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PubMed1977

[Epizootiology of foot rot in sheep].

Investigations were carried out on the outbreak and spread of foot rot in sheep as well as on the ways of its restriction and eradication. It was found that the disease had been introduced with the import of breeding animals, its further spread being associated with the activity of the Breeding Centers for pedigree animals. The diseased animals have been 25 per cent, on an average, for the whole country, and the economic losses, as expressed in production parameters, have amounted to: produce of animal origin--20 per cent; culling of animals--15 per cent; mortality--1 per cent. Best in the group treatment of the affected animals prove: the dipping in a 5--10 per cent solution of formalin or a 20 per cent solution of copper sulfate, combined with the respective surgical and orthopedic handling and the disinfection of premises. The individual parenteral treatment and the local application of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics have proved suitable and successful in the cases of moderate spread of the disease. The eradication of foot rot can be achieved only via the planned and complex application of pertinent measures.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Effect of alum-precipitated or oil-adjuvant Bacteroides nodosus vaccines on the resistance of sheep to experimental foot rot.

The feet of sheep which had been given two doses of oil adjuvant foot rot vaccine were completely resistant to direct challenge with a virulent homologous culture of Bacteroides nodosus four weeks after vaccination, partially resistant after eight weeks but completely susceptible after 12 weeks. Sheep given two doses of alum precipitated vaccine, or a dose of oil emulsion vaccine followed by a dose of alum precipitated vaccine, were resistant four weeks but not eight weeks later. Foot rot in affected, vaccinated sheep was more severe in those which had received the alum precipitated vaccine than in those given the oil emulsion vaccine, but vaccinated sheep were always less severely affected than controls. Where oil emulsion vaccine provided the primary stimulation, agglutinin titres were 18,000 four weeks after revaccination with either vaccine, falling to 4000 after a further four weeks. Significantly poorer titres were observed when two doses of alum precipitated vaccine only were given.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1976

[Preliminary results of a study on the effect of a contagious foot-rot vaccine in sheep (author's transl)].

A large number of findings on the effects of a contagious foot-rot vaccine have been reported in the literature. To gain a personal understanding of the uses of this vaccine, also in view of foot-rot control as prescribed by law in the Netherlands, the course run by an experimentally induced infection was observed in a flock consisting of vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals. A first impression is that the results may be described as encouraging, in accordance with the findings reported in the literature. The comparative part of the trial having been completed, the studies were continued to see whether vaccination might possibly have a long-term cumulative effect. The motivation and planning of these continued studies will be considered in the discussion of the preliminary results. A report will follow later on.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Antigenic competition in a multivalent foot rot vaccine.

The antigenic competition that occurs when pilus antigens of different serogroups are combined in multivalent vaccines for foot rot has been investigated using recombinant pilus antigens. Our prototype vaccine contains pili from nine serogroups of Dichelobacter nodosus which are expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sheep inoculated with this multivalent vaccine were not as well protected against foot rot as those given the monovalent vaccine. Levels of agglutinating and total antibody specific for any particular pili serogroup were found to be significantly reduced in sheep vaccinated with six or more closely related pili. This effect was more pronounced for agglutinating antibody, which is thought to mediate protection, but was also observed with total antibody levels measured by ELISA. The antigenic competition was not associated with the total antigen load as a tenfold higher dose of monovalent pili induced high titres of antibody. Furthermore, distributing the vaccine to four sites, each draining to a different lymph node, failed to overcome the competition. Experiments with mixtures of monospecific sera indicate that the phenomenon is unlikely to be due to blocking of serogroup-specific protective antibodies by an excess of cross-reactive non-protective antibody elicited by heterologous pili.

Agglutinins↗

PubMed1978

The role of various antigenic fractions of Bacteroides nodosus in eliciting protection against foot-rot in vaccinated sheep.

Sheep were vaccinated against foot-rot with various antigenic extracts of Bacteroides nodosus and challenged to assess their resistance. The protective immunogen was shown to be a heat-labile, high molecular weight surface antigen which was removed by ultrafiltration and was either identical to or closely associated with the fimbriae of the organism. Resistance appeared to be associated with the presence of a single high molecular precipitinogen distinct from the 0 antigen. Agglutinating antibodies to the surface antigen in immunised sheep were predominantly IgG1 whereas the 0 antigen induced predominantly IgM indirect haemagglutinating antibodies. Reactions at vaccination sites were less marked to the surface antigen than to the 0 antigen.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus as etiologic agents of foot rot in cattle.

Fusobacterium necrophorum (Sphaerophorus necrophorus) and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were the predominant bacteria isolated from biopsy specimens of lesions in cattle affected with foot rot. Mixed inoculums of the 2 bacteria, applied to the scarified interdigital skin or inoculated intradermally into the interdigital skin of test cattle, induced typical lesions of foot rot. Both bacteria were reisolated in large numbers from the induced lesions.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Obligately anaerobic bacterial species isolated from foot-rot lesions in goats.

Lesions showing clinical signs of foot-rot from 120 goats were cultured on six selective media during October 1987 to November 1988. A total of 582 strictly anaerobic microorganisms belonging to 50 different species was isolated and identified. The anaerobes most frequently isolated belonged to the following genera: Bacteroides (80%), Peptostreptococcus (63.6%), Megasphaera (40%), Fusobacterium (29.2%), Clostridium (22.5%), Propionibacterium (12.5%), Eubacterium (11.7%) and Leptotrichia (10.8%). Percentages for Acidaminococcus, Peptococcus, Tissierella, Wolinella and Veillonella were below 10%. The following species were identified in 10% or more of cases: Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (61.7%), Bacteroides buccae (51.7%), Bacteroides nodosus (42.5%), Megasphaera elsdenii (40%), Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. brevis (22.5%), Fusobacterium necrophorum (19.2%), Leptotrichia buccalis (11.7%) and Clostridium perfringens (10%). Lower percentages were obtained for the remaining species. The efficiency and selectivity of the six culture media used for isolation are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Antibody responses of sheep vaccinated with foot rot vaccines.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and crossed immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) were used to investigate antibody responses of sheep vaccinated with a double adjuvanted or single adjuvanted commercial foot rot vaccine. ELISA detected an antibody response of greater magnitude to the double adjuvant vaccine compared with the single adjuvant vaccine. Sera from sheep vaccinated with double adjuvant vaccine recognised at least six antigens of Bacteroides nodosus in crossed IEP while sera from the single adjuvant vaccinated sheep recognised one antigen. The use of non-denatured antigens of B nodosus in ELISA and crossed IEP enabled quantitative comparisons of antibody responses to the different foot rot vaccines to be made.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative metabolism in bovine macrophages exposed to a novel interdigital phlegmon (foot rot) lesion isolate, Porphyromonas levii.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the host response toward Porphyromonas levii, by evaluating chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst of bovine macrophages in vitro. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cultured bovine macrophages obtained from monocytes harvested from blood samples of 15 Holstein steers. Porphyromonas levii was isolated from the foot rot lesion of an acutely affected feedlot steer. PROCEDURE: Monocytes were cultured for macrophage differentiation over 7 days. Porphyromonas levii was cultured in strict anaerobic conditions for experimentation. Chemotaxis was evaluated by quantifying macrophage migration toward P. levii in Boyden chambers. Phagocytosis was assessed by quantification of macrophages engulfing P. levii following incubation with or without anti-P. levii serum or purified IgG. Oxidative burst was measured by use of the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay. RESULTS: Chemotaxis toward P. levii was not significantly different from control values at any of the tested bacterial concentrations. Phagocytosis of P. levii was approximately 10% at a 10:1 bacterium to macrophage ratio and did not change significantly over time. When higher proportions of P. levii were tested for phagocytosis, the 1,000:1 bacterium to macrophage ratio had a significant increase, compared with the 10:1 test group. Opsonization of P. levii with high-titeranti-P. levii serum or anti-P. levii IgG produced a significant increase in macrophage phagocytosis. Oxidative production significantly increased compared with control in the 1,000:1 test group only. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Porphyromonas levii may evade host detection by decreased chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst by macrophages. Acquired immunity may be beneficial for clearance of P. levii in foot rot lesions in cattle.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Comparison of alum-absorbed or non-alum-absorbed oil emulsion vaccines containing either pilate or non-pilate Bacteroides nodosus cells in inducing and maintaining resistance of sheep to experimental foot rot.

Highly pilate (P) or non-pilate (NP) cells of Bacteroides nodosus were compounded into oil emulsion (O) either with or without prior absorption onto alum (A). The abilities of these four preparations (referred to as PAO, NPAO, PO and NPO vaccines) to stimulate antibody production and to protect sheep from foot rot were compared. Two injections of PAO vaccine protected sheep against homologous challenge 12 weeks after the second dose by PO, NPO and NPAO vaccines were less effective. Sheep were protected against homologous challenge for 14 weeks after a single dose of PAO vaccine and for 22 weeks after three doses; an ameliorative effect was still evident 40 weeks after the third dose. Protection against challenge with two heterologous strains was demonstrated at six weeks after three doses of vaccine. A numerical system of scoring the lesions also confirmed that foot rot in vaccinated sheep challenged outside the 'protective' period of the vaccine was somewhat less severe than in controls. PAO vaccine induced much higher and more persistent titres of agglutinins than the other vaccines tested. There was a relationship between agglutinin titres and resistance to homologous challenge.

Agglutinins↗

PubMed1984

Efficacy of ethylenediamine dihydriodide as an agent to prevent experimentally induced bovine foot rot.

Ethylenediamine dihydriodide (EDDI) was administered by capsule and as a feed premix to cattle in 2 studies. In study I (32 steers), EDDI was given at 0, 12.5, 50, and 200 mg/animal each day and in study II (36 steers) at 0, 30, and 200 mg/animal each day. Serum iodine levels were monitored during the studies. The cattle were inoculated intradermally in the interdigital space with a mixture of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus to induce acute foot rot at day 15 (study I) or day 28 (study II) after EDDI administration was started. Lesions and lameness were evaluated 5 days after challenge exposure, using a subjective scoring system. The cattle receiving EDDI had significantly less severe lesions and lameness than control cattle in both studies (study I, P less than 0.003; study II, P less than 0.001). The results indicated that EDDI was efficacious in prevention of foot rot. The studies demonstrated a direct relationship between dosage levels of EDDI and serum iodine levels. However, at the large dosage level (200 mg) there were some individuals that showed an inability to metabolize and excrete the iodine as demonstrated by high serum iodine levels (600 to 700 micrograms of iodine/dl of serum).

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Use of elastase test, gelatin gel test and electrophoretic zymogram to determine virulence of Dichelobacter nodosus isolated from ovine foot rot.

A comparative study using the elastase test, gelatin gel test and electrophoretic zymogram was conducted for virulence determination of 96 Dichelobacter nodosus isolates from clinical cases of ovine foot rot. Despite being time consuming, the elastase test provided a classification of D nodosus bacteria in general agreement with the severity of clinical characteristics. The gelatin gel test showed some correlation with the elastase test. While isolates showing elastase activity at 14 days or less were likely to produce more proteases which were of higher thermostability, those showing elastase activity at 21 to 28 days, or elastase negative up to 28 days tended to produce less proteases which were also of lower thermostability. The electrophoretic zymogram based on the virulent pattern 1 (V1), virulent pattern 2 (V2) and benign pattern (B) did not cover all isolates from the field as nine (9.4 per cent) of the 96 isolates formed specific isoenzyme patterns that were different from the V1, V2 and B patterns of classification. However, the patterns formed by these nine isolates could be fitted into another previously reported isoenzyme classification. Nevertheless, the electrophoretic zymogram by itself did not provide adequate information in regard to intermediate foot rot. It appeared that a combination of two tests such as elastase test and zymogram or gelatin gel test and zymogram would offer a useful complementary definition of the virulence of D nodosus bacteria.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Foot rot of pigs: the influence of biotin supplementation on foot lesions in sows.

A herd of 116 sows with a high frequency of foot lesions and lameness was divided into two groups, A and B. Group B was supplemented with 1160 microgram per day of biotin in pregnancy and 2320 microgram per day in lactation, over a 12-month period. No improvement occurred in the condition of the feet or skin. Gilts introduced as replacements to the herd were allocated alternately to the groups. Those receiving biotin (group B) showed significantly fewer lesions of heel erosion, white-line, heel bruising and "corn", and the severity and number of lesions of the lateral hind claws were also significantly improved.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria from ovine foot rot in Spain.

A microbiological study was made of 125 Merino sheep showing clinical signs of foot rot. A total of 435 strictly anaerobic strains were isolated, belonging to the following genera: Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Tissierella, Fusobacterium, Megasphaera, Eubacterium, Acidaminococcus, Clostridium, Peptococcus and Propionibacterium. Of the 35 species obtained, the following were found in more than 10 per cent of animals sampled: Bacteroides nodosus, B putredinis, B buccae, B ruminicola subspecies brevis, Tissierella praeacuta, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Megasphaera elsdenii. Six culture media were used for isolation. Agar brucella and agar brucella enriched with G-N anaerobe supplement proved to be the most efficient for isolating anaerobic bacteria.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

[Experimental induction of foot rot in sheep].

By means of local strains Bacteroides nodusus was reproduced experimentally a case of foot-rot with sheep. For the appearance and the development of the disease it was necessary, before the infection, to keep the sheep in damp and uncleaned from fecal impurities room. Besides that, of decisive importance was the scarification of the skin-horny junction in the interungular slit. The combination of Bacteroides nodusus with Spirohaeta penorta and Corynebacterium piogenes resulted in more serious changes in the infected hooves.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the efficacy of footbaths containing formalin or zinc sulphate in treating ovine foot-rot under field conditions.

A comparison was made of the efficacy of zinc sulphate and formalin footbaths in treating foot-rot of a wide range of severity in a British lowland sheep flock. Solutions of 10% zinc sulphate and 10% formalin in a walk-through trough were used at weekly intervals on three occasions following initial foot trimming. Paring allowed accurate scoring of foot lesions. Ninety affected sheep were randomly divided between three groups: two groups having footbaths and a control group. Both agents were effective in reducing the total lesion score and the number of feet affected.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Microbiological study of foot-rot in lambs: isolation, elastolytic activity and antimicrobial susceptibility.

A microbiological study was made of an outbreak of foot-rot in lambs. Elastolytic activity was detected in all 10 Bacteroides nodosus strains isolated from the hooves of 9 affected animals. Among 14 other isolated strictly anaerobic microorganisms belonging to different species or genera only 4 strains showed a low degree of elastolysis. The 14 antimicrobial agents studied effectively inhibited "in vitro" growth of B. nodosus.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of ceftiofur sodium and oxytetracycline for treatment of acute interdigital phlegmon (foot rot) in feedlot cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ceftiofur sodium would be useful for treatment of acute interdigital phlegmon (foot rot) in cattle. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. ANIMALS: 308 cross-bred yearling steers with clinical signs of acute interdigital phlegmon (i.e., lameness with interdigital swelling, interdigital lesions, or both). PROCEDURE: Steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: ceftiofur at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg (0.045 mg/lb) of body weight, IM, every 24 hours; ceftiofur at a dosage of 1.0 mg/kg (0.45 mg/lb), IM, every 24 hours, and oxytetracycline at a dosage of 6.6 mg/kg (3 mg/lb), IM, every 24 hours. All animals were treated for 3 days; treatment was considered successful if animals were no longer lame on day 4. Biopsy specimens were collected prior to treatment from 5 animals in each group and submitted for anaerobic bacterial culture and histologic examination. RESULTS: Success rates for the high-dosage ceftiofur (94/129; 73%) and oxytetracycline (87/128; 68%) groups were significantly higher than that for the low-dosage ceftiofur group (5/50; 10%), but there were no significant differences between the high-dosage ceftiofur and oxytetracycline groups. Anaerobic bacteria most frequently isolated from biopsy specimens were Porphyromonas levii and Provetella intermedia. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Use of ceftiofur at a dosage of 1.0 mg/kg for treatment of cattle with acute interdigital phlegmon was as effective as use of oxytetracycline at a dosage of 6.6 mg/kg. However, ceftiofur has a negligible withdrawal time and, therefore, may be a better choice for treatment of near-market weight animals.

Acute Disease↗