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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

In vitro development of DNA-injected embryos co-cultured with goat oviduct epithelial cells in Korean native goats (Capra hircus aegagrus).

In vitro development of Korean native goat embryos was investigated in 2 different culture systems with and without goat oviduct epithelial cells (GOEC). Estrus was synchronized by inserting intravaginal progestagen-impnegnated sponge (Veramix) containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) for 14 d. Superovulation was induced with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Goat ova were surgically obtained by retrograde flushing the oviducts of does at 66 to 68 h after MAP removal. Mean number of recovered ova per doe was 7.28 +/- 3.91, and the proportion of fertilized embryos in recovered ova was 66.5% (121/182 ). Fertilized embryos were cultured for 9 d in CR1aa medium supplemented with 10% estrous goat serum (EGS) at 38.5 degrees C, 5% CO(2) in air. There was no difference in development of the embryos to the morula stage between the 2 culture systems (84.4 and 84.0%, respectively). However, developmental rate to blastocysts (65.6%) of the embryos co-cultured with GOEC was significantly higher than of those (12.0%) cultured without GOEC (P < 0.001). Goat zygotes were injected with bovine beta-casein/human lactoferrin cDNA fusion gene (pBL1). When the DNA-injected embryos were co-cultured with GOEC, developmental rates of the embryos to the morula and blastocyst stages were 82.9 and 36.6%, respectively. The results obtained in this study indicate that "blocking" of in vitro development of Korean native goat embryos appears to occur at the morula stage, but can be overcome to some extent by co-culture with GOEC. In the co-culture system, DNA-injected goat embryos could successfully develop to normal hatching blastocysts.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

A successful attempt to raise goat kids free of infection with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in an endemically infected goat herd.

Goat kids from a herd endemically infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) virus were raised according to 3 methods. One group of ten goat kids was removed from infected does at birth before suckling or licking by the doe could occur (snatch birth technique). Kids were fed on goat colostrum, which had been heated to 57 degrees C for ten minutes and then held in a thermos flask for one hour. Subsequently the kids were fed reconstituted spray dried cows' milk powder. They were raised apart from infected goats with separation maintained by a wire fence. Contact occurred across-the-fence. Passively acquired serum antibody to CAE virus was detected in some kids at two to three months of age. Nine of the ten goats were negative for serum antibody to CAE virus when tested at 5-6, 9 and 12 months of age. One goat was positive at three and nine months of age but was negative when tested at 12 months of age. A second group of four kids was removed at birth and fed heat-treated goat colostrum, followed by milk from CAE virus-infected does. All four kids became infected with CAE virus; they developed serum antibody to CAE virus between 5-6 and 9 months of age. A third group of two kids was not removed from their infected dams. Both kids were infected at 5-6 and 9 months of age.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Foetal loss in dairy goats: an epidemiological study in 515 individual goats.

Effects of various factors pertaining to the individual goat on the reproductive performance were studied during one season in 515 pregnant dairy goats from seven herds. A significant difference in the risk of foetal loss was found between the herds. Advanced age, difficulty in conceiving, low social status, pregnancy with > or = 3 foetuses and previous foetal loss were significantly associated with current loss. No association was found between foetal loss and the current goat index, milk production last year, daily milk production at the time of dry-off and the presence or absence of horns or dehorning of the goat. The risk of foetal loss was not related to mating with specific bucks. No indication of relationship between goats with foetal loss was found by pedigree analysis including the sire, dam and dam's sire. However, the incidence of foetal loss was significantly higher in daughters of does that had suffered reproductive loss than in daughters of does without such a loss. This suggests a maternal or genetic influence on the occurrence of foetal loss. Culling of goats suffering non-infectious abortion and of their surviving progeny therefore seems reasonable.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2007

Targeting the exogenous htPAm gene on goat somatic cell beta-casein locus for transgenic goat production.

Combining gene targeting of animal somatic cells with nuclear transfer technique has provided a powerful method to produce transgenic animal mammary gland bioreactor. The objective of this study is to make an efficient and reproducible gene targeting in goat fetal fibroblasts by inserting the exogenous htPAm cDNA into the beta-casein locus with liposomes or electroporation so that htPAm protein might be produced in gene-targeted goat mammary gland. By gene-targeting technique, the exogenous htPAm gene was inserted to milk goat beta-casein gene sequences. Fetal fibroblasts were isolated from Day 35 fetuses of Guanzhong milk goats, and transfected with linear gene-targeting vector pGBC4htPAm using Lipefectamin-2000 and electoporation, respectively. Forty-eight gene-targeted cell colonies with homologous recombination were obtained, and three cell colonies were verified by DNA sequence analysis within the homologous recombination region. Using gene-targeted cell lines as donor cells for nuclear transfer, a total of 600 reconstructed embryos had been obtained, and 146 developed cloned embryos were transferred to 16 recipient goats, and finally three goats showed pregnancy at Day 90.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A bivalent vaccine against goat pox and Peste des Petits ruminants induces protective immune response in goats.

Safety and immunogenicity of an experimental combined vaccine comprising attenuated strains of Peste des Petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and goat poxvirus (GTPV) was evaluated in goats. Goats immunized subcutaneously with 1 ml of vaccine consisting of 10(3) TCID(50) of each of PPRV and GTPV were monitored for clinical and serological responses for a period of 4 weeks postimmunization (pi) and postchallenge (pc). Specific antibodies directed to both GTPV and PPRV could be demonstrated by indirect ELISA and competitive ELISA, respectively following immunization. All the immunized animals resisted challenge with virulent strains of either GTPV or PPRV on day 28 pi, while control animals developed characteristic signs of disease. Specific antigen could be detected in the unvaccinated control animals after challenge but not from any of the immunized goats. Bivalent vaccine was found to be safe and induced protective immune response in goats as evident from sero conversion as well as challenge studies, indicating that component vaccines did not interfere with the immunogenicity of each other.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Goat smallpox in Chad: study of the pathogeny of the virus in sheep and goats].

A local strain of goat pox virus was tested in goats and sheep. The results showed that 65% of goats and 20% of sheep reacted positively. Only goats died few days after the inoculation (55%) and no mortality was recorded in the sheep. The strict species specificity of this strain was not observed. The difference of sensitivity between sheep and goats was statistically significant.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Fertilization efficiency of in vitro matured oocytes transferred to oviducts of inseminated goats: a model to assess in vivo fertilization performance of goat spermatozoa.

An alternative to conventional in vivo validation of sperm assays might be to assess the fertilization rate of multiple oocytes transferred to the oviducts of inseminated females. Increasing the number of oocytes increases the egg-sperm ratio in the oviduct under an unaltered endocrine milieu, setting the basis for picking up statistical differences between treatments in small populations. The study evaluated the model by transferring oocytes to females inseminated under conditions that are known to modify the fertilization rate in the field. The study then evaluated the use of cattle oocytes to replace goat oocytes for assessing sperm function under this model. In Experiment 1, 12 females were inseminated at estrus with either 100 or 300 million spermatozoa 20 h before transferring homologous oocytes into the oviduct ipsilateral to the ovulation point. In Experiment 2, 10 females were inseminated either once or twice; 10-20 h later, homologous oocytes were transferred into the oviduct ipsilateral to the ovulation point. In Experiment 3, 13 bilateral-ovulated females were inseminated and 20 h later goat and cattle oocytes were transferred to contralateral oviducts. Then, 16-20 h later, oocytes were flushed from the oviduct, cleaned of spermatozoa and stained to assess the fertilization rate. The fertilization rate was improved by increasing sperm numbers at insemination (P < 0.04) and by increasing the number of inseminations (P < 0.02). The results in Experiment 3 showed that fertilization rates were similar for goat and cattle oocyte (P > 0.05) and that fertilization values were highly correlated (r = 0.811, P < 0.001). Results suggest that the model can be used for in vivo validation of in vitro sperm assays by facilitating the expression of statistical differences in small number of animals. In addition, cattle oocytes can be used to replace goat oocytes to study in vivo sperm function in goats.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The complete nucleotide sequence of goat (Capra hircus) mitochondrial genome. Goat mitochondrial genome.

The goat mtDNA sequences reported to date are fragmentary. By using both in silico cloning procedure and conventional molecular biology techniques we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the goat (Capra hircus) mitochondrial genome. The length of the sequence was 16.640 bp. Genes responsible for 12S and 16S rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and 13 protein-coding regions are found. The genome organization is conformed to those of other mitochondrial genomes. Comparison between the 13 protein coding genes of goat, cow and sheep reveals that the difference range from 1.2 to 12.2% with a mean of 7.3% between goat and cow and from 0 to 15.6% (mean 4.7%) between goat and sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Goat-mouse hybridomas secreting goat immunoglobulins.

Monoclonal antibodies specific for an allotypic marker of goat IgG2 were used to select goat-mouse hybrid cells secreting goat IgG2. Four of these hybrid cell clones continued to synthesize goat IgG2 (5-15 micrograms/ml) for over eight months. They will be used to study goat IgG gene regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Peripheral plasma levels of progesterone in pregnant goats and in pregnant goats treated with prostaglandin F2a.

Prostaglandin or prostaglandin analogues have been shown to be luteolytic in the pregnant goat. In this study the temporal changes in the plasma concentrations of progesterone during pregnancy and after administration of PGF2a to pregnant goats are described. PGF2a administration to pregnant goats at 30 and 65 days after breeding induced abortion within 34 to 75 hours. These abortions were accompanied by estrus and profuse muco-hemorrhagic discharges. When PGF2a was administered to pregnant goats 140 or 142 days after breeding, premature parturition occurred within 42 to 76 hours. Live kids were delivered in all cases. The plasma levels of progesterone in all pregnant goats showed dramatic decreases within 24 hours after the prostaglandin injections and continued to decrease gradually until abortions or premature parturition. Thereafter, the progesterone levels remained low for several days.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Facial eczema in goats: the toxicity of sporidesmin in goats and its pathology.

Groups of six goats were orally dosed with sporidesmin at rates of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 mg of sporidesmin per kg body weight and their responses up to 6 weeks later compared with those of sheep dosed at the same time. Clinical facial eczema and pathological lesions similar to those found in sheep were found in all the goat breeds, but at higher dose rates of sporidesmin than those which caused equivalent lesions in sheep. Saanens were the most susceptible goat breed, requiring 2-4 times as much sporidesmin as sheep to achieve similar effects. G4 and feral goats required 4-8 times the sheep dose of sporidesmin to obtain similar responses. Gamma-glutamyltransferase reached its highest serum levels after 20 days while glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase reached their highest levels between 10 and 20 days. Alkaline phosphatase did not rise consistently to high levels in affected goats. The elevation in aspartate aminotransferase levels tended to be early and transient; glutamate dehydrogenase early and prolonged; gamma-glutamyltransferase late and prolonged, and'alkaline phosphatase late and minor. There was considerable individual variation in the time at which elevations occurred and the levels which enzymes reached. Cholesterol and bilirubin levels were high if liver injury was severe.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Recovery of bacteria from goats' milk following freezing and the prevalence of bacterial infection in milk from goats with an elevated somatic cell count.

AIMS: To establish the prevalence of bacterial infection of goats with high somatic cell counts and to determine the effect of freezing milk samples on the probability of culturing the same pathogen again. METHODS: Milk samples were collected from both halves of 99 goats with a somatic cell count >650,000 cells/ml. The milk samples were split into four aliquots with one of the aliquots being cultured immediately. The other three aliquots were frozen at -20 degrees C, and successive aliquots of 39 samples from which pathogens were isolated at Day 0 were thawed and cultured 28, 56 and 84 days later. RESULTS: Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common isolates. Freezing and thawing did not significantly reduce either the number of isolates cultured or the number of colony forming units from these successive aliquots. However, three of 39 selected pathogens were not cultured at one or more of the successive thawings. Goats from herds that were housed had a higher probability of having a pathogen isolated from milk than goats from herds kept on pasture. CONCLUSIONS: Freezing of milk samples may be used for subsequent culture of bacteria from goats' milk.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Inter- and intraspecific placentae in sheep, goats and sheep-goat chimaeras.

These studies compared inter- and intraspecific placentae during implantation and at full-term in sheep, goats and interspecific sheep-goat chimaeras. Histological sections prepared from intra- and interspecific day-26, 32 and 36 placentae in ewes and does indicated an altered ability of the trophoblast to invade the maternal caruncle in interspecific pregnancies. Two sheep-in-goat pregnancies were less, and two goat-in-sheep pregnancies were more, invasive than homologous pregnancies. Caprine pregnancies in chimaeras generally terminated before timed samples could be obtained, but biopsy samples collected at laparotomy between days 42 and 48 demonstrated both normal and abnormal placentation in chimaeras after breedings to rams. In six of 11 full-term fetal placentae from ovine pregnancies in chimaeras, there was abnormal retention of maternal caruncular tissue to the extent that macroscopic lesions were visible on the surface of the fetal cotyledons. Histological observations indicated that proliferation of maternal septa and hyalinization of maternal vessels had occurred at the expense of the fetal villi. Overall, the results suggested that the physiological events that regulate implantation are different in the two species, despite anatomical similarities between the ovine and caprine placenta. The caprine conceptus is likely to be rejected in the ovine or chimaeric uterus because of its over-invasiveness in the early stages of implantation, whereas the ovine conceptus can survive in the potentially chimaeric uterus.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Distribution patterns of the glucose transporters GLUT4 and GLUT1 in skeletal muscles of rats (Rattus norvegicus), pigs (Sus scrofa), cows (Bos taurus), adult goats, goat kids (Capra hircus), and camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Earlier studies demonstrated that forestomach herbivores are less insulin sensitive than monogastric omnivores. The present study was carried out to determine if different distribution patterns of the glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4 may contribute to these different insulin sensitivities. Western blotting was used to measure GLUT1 and GLUT4 protein contents in oxidative (masseter, diaphragm) and glycolytic (longissimus lumborum, semitendinosus) skeletal muscle membranes of monogastric omnivores (rats and pigs), and of forestomach herbivores (cows, adult goats, goat kids, and camels). Muscles were characterized biochemically. Comparing red and white muscles, the isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) activity was 1.5-15-times higher in oxidative muscles of all species, whereas lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was 1.4-4.4-times higher in glycolytic muscles except in adult goats. GLUT4 levels were 1.5-6.3-times higher in oxidative muscles. GLUT1 levels were 2.2-8.3-times higher in glycolytic muscles in forestomach herbivores but not in monogastric animals. We conclude that GLUT1 may be the predominant glucose transporter in glycolytic muscles of ruminating animals. The GLUT1 distribution patterns were identical in adult and pre-ruminant goats, indicating that GLUT1 expression among these muscles is determined genetically. The high blood glucose levels of camels cited in literature may be due to an "NIDDM-like" impaired GLUT4 activity in skeletal muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding the c-kit receptor of Shiba goats and a novel alanine insertion specific to goats and sheep in the kinase insert region.

The complete open reading frame (ORF) of the c-kit cDNA was cloned from a cerebellar cDNA library of the Shiba goat (Capra hircus var Shiba) with the dominant black-eyed white phenotype. The analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed the presence of a single amino acid insertion (alanine) in the kinase insert (KI) region. While the newly found alanine insertion is not correlated with the coat color phenotype of goats, it appears to be characteristic of the c-kit genes in goats and sheep. Although the biological significance of the insert remains to be investigated, its phylogenetically limited distribution will provide us with a useful and interesting tool to analyze the problems of evolution of sheep and goats in bovidae.

Alanine↗
PubMed1988

Influence of goat's-milk folate-binding protein on transport of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in neonatal-goat small intestinal brush-border-membrane vesicles.

1. The influence of goat's-milk folate-binding protein (FBP) on the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) by brush-border-membrane vesicles prepared from the small intestine of the 6-d-old goat was investigated using a rapid-filtration assay. 2. Uptake of MTHF by the membrane vesicles was strongly enhanced by FBP within the pH range 4.5-6.5, with an optimum at pH 5-5.5. 3. Both the initial rate of MTHF uptake and uptake of MTHF at equilibrium were markedly increased in the presence of FBP. 4. Uptake of MTHF by brush-border-membrane vesicles was maximal when the molar ratio FBP:MTHF was 1.0-2.5. 5. The relation between pH and 125I-labelled FBP binding to the membranes was similar to that for uptake of MTHF, with an optimum at pH 5. 6. In experiments in which the osmotic pressure of the incubation medium was progressively increased with cellobiose, 125I-labelled FBP was found to be taken up primarily by binding to the brush-border-membrane surface. 7. Uptake of 125I-labelled FBP was time-dependent and saturable, with a Km of 0.39 (SE 0.07) microM and Vmax of 6.73 (SE 0.92) micrograms/mg protein. 8. Experiments in which various milk proteins (cow FBP, goat FBP, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin and lactoferrin) were allowed to compete in turn with 125I-labelled FBP for uptake by brush-border-membrane vesicles indicated that high-affinity binding was probably specific to FBP, although lactoferrin reduced uptake possibly by non-specific coating of the mucosal surface. 9. It was concluded that a folate transport mechanism mediated by the FBP in milk exists at the intestinal brush border of neonatal goats. It is suggested that this may reinforce the developing endogenous transport system.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction and development of goat embryos reconstructed by nuclear transplantation: production of goats by serially cloning embryos.

The time of pronuclear formation of in vivo-matured oocytes was examined. Maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activity in enucleated and electrically activated oocytes was checked by assessment of nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) of fused blastomeres. The effect of stage of the cell cycle of donor cells and recipient oocytes on DNA synthesis and development of reconstructed embryos was studied. MPF activity declined rapidly to approximately 63.2% at 1 h, to 9.7% at 5 h, and to the level at which NEBD cannot occur at 7 h postactivation. All blastomeres that were fused at the time of recipient cytoplasm activation underwent NEBD and subsequent DNA synthesis. However, when blastomeres were fused to enucleated oocytes at 7 h postactivation, no NEBD was observed; DNA was replicated in nuclei at the G1/S border, but in G2 nuclei no DNA replication was observed. The proportion of development to blastocysts of reconstructed goat embryos increased with the decline in MPF activity in fused recipient cytoplasm when reconstruction took place at 0-6 h postactivation of enucleated oocytes. Generations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of cloned goat embryos were produced by a combination of nuclear transplantation and in vitro techniques. After transfer to recipients, 45 kids were obtained, including three pairs of monozygotic twins, three series of monozygotic triplets, two series of monozygotic quadruplets, three series of monozygotic quintuplets, and one series of monozygotic heptaplets. The present study indicates that normal DNA replication of goat blastomere nuclei can be accomplished in enucleated oocytes when MPF activity is low, regardless of the stage of the cell cycle of donor nuclei; induction of NEBD and prematuration chromosome condensation is not essential for further development of reconstructed goat embryos.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of dry matter intake from whole goat milk and calf milk replacer on performance of Nubian goat kids.

The dry matter in calf milk replacer was compared with dry matter in goat milk for Nubian goat kids. Kids were fed the following diets from 4 days of age for 6 wk: 1) whole goat milk (14.0% dry matter), 2) calf milk replacer (13.5% dry matter), and 3) calf milk replacer (18.0% dry matter). Body weight of kids fed whole milk and 18.0% dry matter milk replacer increased each week. Kids fed the 13.5% dry matter milk replacer increased in weight to the 3rd wk but steadily declined thereafter. Total weight gain was more for kids fed whole milk (3.89 kg) than for kids fed milk replacer diets with 13.5 or 18.0% dry matter (.79 and 3.06 kg, respectively). For the first 3 wk, average daily gain was lowest for kids fed 18.0% milk replacer diet, but highest for wk 4 to 6. These data indicate that 3-week-old goat kids can utilize large amounts of dry matter from milk replacer to sustain a rate of growth similar to that of kids fed whole milk; however, high amounts of dry matter from milk replacer are poorly utilized by kids during the first 3 wk of life.

Animal Feed↗