[Effect of iron-fortified food on the status of iron balance in children].
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Anemia, Hypochromic↗
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Fortifying food with folic acid.
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Adolescent↗
Effect of B vitamins-fortified foods on primary school children in Beijing.
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of B vitamins-fortified foods on primary school children. A controlled trial was conducted in 101 normal primary school children aged 9-11 years. They were randomly assigned to supplemental control group (S-control, n=36), riboflavin supplementation group (+riboflavin 0.625 mg/day, n=32), and B vitamin compound supplementation group (+riboflavin 0.625 mg/day, +thiamin 0.512 mg/day, +nicotinic acid 0.365 mg/day, +folic acid 0.13 mg/day, n=33) based on school classes. Urinary riboflavin excretion and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient (EGRAC) along with erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETKA) were used to evaluate B vitamin levels in the children. AYP index, an index reflecting the brain performance ability, was chosen to assess the children's study abilities. Health education was carried out to help children and their parents adopt scientific dietary concepts. The urinary riboflavin excretion was higher in two supplementation groups (435.24 +/- 153.3 microg/g creatinine, 374.6 +/- 144.6 microg/g creatinine) than in S-control group (235.1 +/- 86.2 microg/g creatinine). Average values of EGRAC were lower in two supplementation groups (0.90 +/- 0.11, 0.80 +/- 0.10) than in S-control group (1.08 +/- 0.25). At the same time, the percentage of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP%) decreased from 63.69 +/- 28.04 to 42.16 +/- 16.31 in B vitamin compound supplementation group. Meanwhile, AYP index increased at the end of the supplementation in two supplementation groups. B vitamins supplementation can significantly increase B vitamin level in children. Biochemical activities of riboflavin and thiamin can improve with the intake of fortified foods. The effect of B vitamin compound supplementation is better than that of single riboflavin supplementation when the effect of riboflavin's biofunction is considered. In addition, micronutrient supplementation appears to assist children's study abilities.
Child↗
[Determination of vitamin D3 in health-care foods fortified with calcium by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].
"Bu Gai Bao" and "Gaoxiao Man Gai" are health-care foods fortified with calcium for people of all ages. This paper describes a method of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography for quantitating vitamin D3 in these products. The method is simple, sensitive, and suitable for routine analysis of vitamin D3 in a variety of health-care foods fortified with calcium. Shimadzu LC-4A high performance liquid chromatograph with SPD-2AS UV detector and C-R2AX data processor were used. The vitamin D3 in products was extracted with chloroform and separated with mu-Bondapak C18 column(300 mm x 3.9 mm i.d.) and methanol water(87:13, V/V) mobile phase with detection at UV-264 nm. Regression coefficient of correlation of calibration curves in the range of 10-50 mg/L was 0.9998. Average recoveries of vitamin D3 added to the products was 95.63%. The coefficients of variation of vitamin D3 in both products were 0.24%-0.49%.
Calcium↗
Determination of vitamin B5 in a range of fortified food products by reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation.
Methods for Vitamin B5 determination in food products remain limited by their low sensitivity and poor selectivity. Here, we have developed a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for Vitamin B5 determination in wide range of fortified food products. Vitamin B5 was extracted from food samples by heat treatment and analysed by LC-MS in the positive mode using electrospray ionisation (ESI). Vitamin B5 was quantified using hopantenic acid (HOPA) as internal standard after their separation on a C18 narrow-bore column with a gradient of mobile phase made of water/acetonitrile and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) 0.025%. MS with single ion monitoring mode at mass m/z 220 was used for Vitamin B5 quantification. Calibration curve between 0.5 and 10 microg/ml of Vitamin B5 was linear (r2=0.9993) and the detection limit was determined to be 800 pg. The overall quantitative efficiency of the method was evaluated using Nestle reference sample (infant formula). The intra-assay RSD was 4.8% (n=8), the inter-assay RSD 6.4% (n=4) and the recoveries of the spiked samples were above 95%. Application of the LC-MS method to Vitamin B5 determination in wide range of fortified food products including three US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reference samples (RM 8435, RM 8415 and SRM 1546) shows consistent results with those obtained by microbiology and recoveries of Vitamin B5 between 93 and 104% for the spiked samples.
Calibration↗
Vitamin A in dietary supplements and fortified foods: too much of a good thing?
Vitamin A consumption by many Americans is quite high, in part because of the consumption of fortified foods and the use of vitamin supplements. Most multivitamin supplements provide two or more times the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin A because the daily value (DV) is based on 1968 and not current RDAs. Consumption of just one multivitamin often provides excessive vitamin A, the majority of it as preformed vitamin A esters. Given recent epidemiologic evidence that suggests a link between chronic intakes of vitamin A that exceed the RDA and hip fractures, it may be time to reexamine food and supplement fortification policies and to discontinue the clinical practice of prescribing two multivitamins to the elderly and other patients whose needs for certain micronutrients are high.
Diet↗
Liquid chromatographic analysis of niacin in fortified food products.
An ion exchange liquid chromatographic (LC) method using an anion exchange resin column was developed for the determination of niacin in fortified foods. Samples were extracted by autoclaving with H2SO4 (1 + 1). Florisil open column chromatography was used to remove interferences from the sample extracts. Niacin levels were quantitated by an LC system using a 250 x 4.1 mm Hamilton PRP-X100 column, a mobile phase of 2% glacial acetic acid in water, and UV detection at 254 nm. The limit of detection was 0.11 micrograms niacin/mL, and the standard curve was linear from 0.24 to 0.80 micrograms niacin/mL. The system reproducibility was evaluated by completing 10 repetitive analyses on an infant formula and a macaroni product, which gave an average CV of 2.7%. Mean recovery (+/- standard deviation) was 99.8 +/- 7.7 (n = 15). The results compared favorably with those by the AOAC microbiological method.
Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗
Changes in time-trends of nutrient intake from fortified and non-fortified food in German children and adolescents--15 year results of the DONALD study. Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study.
BACKGROUND: Although fortified products have played an increasing role in food marketing since the 1980s in Germany, data as to the consumption of fortified food is sparse. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess long-term data on changes in fortified food supply or consumption patterns, nutrient intake, and time trends in the DONALD Study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study). METHODS: Between 1985 and 2000 consumption of nutrient intake (total and from fortified foods) was evaluated and time trends in energy and nutrient intake were assessed on the basis of 3-day weighed dietary records (n = 4193) of 2-14 year-old males (n = 383) and females (n = 404) enrolled in the DONALD Study. Nutrient intake was expressed as percentage of the current German recommendations. Food products were defined as fortified if enriched with at least one of the following nutrients: Vitamin A or provitamin A carotenoids (summarised as Vitamin A), Vitamins E, B1, B2, B6, C, niacin, folate, calcium or iron. Nutrient supplements and medicine were excluded from this evaluation. Time trends were analysed using linear and non-linear regression models (PROC MIXED, SAS 6.12). RESULTS: In percent of German references [3], non-fortified food contributed to folate intake by 20-30%, to Vitamin E by about 40%, to Vitamin B1 by 50-65%, to Vitamin A, C, B2, calcium, iron by about 65-95%, and to Vitamin B6 and niacin intake by 100% and more. Fortified food alone provided no more than 5% of calcium intake, about 10-20% of iron, Vitamin A and folate intake, up to 40-50% of Vitamin C, B1, B2, E, niacin and up to 80% of Vitamin B6 intake. During the 15 year period of the DONALD Study with total food, we only found a significant linear time trend for Vitamin C, whereas significant non-linear time trends were found for calcium, Vitamin E, B1, B2, B6, niacin and folate. In the latter there was a uniform increase until 1994 and a decrease thereafter. For iron and Vitamin A no significant time trend could be identified. Only iron and Vitamin A intake from fortified food showed a significant linear time trend. All other nutrients studied here gave significant non-linear time trends. Nutrient intake with fortified food reached maximum values between 1994 and 1996 followed by a decrease thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Signs of changing food consumption patterns were found, pointing to an almost uniform decrease of nutrient intake since 1994/96 in our population of German children and adolescents. This could be an alarming indicator of a slight but unpreferable tendency to eat energydense, nutrient-poor foods.
Adolescent↗
Liquid chromatographic analysis of all-trans-retinyl palmitate, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in fortified foods and the extraction of encapsulated and nonencapsulated retinyl palmitate.
A liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of natural vitamin E homologues, all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, retinyl palmitate (encapsulated and nonencapsulated), and beta-carotene in various fortified foods. The vitamins are extracted in 2-propanol and hexane without saponification and quantitated by normal phase chromatography with fluorescence and visible detection. The sample components were identified using an on-line three-dimensional photodiode array detector, which permitted profiling of the 190-800 nm absorption spectrum of any chromatographic peak. The method showed linearity for the analytes in their respective calibration ranges. The percent recoveries for retinyl palmitate using starch- and gelatin-encapsulated standards were 101.0 +/- 1.0 and 100.1 +/- 0.9, respectively. The method measures six or more analytes in a single injection and differentiates between natural and synthetic forms of vitamin E.
Chromatography, Liquid↗
Fortifying food with folic acid improves folate intake in German infants, children, and adolescents.
Folate is a critical nutrient and programs to enhance folate intake have been established or are under consideration. We investigated to what extent consumers (C) profit from folic acid-fortified food and dietary supplements compared to nonconsumers (NC) of these products. A total of 6135 weighed records from 861 subjects (47% males, 53% females, age 6 mo to 18 y) from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study between 1990 and 2001 were evaluated. In 61% of the records, at least 1 item fortified with folic acid was reported, and in total 644 different items with a wide range of fortification levels were found. These were primarily commercial infant food (i.e., infant formula, weaning food) (44%), breakfast cereals (20%), and soft drinks (11%). Median dietary folate equivalents (DFEs) in NC increased from 65 and 62 microg/d in boys and girls at 6-12 mo of age, respectively, to 184 and 143 microg/d in adolescents 15-18 y of age. In C, DFEs increased from 109 and 100 microg/d in boys and girls at 6-12 mo of age, respectively, to 370 and 276 microg/d in adolescents 15-18 y of age. Irrespective of gender, NC had 50-70% the DFE intakes of C with a tendency for higher percentages in younger than in older children and adolescents. Folate intakes by male and female consumers of fortified food or supplements exceeded the upper levels in 1.7 and 1.2% of subjects, respectively. Currently, a fortification program for staple foods (e.g., grain products) does not seem necessary in Germany if children and adolescents consume food already fortified with folic acid.
Adolescent↗
Iron and calcium bioavailability of fortified foods and dietary supplements.
Bioavailability is a key consideration when developing strategies for preventing mineral deficiencies through improved dietary supply. Factors that affect the bioavailability of iron and calcium, forms used for fortification and supplementation, and methods used to assess bioavailability are described. Illustrations of the impact of introducing iron-fortified foods in developing and industrialized countries are given, and the alternative approach of supplementation with iron and calcium is discussed.
Biological Availability↗
[Survey of the present-day supply of fortified food products in Germany].
A survey and critical evaluation of the present-day supply of fortified common food products on the German market is presented concerning products, nutrients and amounts for fortification. The data were collected from the original food labels by personal informations from the manufacturers (40 asked, 68% answered) and by a local market survey in Dortmund (spring 1994). A total of 288 fortified food products (78 manufacturers) were found out of 6 different food products (78 manufacturers) were found out of 6 different food categories (manufacturers/products): beverages (26/95), sweets (24/57), cereals (5/53), milk products (7/35), powdered instant beverages (10/31), ready-to-eat meals (6/17). Sugar was added to 56% of the fortified products. A total of 10 vitamins (E, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, niacin, folate, biotin, pantothenic acid) and 7 minerals (Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, Fe) were used for fortification. The number of nutrients used for fortification in single products ranged from 1 (94 products) to 16 (3 products). The amounts used for fortification per average portion varied considerably among the different products and the different nutrients in the food categories. In a considerable number of cases, amounts for fortification of more than 100% (maximum 660%) of the recommended daily dose of a nutrient (EC-directive for nutrition labelling) have been observed. Relatively to the contribution of a portion to meet the energy requirement, the fortification of cereals and milk-products (about 30%) as well as of sweets (about 10%) could be rated as acceptable whereas the fortification of beverages (about 50-100%) was overdone. The present-day supply of fortified food is extremely heterogenous from the qualitative and quantitative point of view. Therefore, it is rather difficult for the consumer to reach an overall nutrient intake that is in accordance with the recommendations. The specific requirements of children, who are a preferred group for food advertising, are not at all considered adequately.
Advertising↗
Evaluation of the implementation of the folate-neural tube defect health claim and its impact on the availability of folate-fortified food in Australia.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of the folate-neural tube defect (NTD) health claim and its impact on the availability of folate-fortified food in Australia. METHODS: During late 2005, a survey was conducted in 16 supermarkets across all Australian capital cities to identify the use of the folate-NTD health claim on the labels of the 128 food products listed in food standard 1.1A.2: 'Transitional standard--Health claims' and the number of products fortified with folic acid. RESULTS: Seventy-nine per cent of existing listed food products were found and two of these were implementing the folate-NTD health claim. Forty-four per cent of these listed products, previously fortified with folic acid, were no longer fortified. One hundred and seventeen generally available food products were fortified with folic acid, predominantly breakfast cereals (73%). Twenty-seven per cent of these folate-fortified products were listed in the transitional standard. CONCLUSIONS: The health claim was not used widely to inform women of child-bearing age of the importance of periconceptional folate intake. The increased availability of folate-fortified products generally has occurred independently of the health claim. Deficiencies in the verification system of the tested regulatory framework are identified. The voluntary regulatory provisions for both folate fortification and the use of the health claim diminished the States' influence over their implementation of public health tools.
Australia↗
Fortified foods contribute one half of recommended vitamin A intake in poor urban Guatemalan toddlers.
Vitamin A intake from food sources, not including breast milk, was determined from seven consecutive 24-h recalls for 55 children (mean age 20.8 mo, SD 8.9) from two poor communities of Guatemala City. Not including vitamin A derived from fortified sugar or breast milk, the median daily vitamin A intake was 194 retinol equivalents (RE). Including vitamin A derived from fortified sugar but not including that derived from breast milk, the median total vitamin A intake (25th and 75th percentiles) was 338 RE (146 and 617 RE) of which 78% was preformed retinol and 22% provitamin A. More than 90% of total vitamin A intake from non-breast milk food sources was derived from only 10 items; over half came from three fortified foods: fortified sugar, Incaparina and margarine. Sugar samples from 91 households in 1991 had a median of 3.3 RE/g (range, 0.0-29.9 RE/g), <25% of the target level (13-17 RE/g); nevertheless, fortified sugar provided 25% of these children's total vitamin A intake (81 RE/d) from non-breast milk food sources and their intake approached the level recommended by the FAO/WHO (400 RE/d). These results show that fortified foods make an important contribution towards vitamin A intake in this sample of poor urban Guatemalan toddlers.
Breast Feeding↗
Fortifying food with folic acid.
Folic acid supplementation may help prevent the following three common and important disorders: neural tube defect pregnancies, ischemic heart disease and strokes, and possibly colon cancer. Several studies have irrefutably established that folic acid supplementation in proper doses reduces neural tube defect pregnancies. Fortified food would be the most reliable way to address this health issue. Several epidemiologic reports have established a close link between hyperhomocysteinemia and ischemic heart disease. This is supported by evidence obtained from genetic defects leading to elevated plasma levels of homocysteine. There is reasonable evidence to conclude that hyperhomocysteinemia is the actual cause of excessive cardiac diseases. Again, folic acid supplementation in proper doses could potentially reduce ischemic heart disease by 40% There is also some evidence to suggest that folic acid treatment reduces the incidence of colon cancer. The reduction in all three health problems is dependent upon the dose of folic acid administered. The levels needed are rarely supplied by the daily food intake, even under ideal conditions, although breakfast cereals address this problem at least in part. It is proposed that flour be fortified because it is a food product heavily used by most people, and that governmental agencies should oversee such programs because they are responsible for setting public health policies.
Bread↗
Calcium bioavailability from calcium fortified food products.
The calcium balance of 12 presumed healthy human young adult subjects was assessed. Subjects consumed a constant laboratory-controlled diet supplemented with one of four calcium-fortified food products: orange juice (OJ), milk (M), experimental pasteurized processed cheese (T), soda (S), or a calcium carbonate plus vitamin D tablet (CC). Study length was 6 weeks with seven-day experimental periods (2-days allowed for adjustment with 5-days combined for purposes of analysis). All urine and fecal samples were collected by the subjects for the duration of the study. Blood samples were drawn at the end of each experimental period. Urine and fecal calcium contents were determined. Blood samples were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase. Results of this study indicate a higher fecal calcium content (mg/day) when subjects consumed CC and T, and when subjects consumed self-selected diets, than when given S, M, or OJ. Urinary calcium excretion was significantly lower when subjects consumed OJ than when they consumed M, T, or their self-selected diets. A significantly larger positive calcium balance was demonstrated when subjects consumed OJ as compared to T. Fecal transmit time did not vary significantly. Serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly lower when subjects consumed T than when they consumed self-selected diets.
Adult↗
Vitamin intakes from supplements and fortified food in German children and adolescents: results from the DONALD study.
Frequent consumption of supplements is a common behavior in adults, as well as children and adolescents. We report on vitamin intake from consuming supplements, taking into account the vitamin intake from fortified and usual foods. A total of 5990 3-d weighed dietary records from 931 German subjects (452 males, 479 females, 2-18 y of age) between 1986 and 2003 from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study were evaluated. We identified 133 different vitamin-containing supplements in 451 records (7.5%). Slightly more males (8.0%) than females (7.1%) consumed supplements, with highest frequencies found between ages 15 and 18 y. For the majority (10 of 13) of vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, niacin, biotin, and vitamin C), intake from usual and fortified food already reached or exceeded 80% of the recommended dietary allowances in all age groups. In the case of folate and pantothenic acid, intake from supplements was necessary to achieve at least 80% of recommended dietary allowances for half of the age groups, especially in females. Supplements with vitamin D considerably helped increase vitamin intake but failed to achieve 80% of references in almost all age groups. Intakes of vitamin A and folic acid exceeded the tolerable upper level most frequently in many age groups and were most pronounced in up to 32% and 13% of children aged 2-3 y. Intake of vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin C exceeded the tolerable upper level in single age groups only (<7% of subjects). For the other vitamins, no exceeded limits were identified. The ubiquitous availability of supplements might indicate that even healthy children and adolescents profit by taking them. However, it is difficult to evaluate whether consumers receive more benefits or risks from the unrestricted consumption of supplements as they are marketed today.
Adolescent↗
The role of fortified foods--situation in Austria.
AIMS: Nutritional surveys in several countries worldwide showed an inadequate intake of some micronutrients. A possibility to challenge this development is the fortification of selected foods with micronutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of food fortification in Austria and to elucidate to what extent added nutrients contribute to the daily nutrient intake. METHODS: The amount of fortification was observed by inspections of supermarkets and retail outlets over a period of 4 months. The intake and contribution to the daily nutrient intake of fortified nutrients of Austrian adults (n = 1,700) was evaluated with 24-hour recalls (together with a food frequency questionnaire). RESULTS: Altogether 470 fortified products have been found and classified into baby products, beverages, sweets, cereals, milk products, edible fats, and salt. Highest frequency of nutrient added was found for vitamin C (73%), B6 (43%) and niacin (37%). Calcium (23%) was the most added mineral and trace element. The contribution of fortified foods to the daily micronutrient intake was up to 40 and 10% for vitamins and minerals, respectively, for the total group. When only considering the subgroup of people who are buying fortified foods (users; n = 934) the contribution increases up to 74 and 19% for vitamins and minerals, respectively. No risk of an overdose of nutrients has been observed through food fortification. CONCLUSION: Food fortification is commonly used in Austria, although not selectively. The only one mandatory is the fortification of salt with iodine. Fortified nutrients contribute variably to the daily nutrient intake, in particular, for users of fortified products, a risk of an overdosed intake was not found.
Adult↗