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PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical examination in open fractures of the frontal bone].

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of the frontal bone most often occur with injuries: in traffic accidents, at work, at home, falls on stairs or slippery surfaces, in sport accidents, hoof injuries, etc. They are mostly seen within combined injuries, much less often as isolated. METHODS AND RESULTS: There were no patients under the age of 20; two were in their thirties, three each in their forties and fifties, and one patient in his sixties. Sex distribution: seven males and two females. Seven patients were injured in traffic accidents, and two working at home. DISCUSSION: Four of nine X-rays, although technically valid, did not reveal fracture lines on the frontal bones. In these cases the fracture was diagnosed by surgical exploration during the treatment of the soft tissue injuries of the frontal region. We must therefore point to the importance of surgical exploration of each, even the slightest injury of the soft tissues of the frontal region, so that the fractures of the frontal bone are not overlooked. Standard X-rays must be interpreted as a supplementary diagnostic procedure, but cannot be considered as absolutely reliable, since the lines can be obscured due to the thickness of the bone structures. The revision was made via the fronto-orbital passage. The mucosae of the posterior wall was intact in five cases, while four cases had a fracture of the interior wall as well, without dislocation of fragments. We preserved the sinus cavities of five patients with only frontal wall injuries, while obliteration was performed in four cases due to the fracture of the interior wall. CONCLUSION: We have ascertained that standard radiography is an unreliable diagnostic procedure and, especially in case of minor injuries of the frontal bone, surgical exploration of the injured region is an imperative, as the only reliable method of excluding fracture of the frontal bone, and this long-established principle cannot be abandoned in these cases either.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Surgical treatment of osteomyelitis of the frontal bone and the walls of the frontal sinus].

Having in view observations made during surgical treatment of 21 patients with frontal bone osteomyelitis of traumatic (18 patients) and rhinogenic (3 patients) origin, three varieties of osteomyelitis can be distinguished, viz. osteomyelitis of frontal squama, osteomyelitis of frontal sinus wall, and mixed osteomyelitis involving nasal bones. Three therapeutic approaches are recommended: closed healing of the wound after dissecting the fistula and removal of osteomyelitic bone lesions, drainage of frontal sinuses via the frontonasal anastomosis, and tamponade of the cavity, that developed after the resection of the pathological focus, with the host muscle tissue. In advanced osteomyelitis of the frontal sinus walls, preference should be given to the neurosurgical approach with a wide revision of the pathological focus, removal of the mucosa, suppurative epidural layers and further formation of an enlarged frontonasal anastomosis and prolonged drainage of the cavity for 24 to 30 days. When treating osteomyelitis of frontal squama with its significant enlargement, the most efficient method is tamponade of the cavity formed by the hard membrane, skin and bone with the host muscle. Small osteomyelitic lesions of the frontal bone can be removed by dissecting the fistula, 3-4 day draining and suturing the wound.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Morphological affinities of the Sal'a 1 frontal bone.

The human frontal bone from Sal'a, Slovak Republic, has previously entered into discussions of the morphological patterns of Central European Neandertals and the origins of early modern humans in that region. A morphological reassessment of its supraorbital region and a morphometric analysis of its overall proportions indicate that it falls well within expected ranges of variation of Late Pleistocene Neandertals and is separate from European earlier Upper Paleolithic early modern human crania. It is similar to the Qafzeh-Skhul sample in some metrical and supraorbital robusticity measures, but it contrasts with them in mid-sagittal curvature and supraorbital torus morphology. In the context of its probable oxygen isotope stage 5 age based on inferred biostratigraphic associations, it should not be employed directly for arguments relating to the emergence of modern humans in Central Europe.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Osteomyelitis of the frontal bone.

Osteomyelitis of the frontal bone and its complications remain a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the head and neck surgeon. This paper will deal with the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of osteomyelitis of the frontal bone, and its complications and sequelae. Special emphasis is placed on techniques for repair of forehead defects.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Patterning of geographic variation in Middle Pleistocene Homo frontal bone morphology.

A quantitative assessment of the frontal bone morphology of a sample of Middle Pleistocene hominins was undertaken in order to address questions regarding their population structure and evolutionary history. Outline tracings of the frontal bones of forty-seven fossil crania were obtained, and size-standardized measurements were then computed using an Elliptical Fourier analysis of these tracings. Principal component scores of the Fourier harmonic amplitudes were derived and served as a quantitative representation of the morphology of the frontal bone. Morphological, geographical, and temporal distance matrices were then constructed between each pair of fossils. A partial Mantel matrix correlation test was performed between morphological and geographical distance matrices, controlling for temporal distance, in order to determine if the pattern of geographical differentiation in features of the frontal bone of mid-Pleistocene Homo followed that of an isolation-by-distance model of population structure. The results of the partial Mantel tests indicate that the overall patterning of differentiation in the features of the frontal bone cannot best be explained by a population structure shaped by isolation-by-distance. Additionally, various aspects of the frontal bone quantified here follow different patterns of geographical differentiation, suggesting that a mosaic pattern of evolution holds true for characters within one cranial region and not just for those between regions.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Human maxilla bone response to 30 degrees oriented impacts and comparison with frontal bone impacts.

The aims of this study were to compare the responses of human maxilla and frontal bones under 30 degrees-oriented impacts. Maxilla and frontal bones of the same subject were impacted by a guided horizontal steel cylinder. Linear acceleration time histories and force time histories were plotted and corridors were proposed for maxilla bone response. Sensitivity of head dynamics in regard to impact energy level and localization showed the protection of the intracranial contents by the facial bones crushing. Injury risk curves were established for impact on frontal bone, showing a 50% risk injury for impact energy of 265 J or impact force of 7500 N.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2005

[Growth pattern of the frontal bone primordium and involvement of Bmps in this process].

The mammalian skull vault consists of several membrane bones with different origins. A pair of frontal bones, which occupies the anterior part of the skull vault, is derived from cranial neural crest cells. The frontal bone primordium develops at the superciliary ridge region, then expands towards the top of the head. In this study, we investigated the growth pattern of the frontal bone primordium and the factors involved in this process. In situ hybridization of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 and Runx2, which are markers of preosteoblast, revealed that the frontal bone primordium appears around embryonic day 12.5 (E 12.5) and actively grows between E 14 and E 16. We labelled the head mesenchyme of E 13 at the superciliary ridge with DiI by ex-utero surgery and found that the labelled cells were present at the apical edge of the developing frontal bone on E 18. To elucidate the molecular basis of this formation, we cultured E 15 calvarium in the presence of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs); rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7, but not rhBMP-4, accelerated the growth of the frontal bone domain. These results suggest that the frontal bone primordium grows intrinsically by expanding the primordium not by recruiting surrounding cells, and Bmp-2 and -7 play roles in stimulating the growth of the frontal bone primordium.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Distraction of the frontal bone outside the cranial plane: a rabbit model.

Distraction of the frontal bone outside the cranial plane using the Ilizarov principle was performed in 17 22-week-old New Zealand white rabbits. Five rabbits had frontal bone osteotomy only and were in the control group; 5 rabbits were placed in the sham control group and had frontal bone osteotomy plus application of a customized headgear appliance; and 7 rabbits were placed in the experimental group, which underwent frontal bone osteotomy application of the headgear and distraction. The frontal bone was elevated 1 mm every other day for a period of 8 weeks, and the animals were then killed. Cephalometry was performed both preoperatively and at the end of the 8-week period. Histological examination of the skulls was also performed. The experimental group showed a significantly elevated frontal bone compared to the sham control group (p < 0.05). Callous bone filled the distracted segment, which united the frontal bone with the cranial plane. Therefore, frontal bone advancement by distraction osteogenesis is possible using this rabbit model.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Development of the frontal bone and cranial meninges in the embryonic chick: an experimental study of tissue interactions.

The frontal region of the embryonic chick was studied to determine whether epithelial influences are necessary for frontal bone development. The frontal bone is a membrane bone, of neural crest and head mesodermal origin, which develops within mesenchyme sandwiched between two epithelia, neural ectoderm and epidermis. Rudiments were treated enzymatically to separate epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. Frontal mesenchyme then was grown as chorioallantoic membrane grafts either in the presence or absence of neural ectoderm and/or epidermis. The results indicate that neural ectoderm, though required during early stages of development to induce frontal bone development (Schowing, 1968), is not required during later stages (HH 22-30, the stages tested in this study) for osteogenesis. Epidermis, however, was shown to be required for frontal bone development during the stages tested. Frontal mesenchyme formed bone when epidermis was present on the outer aspect of the mesenchyme, and did not form bone when the epidermis had been removed prior to grafting, whether or not neural ectoderm was present. This dependence upon epidermis continues beyond the onset of meningeal differentiation. Once the outer ectomeninx-dermis is distinguishable from the inner endomeninx, osteogenic capabilities are confined to the ectomeninx-dermis layer. Furthermore, the ectomeninx-dermis layer attached to epidermis is able to form membrane bone in the absence of the endomeninx and neural ectoderm. The endomeninx, though normally nonchondrogenic, was shown to be capable of forming cartilage when the neural ectoderm is removed. Neural ectoderm, therefore, may have an inhibitory effect on chondrogenesis in the endomeninx.

Animals↗