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Streptococcus iniae was recovered from diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) previously vaccinated against streptococcosis. PCR and serological methods indicate the presence of a new serotype in the diseased fish.
Binding of 125I-labelled types I and IV collagen, fibronectin and laminin to Aeromonas cells is a common characteristic among Aeromonas strains isolated from diseased fish and human infections. The proportion of Aeromonas strains which bind to the various proteins were significantly greater for A. hydrophila than for A. sobria or A. caviae. The binding property was specific since it was inhibited by unlabelled homologous proteins. Bacterial cells incubated with proteolytic enzymes lose the ability of binding to 125I-labelled collagen type I and IV, fibronectin, laminin and vitronectin. A bacterial cell surface protein extract, containing active receptors competes with intact cells for 125I-extracellular matrix protein binding. Culture conditions greatly influence the expression of A. hydrophila cell surface binding structures for extracellular matrix proteins. The presence of calcium ions in the growth medium seems to be an important enhancer of the expression of extracellular matrix protein cell surface receptors.
Ulcerative Disease Syndrome (UDS) is an epizootic fish disease characterized by the presence of severe, open dermal ulcers on the head, midbody, and dorsal regions of the fish. Aeromonas hydrophila and A. sobria were recovered more often from UDS fish than other bacteria from the genera Vibrio, Alteromonas and Plesiomonas. Representative isolates of A. hydrophila, A. sobria, V. anguillarum, V. vulnificus, Alteromonas putrefaciens, and P. shigelloides taken from UDS and healthy fish were assayed for virulence-associated factors. The aeromonads produced a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes and expressed cell surface characteristics linked to virulence whereas the other bacterial species rarely produced the same enzymes or cell surface characteristics. The role of aeromonads in UDS is believed to be opportunistic or secondary and these bacteria are thought to play an important role in this degenerative disease.
PURPOSE: Consumption of fish oil has been shown to reduce mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aims to determine the frequency and associations of dietary fish prescribing by family physicians. METHODS: A 22-item survey mailed to randomly selected Washington State family physicians. RESULTS: Nearly all agreed that nutrition is important in CVD prevention (99%) and felt that they have an essential role in giving dietary advice (92%). The majority (57%) knew of fish oil's effectiveness in secondary prevention of CVD. However, only 17% of respondents were identified as high fish prescribers. Knowledge of fish oil's benefit in sudden death reduction was associated with higher fish prescribers in bivariate (P = .005) and multivariate analysis (OR = 2.77; 95th CI: 1.32 to 5.82). High fish prescribers were more likely to report having sufficient time to discuss dietary therapies in bivariate (P = .018) and multivariate analysis (OR = 1.43; 95th CI: 1.03 to 1.98). CONCLUSIONS: Despite knowledge of fish oil's benefit and favorable attitudes toward nutritional therapy, family physicians infrequently recommend fish oils for their CVD patients. Strategies improving awareness of fish oil's effects on sudden death and reducing time barriers associated with dietary counseling should be explored further to increase recommendation of this important advice.
Charcoal is an effective replacement for serum in media for the isolation and culture of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish. The medium, KDM-C, contains 10 g of peptone, 0.5 g of yeast extract, 1 g of L-cysteine hydrochloride, 1 g of activated charcoal, and 15 g of agar per liter and is adjusted to pH 6.8 with NaOH before autoclaving. Eight strains of R. salmoninarum grew from dilute inocula as well on KDM-C as on a standard serum-containing medium (KDM-2). The medium was effective for both primary isolations from fish and repeated transfers and has potential value for antigen preparation and physiological studies.
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Due to the increasing importance of disease problems in the fish farming industry and the impact disease may have on both feral and farmed fish in the Nordic countries, monitoring and surveillance on diseases have for many years been considered to be of socioeconomic importance. All the Nordic countries have a national legislation as basis for their surveillance and disease control in aquatic animals and regulations listing notifiable diseases of concern to the countries. The list of diseases vary between the countries. In addition, Denmark, Finland and Sweden are ruled by Directive 91/67/EEC as regards placing on the market of aquaculture animals and products. The surveillance for viral diseases in all the Nordic countries has mainly been based on the testing procedures given in the EU Commission Decision 96/240/EC.
The difficulties in interpreting the biological significance of pollutants in the marine environment led to the recognition that natural indices reflecting chemical and physical changes are required. The close interaction between host, disease (including parasites) and environment indicates that change in disease patterns offers considerable potential as a natural monitoring system in this field. This problem was addressed by the Working Groups of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in the early 1980s. Since then, a series of studies have provided internationally agreed recommendations on appropriate diseases to monitor, on sampling strategies and on guidelines for diagnosis, identification and data reporting. Research in Scottish waters has shown that parasites with complex life cycles and intermediate stages which are vulnerable to pollution can give a good indication of the dispersion of pollution from a point source. However, without good knowledge of the spatial, biological and temporal variations in the occurrence of fish diseases due to natural events, there are significant dangers in the interpretation of observed differences in disease as being pollution associated. As a general rule, it is probable that trends in disease differences will be of more use in environmental quality monitoring than would be differences in absolute levels of infection between different areas.
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