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PubMed2006

The rise of the boy-genius: psychological neoteny, science and modern life.

The mid-20th century saw the rise of the boy-genius, probably because a personality type characterized by prolonged youthfulness is advantageous both in science and modern life generally. This is the evolution of 'psychological neoteny', in which ever-more people retain for ever-longer the characteristic behaviours and attitudes of earlier developmental stages. Whereas traditional societies are characterized by initiation ceremonies marking the advent of adulthood, these have now dwindled and disappeared. In a psychological sense, some contemporary individuals never actually become adults. A child-like flexibility of attitudes, behaviours and knowledge is probably adaptive in modern society because people need repeatedly to change jobs, learn new skills, move to new places and make new friends. It seems that this adaptation is achieved by the expedient of postponing cognitive maturation - a process that could be termed psychological neoteny. ('Neoteny' refers to the biological phenomenon whereby development is delayed such that juvenile characteristics are retained into maturity.) Psychological neoteny is probably caused by the prolonged average duration of formal education, since students' minds are in a significant sense 'unfinished'. Since modern cultures favour cognitive flexibility, 'immature' people tend to thrive and succeed, and have set the tone of contemporary life: the greatest praise of an elderly person is to state that they retain the characteristics of youth. But the faults of youth are retained with well as its virtues: short attention span, sensation- and novelty-seeking, short cycles of arbitrary fashion and a sense of cultural shallowness. Nonetheless, as health gets better and cosmetic technologies improve, future humans may become somewhat like an axolotl - the cave-dwelling salamander which retains its larval form until death.

Beginning of Human Life↗
PubMed2000

Gustav Mahler's choice. A note on adolescence, genius, and psychosomatics.

At a time of crisis in his marital life, Gustav Mahler met with Freud. After the meeting with Freud, Mahler's spirits and sexual potency were restored, and his attitude toward his wife changed remarkably. However, these changes were accompanied by an apparent loss of the ability to compose: there is no evidence that Mahler wrote any new music between the summer of 1910, when he saw Freud, and May of 1911, when he died from complications of streptococcal endocarditis. Mahler in effect had chosen human love over artistic creativity. An analysis of the encounter and its effects on the composer's artistic capabilities raises questions about the psychology of genius, adolescent trauma, and psychosomatics.

Austria↗
PubMed1980

Hereditary genius: a centennial problem in resolution of cultural and biological inheritance.

Galton believed that his data on hereditary genius support purely genetic inheritance. On the contrary, analysis under a simple model shows no clear resolution of genetic and cultural inheritance in this material, or generally, unless adoptive relations, monozygous twins, and/or environmental indices are included in a design adequate to test the assumptions under which they are informative.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Anticoagulant-free Genius haemodialysis using low molecular weight heparin-coated circuits.

BACKGROUND: Regional citrate anticoagulation or saline flushes are often used in haemodialysis patients at high risk of bleeding. In an alternative approach we evaluated the effects of covalent circuit coating with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for intermittent haemodialysis. METHODS: In vitro, we compared the thrombogenicity of an uncoated polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubing set with LMWH-coated tubing (AOThel) and a reference tubing with end-point attached heparin coating (Carmeda Bioactive surface) under dynamic blood contact. In vivo, five chronic haemodialysis patients were studied using the Genius dialysis system and F60S filters. Each patient underwent three dialysis sessions separated by a standard haemodialysis each: (1) standard dialysis (uncoated circuit and regular dalteparin dosage), (2) dialysis with LMWH-coated circuit and regular dalteparin dosage and (3) dialysis with a completely LMWH-coated circuit without anticoagulant use. RESULTS: In vitro, both coated tubings showed significantly reduced thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex levels compared with PVC. The reference coating (Carmeda) released substantial antifactor Xa (antiXa) activity into the plasma. The LMWH coating (AOThel) released low antiXa activity only during the initial rinsing. In vivo, all dialysis sessions were well tolerated and completed without major clotting. Antithrombin levels and platelet counts were similar in all groups. P-selectin and D-dimer levels increased similarly in all groups. TAT levels were comparable in all groups during the first 3 h and significantly increased in the anticoagulant-free group after the fourth hour. CONCLUSIONS: LMWH surface coating reduces thrombogenicity in vitro without releasing significant amounts of heparin from the surface. In vivo, anticoagulant-free haemodialysis using a completely LMWH-coated circuit is feasible and safe in stable chronic dialysis patients with normal coagulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Freud's Leonardo: psychobiography and autobiography of genius.

In his creation of a psychobiography of one genius and the hidden autobiographic analysis of another, Freud exemplifies what he described in the study: "Kindly nature has given the artist the ability to express his most secret mental impulses, which are hidden even from himself, by means of the works that he creates" (p. 107).

Art↗
PubMed2005

Family background and genius II: Nobel laureates in science.

OBJECTIVE: In a previous study of literary creative achievement, we presented evidence refuting the still-influential statistical studies of Frances Galton on the inheritance of genius and also described a family background constellation of creativity. This study aims to assess empirically the hereditary transmission hypothesis with respect to creative achievement in the natural sciences. METHODS: Family background data were collected on 435 of all 488 Nobel laureates in chemistry, physics, and medicine and physiology, from 1901 through 2003. These were compared with a matching group of 548 eminent nonscientists for incidence of occupational inheritance (that is, same parent-offspring occupations) and with 560 high-IQ nonprizewinners for predominant type of occupation. RESULTS: The incidence of one or both parents having the same occupation was only 2% for science Nobel laureates but 20% for eminent nonscientists (P < 0.001). The predominant family background constellation (63%) for science Nobel laureates consisted of the same-sex parent either having a performance-equivalent occupation involving applied science, technology, or a natural-world focus and skills (P < 0.001, compared with the matching group) or having an unrelated occupation with unfulfilled scientific interests and wishes for creative expression. CONCLUSIONS: Nobel laureates in the natural sciences do not manifest direct inheritance of creativity from their parents; instead, congruent-sex parents are predominantly in applied or performance-equivalent occupations, with unfulfilled creative and scientific wishes. Early developmental influences on motivation involving identification and competition with the congruent-sex parent are suggested.

Achievement↗
PubMed1985

Virginia Woolf: manic-depressive psychosis and genius. An illustration of separation-individuation theory.

Virginia Stephen was a member of one of England's great literary families, many of whom were also mentally ill. An exquisitely endowed infant, she was beautifully matched with her mother during the symbiotic state of development, and later called this period "the base upon which life stands." Difficulties presumably began as early as the differentiation subphase of separation. Mrs. Stephen appeared to be a narcissistic woman, who required constant affirmation, and thus was unable to respond to the needs of a developing child. Virginia probably was rescued from engulfment by a powerful biologically determined practicing period of separation-individuation. This great organismic surge, in all likelihood, is as characteristic of toddlers who are incipient manics as of children of future genius. Because of the strong regressive pull, it is probable that Virginia experienced a particularly high-powered glee in evading the field of her mother. This "economic condition," according to Freud, is a given that is felt by the manic as he overthrows the imprisoning restraints of the superego. Deflated by events beyond her control, such as the sadism of her siblings, Virginia probably attempted to return to her mother. But it appears that Mrs. Stephen was not available. Hence Virginia was forced to split off her anger and turn it against herself, keeping her aggression unavailable for neutralization. As a result she was unable to proceed to an age-adequate level of development. The raw rage lay smoldering within until many years later, when it burst forth to power her manic attacks. This failure of rapprochement presumably deflated Virginia, and resulted in a basic mood of depression already apparent in the nursery. Virginia also experienced a second basic mood, elation, which appears to have been characteristic of her even in well periods, and resembles the description of the typical manic victim given by Beck.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1986

Virginia Woolf and Leslie Stephen: a father's contribution to psychosis and genius.

Leslie Stephen, the father of Virginia Woolf, was a cacophony of contradictions. From all accounts, he was a bully, a manipulator, and a blustering, pessimistic, emotionally dishonest man. Although he could be lovable, charming, whimsical, encouraging, and deeply devoted to his family, he subjugated the adult women in his household and at least one son to exploitation and abuse, demanding (and receiving from his wife and step-daughter) almost total abnegation of self. Julia Stephen, in contrast, was an optimistic, seemingly selfless person, who characteristically presented herself in an "up" mood to the world. Virginia incorporated both parental moods into her character structure, as have a number of the author's cyclothymic patients. Therefore, it is postulated that pessimism and habitual deflating affronts on the part of one parent, in combination with a compulsive "good mood" on the part of the second parent, are a particularly lethal combination of character traits, which in their offspring may contribute to the rapid mood shifting characteristic of manic depression. In contrast to Julie, Stephen was a presence who could not be side-stepped. This combination of sweet and monstrous attributes in her father's nature, and again in the contrasting temperaments of the parental couple, must have been impossible to integrate for the small Virginia, who already was desperately engaged in the struggle for selfhood. She could not complete her development on the oedipal level, although she loved her father dearly, because identification with her mother meant further threat to an identity already weakened at the separation-individuation phase of development. Virginia's solution was to identify with her father in his character, his sexual identity, and his profession. Stephen, who was particularly devoted to Virginia, whom he regarded as an extension of himself, encouraged this identification, and served as her teacher and mentor. In that sense, he truly was the captain of the ship in her voyage To the Lighthouse, master of the currents that swept her onward to the grand light of her genius. A four-fold comparison of Virginia Woolf and Leslie Stephen is made concerning their respective ages of weaning, success in navigating both the rapproachment phase of separation-individuation and the oedipal period, and the ages at which their mothers died. It appears that Virginia lost her mother at those four critical periods when Leslie did not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Creativity↗
PubMed2002

The genius of Erasmus Darwin. The International Conference and Commemoration of the Bicentenary of the Death of Erasmus Darwin was held in Lichfield, Staffordshire from 19-22 April 2002.

In a concluding session, David Knight (University of Durham) took the title '"One great slaughter-house the warring world"--living in revolutionary times'. He pointed out that Darwinian thought had to contend with three revolutions. First, the political revolutions of 1776 and 1789, leading to the terror of the 1790s that washed over the English Midlands leaving Priesley's house burnt and Priestley himself exiled to America. Second, the scientific revolution, which valued exact knowledge and specialism rather than wide syntheses. Third, the Romantic revolution which emphasized the tragic rather than the cheerful optimism of Darwin's heroic couplets. For all these reasons Darwin's influence waned. However, Knight finished on an optimistic note that echoed King-Hele's opening address, saying that in our own times, as suspicion of experts grows, and some, at least, see science as a liberating force, Darwin's fame may recover. Negotiations are in process for the publication of the proceedings under the title 'The genius of Erasmus Darwin: proceedings of a bicentennial conference', and a website has been constructed that contains details of all speakers (http://www.bham.ac.uk/erasmusdarwin/).

Biology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

What do you think? Are you a genius?

How much of your day is absorbed with solving problems, implementing changes, overcoming challenges, and finding new ways to do more with less? The majority of each day? If this sounds like you, then read on. Below are instructions for you to become a genius by learning to use your brain better.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2002

[Melancholia and reflection on the genius of Huarte de San Juan. Temperament and powers of the soul in Galenism of the Spanish Renaissance].

Huarte de San Juan's Examen de ingenios (Examination of men's wits) of 1575 is one of the most significant Spanish contributions to Renaissance thought. The treatise reached an enormous popularity in Europe during the 16th and the 17th century as demonstrated by numerous translations in Italian, French, Portuguese, English, German or Dutch. However, it is barely known in modern times. Huart's doctrine illustrates the Renaissance attempt to restore the purity of ancient medicine, while proposing a "scientific" basis for the project of a systematic professional orientation. By means of the ancient theory of humours and that of the philosophical reflection on the genius, Huarte articulates a new pattern for the intellectual ability, seen as highly individual, but also deeply rooted in the biological nature of the human being The intellectual fecundity is explained by recourse to humoural physiology with a special focus on the traditional image of the melancholic temperament, redefined in the spirit of the pre-modern anthropology of the variety.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed2004

Leadership in research: organizing genius.

Science has become complex. Its success is increasingly becoming a matter of collaboration based on established infrastructures and professional norms in response to environmental challenges. Leadership in such situations means organizing the genius inherent in great groups. Three examples--the Manhattan Project, mapping the human genome, and rapidly understanding the nature of the SARS virus--are analyzed, showing a trend away from the individual scientist to a model based on simultaneous competition and collaboration.

Education, Dental↗