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PubMed1989

Determinants of birth intervals in Sudan.

Using individual birth history data from the Sudan Fertility Survey, 1979, parity-related differences in fertility are demonstrated, as well as differences between socioeconomic groups. Rural women, women with no education and those married to uneducated husbands show rapid parity progression and its cumulative effects on fertility which are consistent over all birth intervals. Urban women, women with some education and those married to educated husbands, however, go rapidly through their second and third birth intervals and then more slowly at higher parities. A limitation of the study was the inability to control fully for the effects of breast-feeding and contraception. There is evidence for a reduction in high parity births, starting in the 1970s.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed1990

Changes in timing of fertility--a Canadian experience.

This paper examines the patterns of timing of births of women using data from the Canadian Fertility Survey of 1984. Semi-Markovian schemes are applied to the maternity histories of the 5315 sample women in their reproductive ages in order to measure the intensity and timing of childbearing. Age-and-duration-specific transition probabilities are found to have substantially changed for the more recent birth cohorts compared to the older cohorts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Age at first marriage and fertility in rural Anhui, China.

This paper examines the changing nuptiality pattern of rural China, particularly rural Anhui in relation to the planned social changes since 1949 and their effect on fertility. The data are from the 1/1000 Fertility Survey of China, conducted by the Family Planning Commission in 1982. Before the family planning programme was introduced to rural Anhui (1972), the changing nuptiality pattern was indirectly affected by the planned social changes; after 1972, the substantial increase in age at first marriage was mainly due to the family planning programme. More recently, the centrally controlled social structure is loosening, due to the economic reform and the nuptiality pattern seems to join the 1972 trend, suggesting that the dramatic change of nuptiality pattern during the early 1970s to early 1980s was a temporary one. But its effect on fertility is clear, and the shortening interval between marriage and first birth may bring difficulties for future population control in rural China.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Recent evidence on trends and differentials in Bangladesh fertility.

Recent data from Bangladesh reveal evidence of some fertility decline. Although fertility increased among younger age groups between 1975 and 1983, it was offset by a decrease in fertility in the older age groups, resulting in a slight overall decrease in total fertility in 1983. Fertility was lower among urban residents, educated mothers and contraceptive users than among rural residents, uneducated mothers and contraceptive non-users, respectively, particularly in 1983.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A reversal of fertility trends in Singapore.

Free access to contraception and effective legislation measures, have resulted in a decline in fertility in Singapore. A new population policy of 'three children or more if you can afford it' was therefore introduced in 1986. This paper discusses the new population policies and measures their effect on fertility in Singapore.

Birth Rate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An examination of factors influencing black fertility decline in the Mississippi Delta, 1880-1930.

Although the fertility decline in the black population in the Mississippi Delta between the late 1870's and early 1930's closely paralleled that of the national black population, it rose much more dramatically in the 1940's and 1950's to almost 1880 levels. Given the especially rural and oppressed conditions of blacks there, the initial decline seems puzzling. Low fertility rates in the 1930's reflected a large proportion of childless females. Investigations of changing contraceptive usage and mate exposure suggest both were minor components at most. Several physiological impairments were investigated including dietary deficiences, malaria, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Evidence suggests STD played the major role, facilitated by nutritional and other health problems. Models relying heavily on those developed by McFalls and McFalls (1984) suggest 50-80 percent of the decline could have been due to the spread of STD. Age-specific birth rates for different periods and post-World-War-II fertility increases seem consistent with this finding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Changes in fertility and the acceptability of pregnancies in northern Finland during the last 20 years.

The acceptability of pregnancies was studied in two birth cohorts in Northern Finland which represent 96% of all births in the region in 1966 (12,068 births) and 99% (9362 births) in 1985-1986. The numbers of women of fertile age in the area during these years were 148,000 and 158,000, so that fertility may be said to have fallen from 81 to 59 per 1000. The pregnancy was wanted in 63.0% of cases and unwanted in 12.2% in 1966, the rest being classified as accepted later. The corresponding figures in 1985-1986 were 91.8% and 1.0%. The latter figures changed very little when maternal age, parity and social class were standardized to the 1966 levels. Acceptability was connected with age, in that the age groups in which childbearing was most frequent, 20-25 years in 1966 and 26-30 years in 1985-1986, had the highest incidence of desired pregnancies. In spite of the fact that there were 1.4 times as many births per woman aged 15-49 years in the former cohort, more wanted children were born to the age group 25-34 years in the latter cohort. The percentage of wanted pregnancies also varied with the woman's parity, social class and marital status. The children in the 1966 cohort were followed until the age of 14 and the incidences of cerebral palsy (CP) and mental retardation (IQ less than 71) were 3.2 times higher among the unwanted children than among the wanted ones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1992

Fertility in myotonic dystrophy in Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean: a historical perspective.

Myotonic dystrophy (MD) is an autosomal dominant disorder that has a high prevalence in Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean. A case-control study, based on a population register, of 373 MD patients who married in this region between 1855 and 1971 was conducted to determine whether their fertility was affected by the disorder. Six demographic parameters, that is the number of children, the age at marriage, the ages at the time of birth of the first and the last child, the interval between the marriage and the birth of the first child, and the interval between consecutive births, were analyzed. The mean number of children born to MD and control individuals was not different (P > 0.05). However, MD males had more children than MD females although they have started delaying their marriage since 1921. Fertility fell significantly in both the MD and control groups during the period of observation. This change reflects the decline in fertility of French Canadians in general during this period, but mainly after 1940.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Patterns and change in Canadian fertility 1971-1988: first births after age 30.

An analysis of Canada's changing pattern of births during the period 1971-1988 suggests that the tempo and timing of fertility has changed. Between 1971 and 1988, the number and rates of first births to women in their 30s increased rapidly, and rates for women younger than 25 declined. The rate of first births (first births per 1,000 women) for women 30-34 increased from 11.5 in 1971 to 17.1 in 1981 and to 22.3 in 1988--a 94% increase over the 17 years. The rate for women 35-39 also rose from 3.0 in 1971 to 3.6 in 1981 and 5.9 in 1988--a 97% increase occurring mostly in the 1980s.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Changing sex ratio of mortality in the Semai Senoi, 1969-1987.

An excess of male over female deaths is characteristic of modern national populations, whereas in some high-mortality societies female mortality exceeds that of males. Among the Semai Senoi, a Malaysian Orang Asli ("aboriginal") population, women experienced higher mortality than males in the decades before 1969. This differential occurred in all age classes older than 15 years so that the sex ratio progressively increased with age. A recent (1987) restudy of the Semai population found that sex-specific differential mortality is much reduced. A comparison of the 1969 and 1987 life tables shows a sharp shift in the sex ratios of mortality for the post-15-year-old age classes (the geometric means of age classes 15-44 were 0.768 in 1969 and 0.997 in 1987) so that male and female expectations of further life at age 15 are now nearly identical. In contrast to the best-known cases of high female mortality (mostly in South Asia), Semai sex differential mortality does not include the childhood ages. The Semai have traditionally been relatively sexually egalitarian, and sex bias in care has not occurred. Analysis of sex-specific causes of death for the pre-1969 population suggests that maternal mortality is the major cause of the excess female deaths. The reduced number of maternal deaths seems largely due to better health care, particularly the availability of hospital services. Interestingly, the reduction in female mortality has occurred simultaneously with increased fertility, and overall mortality has continued at relatively high levels (eO less than 36). Thus, rather than forming a component of a unitary demographic transition, declining sex differences in mortality can be accounted for by a specific factor, better maternal care.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trends in rates of live births and abortions following state restrictions on public funding of abortion.

Abortion rates rose following the expanded legalization of abortion by the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade. As a result, the impact of the restriction on Federal funding of abortions under the Hyde Amendment in 1977 was not clear. However, abortion rates had plateaued by 1985, when State funding of Medicaid abortions was restricted in Colorado, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania. Analysis of statewide data from the three States indicated that following restrictions on State funding of abortions, the proportion of reported pregnancies resulting in births, rather than in abortions, increased in all three States. In 1985, the first year of State restrictions on the use of public funds for abortion, Colorado, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania recorded 1.9 to 2.4 percent increases in the proportion of reported pregnancies resulting in live births, after years of declining rates. With adjustments for underreporting of abortion, there was an overall 1.2 percent rise in the proportion of pregnancies resulting in live births in those States. Nationally the proportion rose only 0.4 percent. By 1987, the three States had experienced increases above 1984 levels of 1.6 to 5.9 percent in the proportion of reported pregnancies resulting in live births. The experiences of the three States can be used in projecting an expected increase in the proportions of reported pregnancies resulting in live births, rather than in abortions, for similar States. A projection for California, for example, showed that an increase could be expected in the first year of restrictions on the use of public funds for abortion of at least 4,000 births, which could be expected largely to affect women of low income.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive knowledge and practices in Ilorin, Nigeria: 1983-88.

This report describes changes in knowledge and use of contraceptives in Ilorin, Nigeria between 1983 and 1988, a period marked both by dramatic changes in Nigeria's economic climate, as a result of the decline in the value of oil exports, and by considerable increases in public programs aimed at promoting the use of family planning and reducing fertility. The report is based on the analysis of two surveys of married women aged 15-35 years who lived in the city of Ilorin. By 1988, knowledge of modern methods of contraception had become virtually universal in Ilorin, even among women with no education and among those living in the poorest areas of the city. Current use of contraceptives had also increased considerably since 1983, reaching prevalence rates of 15 percent among women with primary education, 20 percent among those with secondary education, and 40 percent among those with postsecondary education. Each of these groups of women experienced at least a doubling of contraceptive prevalence between 1983 and 1988. Although use among uneducated women was still low in absolute terms (prevalence of 4.5 percent), these women also experienced a substantial relative increase in use.

Adolescent↗