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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

The stability of historical control data for common neoplasms in laboratory rats: adrenal gland (medulla), mammary gland, liver, endocrine pancreas, and pituitary gland.

Time-related changes in the incidences of spontaneous neoplasms in adrenals (medulla), mamma, liver, pituitary, and (endocrine) pancreas were assessed statistically in Wistar, Sprague-Dawley, and F344 rats employed by BASF, Germany and major European contract research organizations over the last 20 years. Negative trends (7 of 80 cases) were observed for pituitary pars distalis adenomas in Sprague-Dawley males and females, for pancreas islet cell adenomas in BASF Wistar males and females, for benign adrenal pheochromocytomas in Sprague-Dawley males, for malignant pheochromocytomas in F344 males, and for mammary gland fibroadenomas in BASF Wistar females. Positive trends (13 of 80 cases) were observed for benign pheochromocytomas, mammary gland adenocarcinomas, and pancreas islet cell carcinomas in HanWistar females, for malignant pheochromocytomas and islet cell carcinomas in BASF Wistar males, for benign pheochromocytomas and islet cell adenomas in F344 males, for mammary gland fibroadenomas in Sprague-Dawley females, and for benign hepatocellular tumors in HanWistar males and females, and in BASF Wistar and Sprague-Dawley females. In 60 of 80 cases there were no statistically significant trends. These results indicate that the majority of tumor types showed no time trends and that, in each rat strain, certain tumor types are susceptible to slight positive or negative time trends. Accordingly, the validity and use of historical control data should be based on an organ- and strain-specific statistical analysis of tumor incidence over time.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Semiochemicals from the predatory stink bug Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff): components of metathoracic gland, dorsal abdominal gland, and sternal gland secretions.

Volatile compounds from the metathoracic glands (MTG), dorsal abdominal glands (DAG), and sternal setae of the generalist predatory stink bug Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff) were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. MTGs of both male and female bugs contained (E)-2-decenal as the major component, with lesser amounts of (E, E)-2,4-decadienal, (E, Z)-2,4-decadienal, and (E)-2,9-decadienal. The relative amount of (E)-2,9-decadienal in the MTGs of female bugs was higher than in male bugs. There was no dimorphism in the morphology of the DAGs of adults. However, the DAG contents of adult bugs were different between the sexes. Geraniol was found only in the DAGs of males, and limonene and alpha-terpineol were found only in the DAGs of females, whereas linalool oxide isomers, linalool, neral, and geranial were found in DAGs of both sexes. The DAG contents of nymphs were also analyzed, with 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal, tridecane, and tetradecanal being major components. Male bugs but not females possess sternal setae, and 6,10,13-trimethyltetradecyl isovalerate was detected from extracts of the sternal setae of males. The possible biological significance of dimorphism in the contents of the glands in adults is discussed.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2003

Loss of CD38 correlates with simultaneous up-regulation of human leukocyte antigen-DR in benign prostatic glands, but not in fetal or androgen-ablated glands, and is strongly related to gland atrophy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether CD38 loss in benign and malignant prostatic disease is related to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR up-regulation, by assessing the histopathology of the prostate and the effect of androgen deprivation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial sections of frozen fetal (eight), infant (six), normal adult (10), benign hyperplastic (BPH, 24), and primary (10) and hormone-treated (11) carcinomatous human prostatic tissues were analysed by immunohistology for anti-CD38 and HLA-DR antigens. RESULTS: In BPH samples there was a significant correlation between CD38 loss (mean 21% of acini) and HLA-DR up-regulation (mean 20%; P < 0.001). Moreover, 76% of all CD38-negative acini in BPH had HLA-DR up-regulation in the same prostate epithelial cells, predominantly in atrophic and cystic glands, and in cells with retained secretions (74%). In contrast to the uniform expression in normal adult prostate, CD38 was negative or partly expressed in fetal acini (mean 19%) and almost completely negative in acini of the early infant period (mean 0.7%). In contrast to BPH, cancer cells did not selectively up-regulate HLA-DR when CD38 was lost. In patients with cancer treated by androgen deprivation, cancer cells were CD38-negative. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of CD38 and presence of HLA-DR expression in prostatic epithelium is consistent in BPH and tissue surrounding tumour, and strongly related to gland atrophy. This is particularly interesting as HLA-DR triggering can induce apoptosis of cells, whereas CD38 prevents it. A permissive role for androgens to maintain full CD38 expression in epithelial cells is suggested.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
PubMed2006

Acetylcholine synthesis, muscarinic receptor subtypes, neuropeptides and secretion of ferret salivary glands with special reference to the zygomatic gland.

Studies on salivary secretion are usually focused on parotid and submandibular glands. However, the film of mucin, that protects the oral structures and is responsible for the feeling of oral comfort, is produced by the submucosal glands. The submucosal zygomatic and molar glands are particularly large in carnivores such as the ferret. Comparisons between the mucous sublingual, zygomatic and molar glands, serous parotid and sero-mucous submandibular glands showed the acetylcholine synthesis, in terms of concentration, to be three to four times higher in the mucous glands than in the parotid and submandibular glands. Bromoacetylcholine inhibited 95-99% of the synthesis of acetylcholine in the incubates of the five types of glands, showing the acetylcholine synthesis to depend on the activity of choline acetyltransferase. The high acetylcholine synthesis in the zygomatic gland was of nervous origin, since cutting the buccal nerve, aiming at parasympathetic denervation, and allowing time for nerve degeneration, reduced the acetylcholine synthesising capacity of the gland by 95%. A similar reduction (96%) in the parotid gland followed upon the avulsion of the parasympathetic auriculo-temporal nerve. Zygomatic saliva was very viscous. The salivary flow rate in response to electrical stimulation (20 Hz) of the buccal nerve (zygomatic gland), expressed per gland weight, was one-third of that to stimulation of the auriculo-temporal nerve (parotid gland) or the chorda-lingual nerve (submandibular gland). As previously shown for the parotid and submandibular gland, a certain fraction (25%) of the parasympathetic secretory response of the zygomatic gland depended on non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmission mechanisms, probably involving substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide and possibly calcitonin gene-related peptide. Particularly, high concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide were found in the sublingual and molar glands, and of substance P in the submandibular, zygomatic and molar glands; notably, the concentration of calcitonin gene-related peptide of the sublingual gland was not detectable. All five muscarinic receptor subtypes were detected in the five glands. The receptor protein profile, as judged by immunoblotting and semi-quantitative estimations, was about the same in the glands: high level of M3, low level of M2 and levels roughly in the same range of M1, M4 and M5. Compared to the parotid and submandibular glands, the M5 receptor level was particularly low in the mucin-secreting glands. The present study points out both similarities and dissimilarities between the five types of glands investigated. The zygomatic gland, in particular, appears to be a suitable model for future studies aiming at causing relief of dry mouth by local pharmacological treatment.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of human sodium iodide symporter gene expression in extrathyroidal tissues and cloning of its complementary deoxyribonucleic acids from salivary gland, mammary gland, and gastric mucosa.

The ability to concentrate iodide is a fundamental property of normally functioning thyroid tissue and represents the first step in the production of thyroid hormones. Iodide uptake has been demonstrated in various extrathyroidal tissues, including salivary gland, gastric mucosa, and lactating mammary gland. Recently, cloning and molecular characterization of the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) have been reported; however, the patterns of hNIS gene expression in human tissues have remained unidentified. To examine the profiles of human hNIS gene expression in various normal human tissues, we performed high-stringency Northern blot analysis using a 32P-labeled hNIS-specific complementary DNA (cDNA) probe (nucleotides 1184-1667). To detect rare hNIS transcripts in small tissue samples, RT-PCR was performed with a pair of hNIS-specific oligonucleotide primers designed to amplify a portion (nucleotides 1184-1667) of the hNIS gene. hNIS-specific transcripts were confirmed by Southern hybridization using a digoxigenin-labeled internal hNIS-specific oligonucleotide probe (nucleotides 1460-1477). To monitor cDNA integrity and quantity, and to rule out DNA contamination and illegitimate transcription, all samples were coamplified with two pairs of intron-spanning primers designed to amplify fragments of the human beta-actin and thyroglobulin genes, respectively. Using Northern blot analysis, hNIS transcripts of approximately 4 kb were detected in thyroid gland and parotid gland but not in a broad range of endocrine and nonendocrine tissues. RT-PCR and Southern hybridization revealed hNIS gene expression in thyroid gland, salivary gland, parotid gland, submandibular gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, testis, mammary gland, gastric mucosa, prostate and ovary, adrenal gland, heart, thymus, and lung. By contrast, hNIS transcripts were not detected in normal orbital fibroblasts, colon, and nasopharyngeal mucosa. To further analyze hNIS gene sequences in parotid gland, mammary gland, and gastric mucosa, the EXPAND High Fidelity PCR System and three sets of overlapping NIS oligonucleotide primers were used for amplification and cloning. The resulting PCR products were subcloned into pBluescript-SKII(-)vector, and at least two independent cDNA clones derived from each tissue were subjected to automated sequencing. The nucleotide sequences of hNIS cDNA derived from parotid gland, mammary gland, and gastric mucosa revealed full identity with the recently published human thyroid-derived NIS cDNA sequence. In conclusion, our results demonstrate markedly variable levels of hNIS gene expression in several extrathyroidal tissues. Although the physiological role of hNIS in these tissues awaits further study, our results suggest that the capacity to actively transport iodine may be a feature common to several secretory and endocrine tissues. The diminished capacity to transport and concentrate iodide in extrathyroidal tissues (such as parotid gland, mammary gland, and gastric mucosa), compared with thyroid gland, does not seem to be caused by an altered primary structure of the hNIS cDNA. Variability of NIS gene expression levels in normal extrathyroidal tissues may rather be caused by differences in NIS gene transcriptional activity. Further studies will address this hypothesis and examine the mechanisms of tissue-specific regulation of NIS gene expression.

Blotting, Northern↗
PubMed1989

A comparative lectin histochemical study of major and minor salivary glands with special reference to the labial glands.

There is debate about the nature of the secretory cells in labial salivary glands. To characterize their basophilic acini the binding patterns of different lectins were examined in these glands (n = 30) and compared with those of major salivary glands (n = 10) and palatal salivary glands (n = 20). Binding in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections was revealed using either anti-lectin antibodies and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method or biotinylated lectins and the avidin biotin method. Binding of peanut agglutinin was seen in all basophilic acini of labial glands, whereas serous acini of major glands were completely negative. Focal binding of soybean agglutinin was seen in all basophilic acini of labial glands in addition to diffuse binding in mucous acini of all salivary glands, whereas serous acini were mostly negative. Conversely, there was binding of Ulex europaeus agglutinin I in all mucous and serous acini of all glands except for the basophilic acini of labial glands. Bandeiraea simplicifolia agglutinin I and Helix pomatia agglutinin bound to all basophilic and most mucous acini of labial glands, and to most mucous acini of major salivary glands, whereas only a few serous acini of major glands were reactive with both lectins. Pretreatment with neuraminidase yielded binding sites for peanut agglutinin in most of the serous acini of major glands and mucous acini of labial glands, and increased B. simplicifolia agglutinin I and H. pomatia agglutinin binding in the serous acini of major glands. Thus the different lectin binding patterns, particularly the differences in the reaction patterns of peanut, soybean and U. europaeus agglutinin I, showed that the basophilic acini of labial glands reacted more like mucous acini.

Histocytochemistry↗
PubMed2004

A pair of rosette glands in the embryo and zoeal larva of an estuarine crab Sesarma haematocheir, and classification of the tegumental glands in the embryos of other crabs.

A pair of rosette glands (one of the tegumental glands in crustaceans) is present at the root of the dorsal spine of the thorax in mature embryos of the estuarine crab Sesarma haematocheir. Each rosette gland is spherical, 45-50 microm in diameter. This gland consists of three types of cells: 18-20 secretory cells, one central cell, and one canal cell. The secretory cells are further classified into two types on the basis of the morphology of secretory granules. There are 17-19 a cells, and only one b cell per rosette gland. An a cell contains spherical secretory granules of 2-3 microm in diameter. The granules are filled with highly electron-dense materials near the nucleus but have lower electron-density near the central cell. The secretory granules contained in the b cell have an irregular shape and are 1-1.5 microm in diameter. The density of the materials in the granules is uniform throughout the cytoplasm. The secretory granules contained in both the a and b cells are produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Materials in the granules are exocytotically discharged into the secretory apparatus inside the secretory cell, sent to the extracellular channels in the central cell, and secreted through the canal cell. The rosette gland can be distinguished from the epidermal cells 2 weeks after egg-laying and the gland matures just before hatching. Materials produced by this gland are secreted after hatching and secretion continues through five stages of zoeal larvae. These rosette glands were never found in the megalopal larva. Rosette glands are found in the embryos of Sesarma spp. and Uca spp. In other crabs, tegumental glands are also found at the same position as in the embryo of S. haematocheir, but the fine structure of their glands is largely different from that of the rosette gland. On the basis of the morphology of secretory cells (a-g cell types), the tegumental glands of a variety of crab embryos can be classified into four types, including rosette glands (type I-IV). The function of these tegumental glands is not yet known, but different types of the gland seem to reflect the phylogeny of the crabs rather than differences of habitat.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparative analysis of the development of the mandibular salivary glands and the labial silk glands in the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori.

The mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori has a pair of salivary glands arising from the mandibular segment, in addition to the labial silk glands which are generally considered as modified salivary glands. Here we report the characterization of salivary glands and the comparative gene expression profiling of the silk and salivary glands. The two independent salivary glands made up by 330 cells, grow about 1000 fold during larval development. These individual glands extend up to the T(1) thoracic segment unlike silk glands with fused anterior ends and extending up to the caudal region. The salivary glands also undergo endomitosis resembling the silk glands. The B. mori homologue of the homeotic gene Deformed (BmDfd) was expressed in the mandibular and maxillary segments in stage 17 embryo and got localized to the centre of the mandibular segment at stage 18 to form the salivary gland placodes. The expression was also seen in the distal ends of the leg appendages after blastokinesis (stage 22). Only low variations in BmDfd expression ranging from 1.6 to 2.1 fold were apparent during embryonic development. BmDfd expression was observed in the salivary glands all through the larval instars but not in the silk glands. The transcription factor, Forkhead and the segment polarity gene, Wingless were expressed throughout the salivary glands, the latter confirming the absence of physiological compartmentation within these glands unlike the silk glands. The expression of Amylase and Fibrohexamerin was restricted to the salivary and silk glands, respectively and therefore, served as molecular markers for these tissues.

Amylases↗