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Lyt phenotype of in vitro generated alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and their precursors in B6-Lyt-1.1 (Thy-1.2, Lyt-1.1, Lyt-2.2) congenic strain of mice was studied. The generation of CTL in vitro was completely abrogated by pretreatment of responder cells with antisera to Thy-1.2, Lyt-1.1 and Lyt-2.2 antigens and complement. Mixing of anti-Lyt-1.1-pretreated cells with anti-Lyt-2.2-pretreated cells did not restore CTL generation indicating that both Lyt antigens are expressed on the same precursor cell population. The effect of anti-Lyt sera was specific because the generation of CTL was prevented only when cells from strains possessing appropriate Lyt alleles were pretreated. CTL were eliminated by lysis with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and strongly reduced by anti-Lyt-1.1 and anti-Lyt. 2.2 sera. Nevertheless, a small but significant proportion of CTL was insensitive to lysis with anti-Lyt sera. These data indicate that a phenotype of precursor cells and of majority of CTL is Thy-1.2+ Lyt-1.1+ Lyt-2.2+.
Pulmonary function in 25 patients with intrathoracic sarcoidosis was studied by three different methods: clinical, as related to the presence or absence of dispnea; response to corticoid treatment, and roentgenologic stage. A total of 60 examination were made on the 25 patients. Each examination included: pulmonary volume (vital capacity and RV/CT coefficient), ventilatory mechanics (elastance, resistance, critical flow, and specific conductance), and gas exchange (DCO/VA and (A-a) O2). The following results were obtained from statistical evaluation of the mean values compared with normal values: 1) patients with dyspnea showed a greater pulmonary elastance and (A-a) O2 than normal; 2) treatment with corticoids only produces an improvement in the diffusion capacity in respect to the total volume (DCO/VT); 3) examinations corresponding to the three different roentgenologic stages varied only in pulmonary volume and only when stage III was compared with stages I and II; 4) the terminal stage of the disease is physiologically similar to the typical pattern of emphysema.
A near-drowning by a young man in an indoor pool is reported, and the current concepts of therapy are discussed. Laboratory studies of the patient's neutrophil function and chemotactic response were performed on the day of admission and on hospital days 2 and 4. Neutrophil function and chemotaxis were equal to control values, indicating no effect of near-drowning on these aspects of the host immune system. Hospital admission and supportive therapy including intubation, positive end-expiratory pressure, steroids, and antibiotics are recommended, if necessary, in management of the nearly drowned patient.
Pulmonary function and oxygen transfer was studied in five patients with cirrhosis of the liver and different degrees of portasystemic encephalopathy. Four patients were restudied after a change in CNS function. The contribution of various parameters of pulmonary gas exchange to the unsaturation found was evaluated employing the graphic analysis described by King and Briscoe. The following results were obtained: (1) there was no inequality of ventilation as judged by a nitrogen washout study; (2) a large true venous admixture was found in all patients; (3) in four patients studied twice venous admixture was larger when mean EEG frequency was lower; (4) besides the true venous admixture a low overall D/Q ratio was an important factor contributing to unsaturation in most cases; (5) in some cases a decreased overall V/Q ratio contributed to the unsaturation. This decreased V/Q ratio appeared to be due to an increase in pulmonary perfusion without a concomitant rise in ventilation. Changes in pulmonary perfusion pathways are suggested as the most likely cause of the defect in oxygen transfer found in patients with cirrhosis.
An analysis of the clinical value of radioisotopic lung function (RLF) tests has been carried out on the results of studies in 123 children with heart or lung disease. The overall incidence of useful RLF tests was 53%, but in children between 6 months and 6 years the incidence was higher (69%). The incidence of useful RLF test was similar whatever the question to be answered, although rather higher when information about differential pulmonary blood flow was required. Lists of conditions are presented for which the incidence of useful RLF tests is likely to be high (72%), moderate (46%), and low (14%).
A new dynamic ECG apparatus that has been operating since last June in a Roman Diagnosis Centre is described. The apparatus enables pilot cardiovascular function to be studied during flight. On the basis of long personal experience of tourist flying (single and twin engine craft), the exceptional usefulness of this apparatus for monitoring changes which the stress of flying can provoke in a pilot's cardiovascular apparatus is pointed out.
The paper describes renography studies (using I131-hippurane) of the renal function of 28 test subjects who participated in 30- and 120-day bed rest experiments. Typical changes in the vascular, secretory and evacuatory segments of renograms were noted. The delay in the isotope absorption and excretion from the blood and kidneys was mostly expressed by the end of bed rest. A relationship between renographic changes and renal blood flow as well as between renal excretion of water and sodium at different experimental stages was established. The above changes in the renal function were functional and associated with changes in the systems controlling the fluidelectrolyte metabolism.
This study reports on effects of beta-sympathomimetic drugs on the exocrine function of the isolated cat pancreas. The injection of these drugs resulted in an increase of pancreatic protein and enzyme secretion, the excretion of calcium into the juice and the rate of volume output were not changed. The enzyme secretion was inhibited by different adrenolytic drugs (phenoxybenzamine, practolol, butoxamine), by tetracain, hemicholinium, and atropine. The pancreatic function of cats pretreated by reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine was not altered. It is concluded, that beta-sympathomimetic drugs influence the pancreatic protein and enzyme secretion in a cholinergic way. These results are consistent with those of other investigators showing a suppressibility of the isoproterenol-induced pancreatic amylase secretion by atropine.
The influence of mainly alpha-adrenergic drugs (noradrenaline, adrenaline, phenylephrine), indirect sympathomimetics (ephedrine, tyramin) and dopamine on the exocrine pancreatic function of the isolated perfused organ of cats was studied. The injection of noradrenaline and adrenaline induced simultaneously a rapid depression of flow rate and an increase of perfusion pressure. Phenylephrine, indirect sympathomimetic drugs and dopamine did not change the perfusion pressure and the hydrelatic function (flow rate, secretion of chloride and total calcium). The protein and enzyme secretion was enhanced both in normal animals and cats pretreated by reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine. The pancreatic protein secretion was inhibited by alpha-adrenolytic as well as beta-adrenolytic substances, tetracain and atropine. It is concluded, that mainly alpha-adrenergic drugs stimulate the pancreatic enzyme secretion in a cholinergic manner.
The cellular mechanisms responsible for the structural and functional alterations produced in salivary glands by isoproterenol (ISP) were investigated. Postnatal rats were injected with ISP, and alterations in the structure and protein components of the submandibular glands were determined. Normal age-dependent protein patterns detected by electrophoresis are attributed to the biochemical and functional differentiation of proacinar and acinar secretory cells and correlate with structural changes in these cells. Structural changes induced by ISP involve the acinar cells without detectably altering terminal tubule cells. In addition, synthesis of a specific protein by the glands is enhanced by ISP treatment. By comparing protein patterns in the submandibular glands of control and treated rats, it was concluded that ISP increases synthesis of a specific salivary protein normally produced by proacinar cells during a limited period of glandular development. These results suggest that a neurally mediated regulaotry mechanism that becomes altered by ISP plays a role in normal salivary gland development.
After a short description of the technique of experimental lung homotransplantation, the function of the graft is investigated both from the haemodynamic and respiratory point of view. Perfusion of the transplant was studied in acute and chronic experiments. The haemodynamic rate can be normal even when there are signs of rejection. In the first week there was always a decrease in the perfusion ratio. Lung function tests revealed adequate functional capacity of the graft, capable of sustaining life of the animal, as long as rejection is kept under control. Normal values as obtained with a healthy organ were not achieved, however. Studies in dogs with pathological changes in the contralateral lung showed that the graft is able to tolerate the total cardiac output and to provide adequate respiratory function. In animals with an emphysematous contralateral lung, no ventilation-perfusion imbalance resulted in the homotransplanted organ even when unilateral papain instillation had induced severe emphysematous changes in lung structure of the contralateral organ.
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Studies on the morphology of the odontoid process by various methods strongly suggest a functional adaption of this bony element. With regard to the inclination of the dens axis and the varying position of its articular facets, a modified trabecular system can be observed. Photoelastic experiments confirm that these modifications are correlated with two specific kinds of mechanical stress. The straight odontoid process is only subjected to stress due to compression, but the dorsally inclined dens to bending stress. Based on the morphological and experimental findings, flexion and extension between the first and second vertebrae (in addition to rotation as the principle movement) are discussed.
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