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PubMed1988

Ordnance gelatin for ballistic studies. Detrimental effect of excess heat used in gelatin preparation.

Most users of ordnance gelatin for ballistics studies are apparently unaware of the detrimental effects on this tissue simulant's properties caused by excess heating in reconstitution of the gelatin powder. Material published by the Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America states that heating gelatin above 40 degrees C can be detrimental to its properties. The manufacturer of type 250 A Ordnance Gelatin does not include directions for preparation with the gelatin powder. Directions that can be obtained by contacting the manufacturer fail to give any recommendations on the amount of heat applied during gelatin preparation and do not mention the detrimental effects of excess heat. These oversights are corrected in the revised set of directions included in this article.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed1998

A novel surgical glue composed of gelatin and N-hydroxysuccinimide activated poly(L-glutamic acid): Part 1. Synthesis of activated poly(L-glutamic acid) and its gelation with gelatin.

Although fibrin glue has been widely used as a surgical adhesive, its components, fibrinogen and thrombin, obtained from human blood are not completely free from the risk of virus infection due to acquired immune deficiency and hepatitis. Recently, we have reported that a polymer pair composed of gelatin and poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA) promptly forms a gel and can firmly bond to soft tissues when crosslinked with the aid of water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC). The present study was undertaken to design a new PLGA-gelatin glue without using WSC. Two kinds of PLGA with molecular weights of 71 and 22 kDa were employed to prepare N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) activated derivatives. The NHS-activated PLGA could be synthesized at high yields and was found to be stable for an extended time without losing the ability to crosslink with gelatin when stored under a dry-cold condition. This NHS-activated PLGA could spontaneously form a gel with gelatin in an aqueous solution within a short time, comparable to a commercial fibrin glue, when gelation was allowed to proceed at pH 8.3. The NHS-activated PLGA prepared from PLGA with the molecular weight of 22 kDa could be readily dissolved at high concentrations and its ability to form a gel was maintained for more than 10 min when an acidic 8% NHS-activated PLGA solution was used. The bonding strength of PLGA gelatin glues with natural tissue was higher than that of fibrin glue. These findings strongly suggest that this combination of gelatin and NHS-PLGA is very promising as a surgical adhesive and may possibly replace fibrin glues prepared from human blood components.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The effect of gelatin cross-linking on the bioequivalence of hard and soft gelatin acetaminophen capsules.

PURPOSE: To determine if changes in the in vitro dissolution of hard and soft gelatin acetaminophen capsules, which result from gelatin crosslinking, are predictive of changes in the bioavailability of the capsules in humans. METHODS: Both hard and soft gelatin capsules were "stressed" by a controlled exposure to formaldehyde, resulting in unstressed, moderately stressed and highly stressed capsules. In vitro dissolution studies were conducted using water or SGF with and without pepsin as the media. Separate 24-subject, 3-way crossover human bioequivalence studies were performed on the unstressed and stressed acetaminophen capsules. Plasma acetaminophen was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for 12 hr after each dose. RESULTS: The in vitro rate of dissolution of hard and soft gelatin capsules was decreased by crosslinking. The bioequivalence studies showed that both hard and soft gelatin capsules, which failed to meet the USP dissolution specification in water, but complied when tested in SGF containing pepsin, were bioequivalent to the unstressed control capsules. The capsules that were cross-linked to the greatest extent were not bioequivalent to the unstressed control capsules, based on Cmax. A trend toward an increase in Cmax with increased level of cross-linking was observed, but this was only significant for the severely stressed capsules. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of this study a two-tier in vitro dissolution test was developed using enzymes to distinguish between bioequivalent and bioinequivalent gelatin capsules.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1996

Chemical and swelling evaluations of amino group crosslinking in gelatin and modified gelatin matrices.

PURPOSE: To determine the extent of amino group crosslinking in gelatin matrices by chemical assay, and to compare these results to crosslinking evaluations from swelling measurements. METHODS: Matrices crosslinked with a water soluble carbodiimide (EDC/G), glutaraldehyde (GTA/G), as well as a GTA crosslinked matrix prepared from gelatin modified to contain 230% greater crosslinking sites (GTA/Mod) were evaluated. Crosslinking extent, Xc, was determined by a UV assay of uncrosslinked amino groups before and after crosslinking, and was used to obtain crosslinking densities. Equilibrium swelling ratios, Qm, at 37 degrees C in isotonic pH 7.4 were used to calculate crosslinking degree from the Flory equation for swelling of ionic polymers for comparison to the chemically determined crosslinking densities. RESULTS: Of the original 33 x 10(-5) moles epsilon-amino groups/g gelatin, 91 to 95% were crosslinked in EDC/G and GTA/G. GTA/Mod lost 95% of the original 108 x 10(-5) moles amino groups/g gelatin. Crosslinking densities were 4.1 x 10(-4) and 4.2 x 10(-4) moles/mL for EDC/G and GTA/G, respectively. The value for GTA/Mod increased to 14.2 x 10(-4) moles/mL. Values of Qm followed the same trend. The Flory crosslinking degrees for both gelatin matrices were 12 x 10(-4) and 13 x 10(-4) moles/mL, respectively. The value for the more extensively crosslinked GTA/Mod was 280 x 10(-4) moles/mL. CONCLUSIONS: The swelling and chemical evaluations of crosslinking are in general agreement for matrices with the lower of two crosslinking levels. The chemical determination appears suitable for evaluating amino group crosslinking in gelatin and it may be suitable for other proteinaceous materials.

Amines↗
PubMed1986

Swelling studies of gelatin. I: Gelatin without additives.

The swelling rate and the equilibrium swelling of gelatin (type B) were studied by casting warm gelatin solutions into films, cutting them into short rectangular strips after gelation, drying them, and measuring the weight gain on immersion in buffer solutions as a function of time. The process variables investigated included concentration of the gelatin casting solutions, the thickness, drying conditions, age and residual moisture content of the film strips, the chemical nature and concentration of the buffers in the swelling solutions, and the temperature of these solutions at a constant pH of 7.0 (1.9 pH units above the isoionic point). The swelling kinetics followed a second-order equation. The initial swelling rate and the equilibrium swelling of the amorphous portion of the gelatin strips (which was somewhat smaller than the total observed swelling) were calculated from a linearized form of the rate equation. Of the factors investigated, the equilibrium swelling was increased most strongly when the temperature of the swelling solution was raised from 20 to 25 degrees C. Strip thickness was the predominant factor governing the rate of swelling, which was inversely proportional to the thickness. Conditions leading to slower drying and longer storage times promoted more extensive crystallization, thereby increasing the density of the gelatin strips and reducing their swelling rate.

Acetates↗
PubMed2005

Measurement of kinetic energy dissipation with gelatine fissure formation with special reference to gelatine validation.

Various methods for calculating the amount of kinetic energy dissipated by a bullet into ballistic gelatine have been suggested in literature. These methods were compared using the results of thirteen 9 mmx19 mm pistol and five 7.62 mmx 39 mm rifle bullets shot into 10% ballistic gelatine. The Wound Profile Method gave the highest correlation, 0.89, with the measured amounts of dissipated kinetic energy. The Fissure surface area and total crack length method gained 0.51 and 0.52, respectively. The experimental results were also compared with those from pig tests with the same bullet types. Using the z-test at 95% level of confidence no difference between impact velocity normalized bullet decelerations could be determined for the 9 mm bullet used. The same test showed significant difference for 7.62 mm bullets. That, however, can be considered to be the result of the bullet's tendency to tumble in non-homogenous living tissue causing significant dispersion of observed deceleration values. The results add further evidence supporting the validity of 10% gelatine at +4 degrees C as wound ballistic tissue simulant. The study also introduces the use of an elastic "shroud" to hold the gelatine in place, to some extent reduce the effects of asymmetric expansion of the gelatine and to simulate the expansion suppression effect of surrounding tissues.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed2003

Reagent-free crosslinking of aqueous gelatin: manufacture and characteristics of gelatin gels irradiated with gamma-ray and electron beam.

In order to obtain a gelatin hydrogel crosslinked by a reagent-free method, gamma-ray and electron beam radiation was applied to porcine, bovine and fish gelatin gels and the products were characterized by measuring the gel fraction, the swelling ratio and the enzymatic degradability. On increasing the radiation dose, the gel fraction increased and both the swelling ratio and the enzymatic degradability decreased. The transition temperature from gel to sol of the hydrogel containing more than 5% mammal gelatins increased up to more than 90 degrees C when gamma-ray or electron beam were irradiated by more than 10 kGy. The results show that the degree of crosslinking of irradiated gelatin hydrogels increases with increasing irradiation dose and with decreasing concentration. It is suggested that the radiation crosslinking occurs around the physical crosslinking point or multiple helix structure of gelatin gel.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Topical hemostatic agents for bone bleeding in humans. A quantitative comparison of gelatin paste, gelatin sponge plus bovine thrombin, and microfibrillar collagen.

The three topical hemostatic agents--gelatin paste, microfibrillar collagen, and gelatin sponge soaked in thrombin--individually were effective in reducing bleeding from cancellous bone, as tested on the femoral surface of trochanteric osteotomies during total hip replacement. During a three-minute interval, the spontaneous reduction in bleeding in eight control hips to which no agent was applied was 11 per cent. Gelatin paste gave a reduction of 85 per cent; gelatin sponge soaked in thrombin, a reduction of 75 per cent; and microfibrillar collagen, a reduction of 47 per cent. None of these agents interfered with healing of the trochanteric osteotomy.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1958

Antigenicity of gelatin. III. The effect of physical and enzymatic treatments of gelatin on the subsequent precipitin reaction.

The effects of physical and enzymatic treatments of gelatin on the gelatin-antigelatin reaction have been presented. The data obtained indicate that the gelatin-antigelatin reaction is indeed a specific one. It appears that a definite limiting molecular size and specific molecular pattern of this molecular unit are necessary for reaction with antibody.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1999

Studies on gelatin-containing artificial skin: II. Preparation and characterization of cross-linked gelatin-hyaluronate sponge.

This study was conducted to develop a new sponge type of biomaterial to be used for either wound dressing or scaffold for tissue engineering. We were able to prepare an insoluble matrix composed of gelatin and sodium hyaluronate (HA) by dipping the soluble sponge into 90% (w/v) acetone/water mixture containing a small amount of cross-linking agent, 1-ethyl-3-3-dimethylaminoproplycarbodiimide hydrochloride, EDC. To characterize the sponge, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Instron analysis were performed. The obtained results indicate that the chemically cross-linked sponge shows a cross-linking degree of 10-35%, a mean pore size of 40-160 microm, porosity of 35-67%, and a tensile strength of 10-30 gf/cm(2). Especially, the porosity measured by image analysis showed a tendency to increase with HA content, resulting in an increased water uptake. The resistance to collagenase degradation in vitro increased for up to 2 days. Silver sulfadiazine (AgSD)-impregnated gelatin-HA sponge was also prepared and compared with conventional vaseline gauze by applying it onto a dorsal skin defect of wistar rat for 5, 12, and 21 days. Histological results showed an enhancement of wound healing in AgSD-impregnated gelatin-HA sponge.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Study of gelatin-containing artificial skin V: fabrication of gelatin scaffolds using a salt-leaching method.

Porous gelatin scaffolds were prepared using a salt-leaching method and these were compared to scaffolds fabricated using a freeze-drying method. The salt-leached gelatin scaffolds were easily formed into desired shapes with a uniformly distributed and interconnected pore structure with an average pore size of around 350 microm. The mechanical strength and the biodegradation rate of the scaffolds increased with the porosity, and were easily modulated by the addition of salt. After 1 week of in vitro culturing, the fibroblasts in salt-leached scaffolds were mainly attached on the surface of the pores in the scaffold, whereas cells seeded on freeze-dried scaffolds were widely distributed and aggregated on the top and the bottom of the scaffold. After 14 d of culturing, the fibroblasts showed a good affinity to, and proliferation on, the gelatin scaffolds without showing any signs of biodegradation. An in vivo study of cultured artificial dermal substitutes showed that an artificial dermis containing the fibroblasts enhanced the re-epithelialization of a full-thickness skin defect when compared to an acellular scaffold after 1 week.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Study on gelatin-containing artificial skin: I. Preparation and characteristics of novel gelatin-alginate sponge.

An absorbable sponge, composed of gelatin and alginate, was prepared by new crosslinking method that improved the efficiency of crosslinking. The crosslinking degree was characterized by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay. A water uptake ability test, in vitro drug release and collagenase degradation tests, and an in vivo animal test were employed to confirm the applicability of this gelatin-alginate sponge as a wound dressing material. As the alginate content in the sponge increased, the porosity increased, resulting in an enhanced water uptake ability. Sponges loaded with silver sulfadiazine or gentamicin sulfate slowly released drugs for up to four days. The crosslinked sponge resisted in vitro collagenase digestion for up to three days. An in vivo animal test using witar rat showed rather good wound healing effect of gelatin-alginate sponge containing AgSD than vaseline gauze in our full-thickness skin defect model.

Alginates↗
PubMed2003

Removal of gelatin from live vaccines and DTaP-an ultimate solution for vaccine-related gelatin allergy.

From the early 1990s infants started to receive acellular pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTaP) before live vaccines such as measles, rubella, and mumps vaccines, which contained gelatin as a stabilizer. Then, an increasing number of cases of anaphylactic/allergic reactions to those live vaccines were reported. Almost all these cases had a previous history of receiving three or four doses of DTaP containing gelatin.Anaphylactic/allergic reactions to live measles vaccine were analyzed using information obtained from the Reporting System, a retrospective study, as well as from the Monitoring System, a prospective study. Dramatic decreases in anaphylactic/allergic reactions to live measles vaccines were observed immediately after each manufacturer marketed gelatin-free or gelatin (hypo-allergic)-containing live measles vaccine, and since the end of 1998 reports on anaphylactic/allergic reactions to live measles vaccine have almost ceased.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1982

Isolation and characterization of glycine-rich gelatin-binding protein, a plasma glycoprotein which interacts with gelatin, arginine, heparin, and hyaluronic acid.

A gelatin-binding protein was isolated from porcine blood plasma by affinity chromatography in sequence on columns of Sepharose 4B coupled with gelatin, arginine, and heparin and by gel filtration through Sephadex G-200. The protein was bound strongly to the arginine column and thus could be separated from fibronectin. It reacted with concanavalin A and contained about 5% carbohydrate consisting of neutral sugars (2.6% by weight), hexosamine (1.5%), and sialic acid (0.55%). The glycoprotein also showed an interaction with hyaluronic acid, but not with unsubstituted Sepharose 4B. It consisted of 8 to 10 disulfide-linked subunits of about 47,000 daltons and contained more glycine and less proline than fibronectin. Thus we tentatively named this glycoprotein glycine-rich gelatin-binding protein (GGP). GGP did not react with antifibronectin antiserum. These results indicate that GGP is a glycoprotein which is distinct from fibronectin. However, there remains a possibility that GGP may be derived in vivo from fibronectin.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

Q118X mutation of M1S1 gene caused gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy: the P501T of BIGH3 gene found in a family with gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy.

PURPOSE: To analyze BIGH3 and M1S1 genes in two Japanese brothers with gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy and five unaffected family members. METHODS: DNA was extracted, and each part of the two genes was amplified and directly sequenced. RESULTS: On the BIGH3 gene, a heterozygous P501T mutation was found in the elder brother and three unaffected family members. On the M1S1 gene, both brothers with gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy showed a homozygous Q118X mutation, whereas all unaffected members were heterozygous. CONCLUSIONS: The Q118X mutation of M1S1 gene caused gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy. Although the P501T of the BIGH3 gene found in this pedigree was precisely the one reported for lattice corneal dystrophy IIIA, no clinical feature was shown, even in the 85-year-old father. This fact shows that the P501T mutation for LCDIIIA has low penetrance.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Assay of proteolytic activity by gelatin liquefaction (trypsin assay by gelatin liquefaction).

A new assay for proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors based on the liquefaction of gelatin gels has been developed. The assay is more sensitive than colorimetric tests, can be carried out upon colored or turbid samples and does not require the use of a spectrophotometer. The procedure consists of incubating the test sample with a fluid gelatin solution, cooling the solution so that it sets to a firm gel and then incubating at a warmer temperature until the gel iquefies. The time taken for liquefaction is several days for a sample of pure buffer, about one minute for a sample containing 0.5 microgram of trypsin per ml and longer for samples containing less trypsin, following an empirical calibration. An appreciable decrease in tryptic activity can be detected in the presence of only 0.1 KIU of Trasylol (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) by this method.

Aprotinin↗
PubMed2003

Pharmacokinetic and tolerability profile of twice-daily saquinavir hard gelatin capsules and saquinavir soft gelatin capsules boosted with ritonavir in healthy volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of a boosted saquinavir (SQV)/ritonavir (RTV) combination, administered as either the hard gelatin capsule (HGC) or soft gelatin capsule (SGC) formulation of SQV, in 24 healthy volunteers. METHODS: This was a single-centre, open-label, randomized, 2 x 2 crossover study. Twelve subjects were randomized to receive SQV/RTV 1000 mg/100 mg twice daily (BID) orally for 10 days, as either the HGC or SGC formulation. The pharmacokinetic profile of SQV was determined on day 10. Subjects then crossed over to the opposite SQV formulation, and the pharmacokinetic profile was determined again on day 20. The primary analysis was the assessment of bioequivalence based on logarithmically transformed values for AUC(0-24 h) and Cmax for the two formulations. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in the geometric means of all the pharmacokinetic variables evaluated for SQV-HGC/RTV compared with SQV-SGC/RTV. A mean AUC0-24 h-value of 15.798 micro g/mL/h was reported for the HGC formulation compared with 11.655 micro g/mL/h for the SGC formulation (P = 0.0043). The SQV-HGC/RTV combination was better tolerated in terms of gastrointestinal system disorders. Furthermore, no elevations in triglycerides or total cholesterol were reported with SQV/RTV during the entire study period. CONCLUSION: In healthy volunteers, RTV boosting of SQV-HGC produces plasma exposures at least comparable to SQV-SGC, which is accompanied by an improvement in gastrointestinal system disorders.

Adult↗