition of colhicine to nutrient medium increased the number of aneuploid plants.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed2003

[Chemical constituents of Geranium eristemon].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Geranium eristemon. METHOD: Chromatography and spectral analysis were used to isolate the constituents and elucidate their structures. RESULT: Five compounds were isolated from acetone extract of the whole grass of G. eristemon, and identified as beta-sitosterol, protocatechuic acid, myricetin, kaempferol-7-O-alpha-L-arabifuranoside and kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-arabifuranoside. CONCLUSION: kaempferol-7-O-alpha-L-arabifuranoside and kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-arabifuranoside were isolated from G. genus for the first time.

Arabinose↗
PubMed2001

Polyphenolic compounds from Geranium pratense and their free radical scavenging activities.

Two new polyphenolic compounds, myricetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and (-)-6-chloroepicatechin, were isolated from the aerial parts of Geranium pratense subsp. finitimum (Woronow) Knuth, along with three known polyphenolic compounds [quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside, methyl gallate] and tryptophan. Quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside were found to be effective against free radical induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated rat aorta.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Purification and characterization of a cationic isoperoxidase from scented-geranium.

A strongly cationic isoperoxidase named PC3 was purified to homogeneity from scented-geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) callus by using DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, CM-cellulose chromatography and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration, respectively. The enzyme was a glycoprotein with M(r) of ca. 58 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration. The pI value of the enzyme was 9.1. Kinetic studies revealed that PC3 had a very low K(m) value for scopoletin of 0.01 mM and could use ascorbate as a substrate. Interestingly, PC3 could not oxidize ferulic acid as a substrate. Chemical modification of the enzyme showed that PC3 was rapidly inactivated by His, Cys, Trp and Lys-specific reagents. The second order rate constants and reaction orders with respect to these inactivations were determined. Notably, ca. 4-7-fold activity boosting of PC3 occurred by adenine and imidazole when anilino substrates, such as o-dianisidine and o-phenylenediamine were oxidized, whereas this activity boosting did not occur when several phenolic substrates were used.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed1998

In vitro anti-influenza virus activity of a plant preparation from Geranium sanguineum L.

A polyphenolic complex (PC), isolated from the Bulgarian medicinal plant Geranium sanguineum L., was shown to have selective anti-influenza activity in vitro. Expression of HA on the surface of cells infected with A/chicken/Rostock/34, virus-induced cytopathic effect, infectious virus yield and plaque formation were all reduced at non-toxic concentrations of PC. Synthesis of virus proteins was also selectively inhibited. High concentrations of PC (> 200 microg/ml) exhibited a strong virucidal effect. Although the action was directed against an early stage of infection (within 3 h of infection), the process directly affected was not identified. The selectivity of antiviral action was confirmed by the variation in sensitivity of different influenza viruses to PC and the selection of variants with reduced drug sensitivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Antiherpes virus activity of extracts from the medicinal plant Geranium sanguineum L.

The herpes virus inhibitory effect of five extracts from the Bulgarian medicinal plant Geranium sanguineum L. (Geraniaceae) was investigated. The water extract (WE) from the aerial roots of the plant was the least toxic for cell cultures and inhibited significantly the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (EC50 = 3.6-6.2 microg/ml) as shown by the reduction of virus induced cytopathogenic effect (CPE) and the protection of cells in MTT assay. The inhibition was dose-related, strain-specific and depended on virus inoculum. In higher concentrations (MIC90 = 120 microg/ml) the preparation exhibited strong extracellular virus inactivating activity. The presence of WE throughout the whole replicative cycle was necessary for the full expression of the antiviral effect. In a preliminary experiment in albino guinea pigs the extract delayed the development of herpetic vesicles following primary infection with HSV-1, strain Kupka. Phytochemical investigation of the plant preparation revealed the presence of flavonoids, catechins, a polyphenolic acid and condensed tannins. The inhibitory effect of the extract on herpes simplex virus replication is related to the rich content of polyphenol compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Geranins A and B, new antiprotozoal A-type proanthocyanidins from Geranium niveum.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the antiprotozoal extract of Geranium niveum led to the isolation of two new A-type proanthocyanidins, epi-afzelechin-(4beta-->8, 2beta-->O-->7)-afzelechin (1) and epi-catechin-(4beta-->8, 2beta-->O-->7)-afzelechin (2). Compounds 1 and 2 were given the trivial names of geranins A and B, respectively. In addition, five known compounds, mahuannin B (3), reynoutrin (4), hyperin (5), methyl gallate (6), and 3-beta-caffeoyl-12-oleanen-28-oic acid (7), were obtained. The structures of the new proanthocyanidins were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods as well as CD measurements. Compounds 1, 2, and 4-7 were tested against axenically grown trophozoites of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica.

Animals↗