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PubMedDate not supplied

[Tapeworm fauna of gallinaceans (Galliformes) of Vietnam].

131 specimens of 3 species of Galliformes from Vietnam were investigated (Gallus gallus dom., G. g. jaboruillei, Francolinus pintadeanus and Lophora nycthemerus). In them 9 species of cestodes were found as follows: Davainea proglottina (Davainea, 1860), Cotugnia digonopora (Pasquale, 1890), Raillietina tetragona (Molin, 1858), R. echinobothrida (Megnin, 1880), Skrjabinia cesticillus (Molin, 1858), Paroniella tinguiana Tubangui et Masilungan, 1937, Amoebotaenia cuneata (Linstow, 1872), Echinolepis carioca (Magalhaes, 1898), Dilepidoides bauchei (Joyeux, 1924). In domestic hens there were found all 9 species of cestodes while in wild Galliformes--only 7, which are mentioned for them for the first time.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Neotropical piping guans (Aves: Galliformes): Pipile Bonaparte, 1856 is synonym of Aburria Reichenbach, 1853.

The Cracidae are Neotropical galliform birds with 11 genera currently recognized. To investigate the questioned validity of Pipile Bonaparte, 1856 and the monotypic Aburria Reichenbach, 1853 as separate genera, we gathered data from 2727 bp of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b, ND2 and control region) and 151 osteological characters. Our phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences indicated that Aburria aburri is embedded within Pipile. Also, genetic distances between Aburria and any Pipile species are equivalent to the distances estimated for other congeneric cracid species, which genus status is not doubtful. Although the osteological characters do not have phylogenetic signal to solve the phylogenetic relationships at species level, five synapomorphies were found for Aburria and Pipile. Therefore, we suggest that Pipile should be merged with Aburria, which is the oldest described genus. We estimated that speciation in this group occurred in the Plio-Pleistocene, concordant with other birds, primates and rodents that have similar geographic distribution, and proposed a diversification hypothesis based on the occurrence of sea transgressions and the formation of the Amazon Lagoon. Therefore, we conclude that these palaeogeographic events may have contributed to Neotropical taxa diversification to a greater extent than previously suspected.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Semen collection and artificial insemination in the common piping guan (Pipile cumanensis cumanensis): potential applications for Cracidae (Aves: Galliformes).

The common piping guan (Pipile cumanensis cumanensis) is serving as a model for assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) in Cracidae (Aves: Galliformes). Manual collection methods used in domestic birds and other exotics were modified to optimize quality and quantity of fresh semen samples. In addition, a method to subjectively assess semen quality on the basis of its color, clarity, and consistency was developed to serve as a tool when laboratory equipment is not available. In a species where only two eggs per clutch is typical, predictability of the date of the first egg is critical to ensure adequate inseminations before oviposition. An increase in both the distance between the female's pubic bones and degree of abdominal swelling indicated optimal time to initiate artificial insemination (AI) and allowed the number of semen samples used to fertilize the first egg in the clutch to be minimized while ensuring its fertility. In three separate AI trials, a total of four fertile eggs were produced, a first for cracids. Two of the four fertile eggs hatched successfully, and the chicks' parentages were confirmed using DNA fingerprinting. This study represents the first published account of the use of ARTs in Cracidae and forms the basis for future developments (e.g., AI of frozen-thawed semen) aimed at optimizing genetic management of cracids in ex situ breeding programs.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Primary structure of hemoglobin from gray partridge (Francolinus pondacerianus, Galliformes).

The complete amino acid sequence of the alpha A-chain of major hemoglobin component from gray partridge Francolinus pondacerianus is presented. The major component HbA accounts for 75% of the total hemolysate. Separation of the globin subunits was achieved by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Cellulose in 8 M urea. The sequence was studied by automatic Edman degradation of the native chain and its tryptic peptides in a gas-phase sequencer. The phylogenetic relationship of Galliformes with other avian orders is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

The distribution of endogenous chicken retrovirus sequences in the DNA of galliform birds does not coincide with avian phylogenetic relationships.

The chicken is a domesticated form of Red Jungle-fowl (Gallus gallus), which belongs to the Pheasant family (Phasianidae) within the order Galliformes. Domestic chickens carry the genome of the endogenous retrovirus RAV-O as DNA sequences integrated into host chromosomes transmitted through the germ line. We have examined the presence and distribution of RAV-O-related sequences in the DNA of Red Junglefowl and other closely related species of Junglefowl, as well as more distantly related Pheasants and Quail. DNA sequences homologous to RAV-O were analyzed by molecular hybridization in liquid and after electrophoresis of restriction endonuclease fragments. The presence of RAV-O-related sequences in avian DNA does not correlate with phylogenetic relationships. Under stringent conditions of hybridization in liquid, DNA sequences homologous to RAV-O cDNA were detected at high levels (greater than 80% homology( only in the genomes of the domestic chicken and its phylogenetic ancestor, the Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus). The DNA of two other species of Gallus (G. sonnerati, Sonnerat's Junglefowl and G. varius, Green Junglefowl), of Ring-necked Pheasant and of Japanese Quail contained sequences with less than 10% homology to RAV-O cDNA. Under conditions permitting mismatching, however, Ring-necked Pheasant DNA hybridized up to 50% of the RAV-O cDNA, and Quail DNA 24%, whereas the extent of hybridization to Sonnerat's and Green Junglefowl DNA was not markedly increased. Analysis of restriction enzyme digests revealed several distinct fragments of DNA hybridizing to chick retrovirus cDNA in both Red Junglefowl and domestic chicken, and multiple fragments in DNA from two species of Phasianus. No fragments with sequences related to chicken retroviruses were found, however, in digests of DNA prepared from Sonnerat's, Ceylonese and Green Junglefowl, from two other Pheasant genera (Chrysolophus and Lophura), or from one Quail genus (Coturnix). Thus the DNA of three Junglefowl species closely related to Gallus gallus lacked RAV-O sequences while the DNA of more distantly related Phasianus species showed significant homology. These results show that RAV-O-related sequences have not diverged together with the normal host genes during the evolution of the Phasianidae. Although RAV-O sequences are endogenous in all domestic chickens and Red Junglefowl studied thus far, it appears that the RAV-O genome has been introduced relatively recently into the germ line of Gallus gallus, following speciation but before domestication, and independently of the related sequences found in members of the genus Phasianus.

Alpharetrovirus↗
PubMed2000

Anseriform and galliform therapeutics.

This article provides the reader with an overview of the therapeutic options for members of the orders Anseriformes and Galliformes. These orders make up a large variety of nonpsittacine birds that are seen in veterinary practice or in zoos and private collections. Standard therapeutics are discussed as well as recently developed protocols. Order-specific idiosyncrasies are addressed. A formulary for each order is provided by drug category.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2000

Aspects of the functional morphology of the ductus epididymidis in domestic anseriform and galliform birds.

The structure of the ductus epididymidis, and its capacity to take up luminal particulate material (India ink) were studied, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in the domestic fowl, turkey and Japanese quail (Order Galliformes) and drake (Order Anseriformes). The epithelium appeared contractile and stable structurally, especially in the drake in which, among other cytoskeletal features, abundant perinuclear intermediate filaments radiated peripherally in the principal, nonciliated (Type III) cell. The Golgi complex was well developed, except in the turkey in which it was extremely inconspicuous. Sparsely granulated profiles were the main component of the elaborate endoplasmic reticulum, which was best developed in the drake and least in the turkey. The cell in the turkey was uniquely laden with large aggregates of lipid droplets. Generally, characteristics of a cell active in the synthesis and merocrine secretion of proteinaceous material were evident. There was no evidence of apocrine-like secretion in well-fixed tissues. The cell lacked the capacity to take up luminal India ink particles, and displayed very poorly developed endocytic structural features, which are also probably only selectively and minimally absorptive. Ultrastructural features varied between and within the orders studied, necessitating further studies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of growth rate and body mass on resting metabolic rate in galliform chicks.

In this study, we asked whether within-species variation in chick resting metabolic rate was related to variation in growth and whether this relationship changed during development in three galliform species (turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, guinea fowl, Numida meleagris, and Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica). Resting metabolic rate increased by a bi- or triphasic pattern with body mass. For each phase, the relationship between metabolic rate and growth was studied by residual analysis, with two measures of growth: growth rate and body mass. Chick mass reflects the net result of accumulated growth, while hatchling mass reflects embryonic growth. In hatchlings, high metabolic rates coincided with low growth rates in turkeys and guinea fowl. These species delay initial food intake, and under these circumstances high metabolic expenditure may preclude conversion of yolk energy into body mass. No relationship was present between residual hatching metabolic rate and residual body mass. In older chicks, residual metabolic rate was positively linearly related with residual growth rate (turkeys and young quail) or residual body mass (guinea fowl and older quail). The similarity of the slopes suggests that growth rate and accumulated growth affected maintenance metabolism to the same extent throughout development. These findings suggest that growth models must take ontogenetic adjustments of metabolic rate into account in addition to costs of maintenance.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of tannins on galliform cecal partitioning.

Winter diets of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and other galliformes are high in tannins. We fed quebracho, a condensed tannin, to ruffed grouse and found no effect on dry matter intake or body mass at levels up to 6% of the diet. However, a high-fiber diet with 8% quebracho resulted in reduced dry matter intake and body mass loss. Grouse could not tolerate a diet with 8% tannic acid, a hydrolyzable tannin, which caused a large reduction in dry matter intake and body mass. Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and ruffed grouse responded to dietary quebracho tannin by increasing the proportion of digesta that was excreted from the ceca. In the northern bobwhite, 59%-76% of the tannin recovered from the feces was in cecal feces. There was no difference in average passage rates of liquid and fiber digesta, although variation was high in tannin-fed birds. The role of the ceca in handling tannin requires further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Interordinal conservatism of chromosome banding patterns in Gallus domesticus (Galliformes) and Melopsittacus undulatus (Psittaciformes).

Chromosome banding homologies were studied between the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus (Galliformes), and the budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus (Psittaciformes). In spite of large karyological differences, the G-banding patterns were found to be conserved to a considerable extent between the two species. There were some differences in C- and Hoechst 33258/Q-banding patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Antibodies to Ockelbo virus in three orders of birds (Anseriformes, Galliformes and Passeriformes) in Sweden.

Sera from 324 birds collected in an Ockelbo virus disease endemic area in central Sweden were examined for the presence of specific antibodies to Ockelbo virus by a plaque reduction neutralization test. Birds examined belonged to the orders Anseriformes (n = 207), Galliformes (n = 66) and Passeriformes (n = 51). Ockelbo virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in 26 (8%) of the specimens, including species from each of the three orders tested. Specific antibodies found in caged birds and in 6- to 10-week-old birds suggested local transmission. The highest antibody prevalence (27%, 14/51) was observed in the Passeriformes in which 5 of 9 species tested contained antibodies. The high antibody prevalence in passeriforms and the very large population of this group in relation to other avian groups in Sweden gives them a high potential as amplification hosts for Ockelbo virus.

Alphavirus↗
PubMed2002

[The fast TnT isoforms specifically expressed in avian adult pectoral muscles of Galliforms and physiological significance].

Three homologous genes have evolved to encode the cardiac,slow and fast skeletal muscle troponin Ts(TnTs) in the vertebrate. Multiple isoforms in each type of TnT are generated through alternative mRNA splicing during the development and the modality of the fast skeletal TnT isoforms is the most complex. The TnT isoforms specifically expressed in avian adult fast skeletal muscle (especially in the adult pectoral muscle) of Galliforms have been characterized as follows: 1. There exist a cluster of transition metal ion binding sites [generally 4-7 repeats of a sequence motif His-(Glu/Ala)- Glu-Ala-His, designated as Tx] in the NH2-terminal variable region. 2. Compared with mammalian TnT and the neonatal or young avian TnT, these avian pectoral muscle TnTs prefer to express exon 16 in the COOH-terminal variable region. Furthermore,possible effects of the pectoral fTnT isoforms on the physiological activity are discussed in this article.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2001

Behavior of captive Bulwer's wattled pheasants, Lophura bulweri (Galliformes: Phasianidae).

Bulwer's wattled pheasant (Lophura bulweri) have traditionally been housed in pairs in captivity, although it is unknown whether monogamy is the species' natural mating system. In 1998 we placed our group of 3.3 L. bulweri together in a complex outdoor habitat, in order to investigate several questions. These included whether monogamous pairing was the natural mating system for the species, how the new grouping would affect their behavior, and what microhabitats the individuals preferred within the complex habitat. Initially, all six individuals remained in the same enclosure without conflict. After a period of approximately 6 weeks, 2.1 of these individuals were removed for their safety, due to increasingly aggressive interactions. The data we collected indicate that the species may have an exploded lek type of mating system in the wild and that individuals may flock together in the nonbreeding season. In addition, males and females seem to prefer different types of shade regimes. These results suggest ways to improve husbandry and breeding success of the species in captivity. Zoo Biol 20:15-25, 2001. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome b genes and the inference of phylogenetic relationships in the avian genus Lophura (Galliformes).

The entire mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA CR) and cytochrome b (cyt b) genes were sequenced in 10 of the 11 extant species of gallopheasants (Lophura). The cyt b from L. diardi and L. ignita showed unusual leucine-coding codons at the expected terminal 3' end of the gene. Presence of conserved functional motifs in the inferred amino acid sequences, conserved secondary structures of the flanking tRNA(Pro) and tRNA(Thr), and Southern hybridization concordantly suggest that these cyt b represent functional mitochondrial genes and not nuclear transpositions. Functional stop codons can be generated by RNA editing of the primary transcripts from these sequences. Despite strong site and domain substitution rate heterogeneity, CR and cyt b diverged at similar rates, on average, and expressed congruent phylogenetic signals. Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated sequences split Lophura into five clades including (1) L. bulweri, (2) L. diardi-L. ignita, (3) L. erythrophthalma-L. inornata, (4) L. leucomelanos-L. nycthemera, and (5) L. swinhoii-L. edwardsi-L. hatinhensis. Basal relationships among these clades, which include species distributed in continental South East Asia and the Sundaland archipelago, were weakly resolved, suggesting the occurrence of rapid cladogenic events in the early evolutionary history of Lophura. A conventional calibration of mtDNA sequence divergence indicates a mid to late Pliocene evolution of the main clades in Lophura, which could have diversified in allopatry in continental South East Asia. Sundaland could have been colonized lately and independently by the different clades. Consequently, cyclic changes in late Pleistocene climate and landscape might not have increased rates of speciation in genus Lophura in Sundaland.

Animals↗