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PubMed1976

Precipitating antibodies in a midwest dairy farming population toward the antigens associated with farmer's lung disease.

A survey of the frequency of precipitins to the antigens of the thermophilic actinomycetes and Aspergillus species was conducted on serum samples from 1,045 farmers obtained at a 3-day exposition on modern farm equipment and farming practices in central Wisconsin. Each farmer filled out a questionnaire including socioeconomic information, lung disease history, exposure history, and smoking history. Precipitins were detected by the double-diffusion method. The antigen panel included eight thermophilic actinomycetes species and a mixture of Aspergillus species. Precipitins were found in the sera of 93 famers (8.9%). The distribution of positive precipitins was: Micropolyspora faeni 63 (67.7%), Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 7 (7.5%), Thermomonospora viridis 2 (2.2%), M. faeni + T. viridis 16 (17.2%), M. faeni + T. vulgaris 1 (1.1%), Aspergillus species 4 (4.3%). Of all the parameters tested for in the questionnaire, those with positive serology differed significantly from the whole population only in that a higher proportion of the positives reported exposure to silo gas and illness after uncapping silos. Comparison of the size of the farm and the number of dairy cows in the state of Wisconsin with the population samples indicated that the sample population was skewed toward those with larger farms and larger dairy herds. This study confirms that a significant proportion of the farm population in Wisconsin does have precipitins to the microorganisms associated with farmer's lung disease. Follow-up studies to establish the relationship between the positive precipitin reactions to the presence of clinical disease are now under way.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2026

Farming reshapes the gut resistome, virulome, and mobilome of Cervidae.

The rapid expansion of cervid farming raises concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dissemination, yet its impact on the Cervidae gut microbiome remains poorly characterized. We integrated 89 newly sequenced fecal metagenomes with 599 publicly available datasets, comprising 285 metagenomes from farmed cervids and 370 from wild cervids, to construct a catalog of 15,494 non-redundant metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing 2,401 species. Our analysis demonstrates that farming profoundly reshapes the gut microbiome's functional composition. Specifically, farmed cervids exhibited significantly higher relative abundance, diversity, and heterogeneity of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) compared to wild counterparts. We observed a robust synergistic relationship between ARGs, virulence factor genes, and mobile genetic element (MGE)-associated genes, identifying 70 ARG-MGE combinations as evidence of potential horizontal gene transfer. Plasmid profiling further suggested that a subset of ARGs may be associated with conjugative plasmids, with plasmid-associated ARGs being significantly more abundant in farmed than in wild cervids. Virome analyses indicated that bacteriophages, particularly Siphoviridae, may serve as mobile reservoirs for ARGs. Notably, Cervidae shared 268 ARG types with humans, including 23 high-risk genes associated with resistance to clinically important antibiotics (e.g. tetX1, vanRD, and bla-CTX-M-178), with Escherichia coli as a key cross-host carrier. These findings highlight that human-impacted cervid gut microbiomes are significant environmental reservoirs of clinically relevant AMR, underscoring the necessity for enhanced antibiotic stewardship and resistance surveillance in managed wildlife within a One Health framework.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Detection of TR34/L98H pan-azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry farm environments.

INTRODUCTION: Poultry farms have been recognized as environments prone to fungal contamination. However, the occurrence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and its cytotoxic potential remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to characterize the occurrence, cytotoxic potential, and azole-resistance profile ofAspergillus section Fumigati in poultry farms. METHODS: A total of 420 samples, including air (n = 47), electrostatic dust cloths (n = 87), bedding (n = 87), feed (n = 95), swabs (n = 87), workers' masks (n = 2), and broiler breast (n = 15), were obtained. Fungal characterization was performed through culture-based methods (27 °C and 37 °C), followed by azole resistance screening according to EUCAST guidelines. Resistant isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and a targeted analysis of cyp51A mutations. The cytotoxicity potential of fungal isolates and environmental samples was evaluated using selected cell lines representing respiratory organs (human alveolar [A549]) and detoxification organs (swinekidney [SK]/hepatocellular carcinoma [HepG2]). RESULTS: Seven putative Aspergillus fumigatus isolates exhibited pan-azole resistance (MICs: ≥ 2 mg/L ITR/VOR; ≥ 1mg/L for POS). Four isolates carried the TR34/L98H mutation and were recovered from bedding (n = 3) and air (n = 1), suggesting the presence of resistant A. fumigatus in poultry farm matrices. Although 12% of isolates induced toxicity on both cell lines (17/145), no significant association was observed between isolate cytotoxicity and environmental sample toxicity, suggesting that additional biological and chemical components may contribute to the overall toxicological profile of farm environments. DISCUSION: The study highlights the occurrence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in poultry farms and support integrated surveillance approaches addressing antifungal resistance and environmental exposure risks in poultry production.

Aspergillus fumigatus↗
PubMed2026

Cattle manure suppresses methane consumption and enhances denitrification-associated nitrous oxide production in farm dams.

BACKGROUND: Farm dams (or agricultural ponds) are often heavily polluted freshwater systems because of nutrient-rich manure entering the water through direct deposition and runoff. Accordingly, these systems have among the highest greenhouse gas emissions per area, accounting for 41% of global freshwater methane emissions. Sustainable management actions, such as limiting livestock access through fencing, can significantly reduce nutrient concentrations and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the microbes, processes, and factors controlling greenhouse gas cycling in these systems have not been described. Here, we systematically compared the composition, functions, and activities of the microbes in paired fenced and unfenced cattle farm dams in southeastern Australia. RESULTS: We found that in situ methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were strongly reduced in fenced dams. Even though methanogen abundance was higher in fenced dams, fencing increased levels of aerobic methanotrophs, including two previously uncharacterised, metabolically flexible species profiled via metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). In contrast, we provide gene- and genome-centric evidence that N2O emissions are likely higher in unfenced dams due to increased production (via denitrification) rather than decreased consumption. Manure likely increases CH4 and N2O emissions primarily by driving nutrient-induced eutrophication and hypoxia that, respectively, stimulate denitrifiers and inhibit methanotrophs. However, we also provide evidence that manure-associated methanogens and bacteria occur in farm dams, where they potentially enhance emissions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight how anthropogenic activities such as livestock farming can impact microbial communities and biogeochemical cycling, thereby increasing greenhouse gas emissions from freshwater systems, and how simple management actions like fencing can mitigate such emissions. Video Abstract.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Relation of DDE and PBB serum levels in farm residents, consumers, and Michigan Chemical Corporation employees.

Results of serum PBB determinations on 524 Michigan diary farm residents and consumers of products from the farms, 55 chemical workers, and 56 Wisconsin farm residents are reported. Mean and median values were highest for the chemical workers, followed by consumers from and residents of quarantined and nonquarantined farms. Serum DDE was higher among chemical workers, but was similar for all other groups. Statistical analysis of serum of PPB and serum DDE levels was done with respect to quarantine status, age, sex, and obesity. The most significant correlate with PBB was quarantine status. Serum DDE, age, sex, or obesity were not consistently correlated with serum PBB. For DDE, age was invariably the most significant correlate. Both serum PBB and DDE were higher in males than females in husband-wife pairs in most cases, although the differences occurred less frequently among older age groups. These results support the hypothesis that PBB exposure was a recent interim exposure whereas DDE exposure has been cumulative throughout a person's lifetime. Higher PBB and DDE mean concentrations in serum of Michigan Chemical workers suggests an occupational exposure to these chemicals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of industrial and socioeconomic factors on morbidity levels with temporary work loss among workers and employees of specialized state farms].

Specialization of the agricultural industry at state farms brings changes into conditions of work, affects the disease incidence involving temporary incapacitation among state farm workers. The sick-rate among those of them who are engaged in dairy and vegetable-growing state farms is higher that among workers of the cattle breeding ones. A higher level complex mechanization of labour-consuming processes in cattle breeding and plant growing mitigates the influence exercised by specialization of the state farm agricultural production. The disease-incidence with temporary incapacitation is affected not only by occupational, but also by non-occupational factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Some results obtained in artificial insemination on a large rabbit farm (author's transl)].

In commercial rabbit-farming, activities associated with mating take up a great deal of the working hours required. Efforts were made to help to obtain optimum results in rabbit-farming by carrying out artificial insemination. The conception rates following insemination of does which are not prepared to mate naturally, are too low. After preliminary treatment of these animals with 20 I.U. of pregnant mare serum forty-eight hours prior to insemination, the results obtained were more satisfactory. It is concluded that artificial insemination in rabbit farming does not present any technical problems and that satisfactory results should be obtainable on healthy farms.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Conditions of management and the construction of piggeries on pig-fattening farms as factors in the incidence of diseases of the lung and liver in slaughtered pigs (author's transl)].

All pigs passing along the slaughter-line in the slaughter-house of the Livestock and Meat Board of the Christian Farmers' Association of the Province of North Brabant are examined for the presence of lesions of the lung and liver. The proportions of animals without any severe lesions of the lungs and livers and the proportions of those with affected lungs, affected livers, condemned livers and pleurisy are reported every three months. Under the Animal Health Service of the Province of North Brabant, investigations were carried out on 251 farms with less than 10 per cent and 251 farm with more than 25 per cent of the animals with severe lesions of the lungs to study the effect of conditions of management on the incidence of diseases of the lung and liver. Among others, this produced the following results:--The average proportions of affected livers and those of the proportions of cases of pleurisy were higher, whereas the daily growth rate of each pig and the carcass quality were lower.--Slaughtered pigs with lesions of the lung and/or liver showed a significantly smaller daily growth rate during the fattening period. In pigs with pleurisy, retardation of growth was also observed on the breeding farm.--The proportion of affected lungs and livers is significantly affected by a number of factors on the farm. Among others, the following factors were found to be of importance: adopting the all in--all out system, removals, the origin of the piglets, the number of pigs in each compartment of the pig house and the construction of the piggery (width of pig house and slatted floor). Taking these factors into account, a "transverse housing system" is recommended.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1975

[The occurrence of listeria encephalitis in cattle in a loose housing after the use of litter, infected with listeria bacteria, from a broiler farm. To what extent do listeria bacteria occur in the gut contents of broilers (author's transl)].

In a loose housing, four cows had to be slaughtered as an emergency measure within a few weeks because of symptoms of encephalitis. Listeria monocytogenes of type 4 b were isolated both from the brains of these cows and from the litter previously spread in the cow stables, which was obtained from a broiler farm. At the same time an investigation of the occurrence of Listeria bacteria in the faeces/gut contents of broilers was undertaken. From the contents of 2373 intestines, representing 0.1 per cent of about 2,300,000 broilers from 146 farms, Listeria monocytogenes were isolated in 4.1 per cent of the birds. The infection occurred on six broiler farms, two of them exhibited recidivation. Listeria monocytogenes of type 4 b were involved three times, type 1 was concerned on two farms, and one strain could not be typed.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Insights from farming Macrocystis pyrifera offshore: phenotypic analysis, genome-wide association studies, genomic selection.

Seaweed farming, as a part of aquaculture, offers a sustainable alternative to modern agricultural practices; however, genetic enhancement and breeding programs for most species are underdeveloped. We aimed to advance seaweed domestication by focusing on giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), the fastest-growing haplodiplontic brown alga, which has significant ecological and commercial importance. We analyzed phenotypic data from two offshore experimental farms conducted in 2019 and 2020, which involved hundreds of outplanted genetically diverse sporophytes. We found that outplanting season and farm design had significant effects on giant kelp biomass. Broad-sense heritability estimates showed moderate (0.27-0.50) genetic contributions to two phenotypes, carbon content and total biomass. Genome-wide association studies for these phenotypes resulted in three statistically significant SNPs, located near or within genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and cytoskeletal functions. In addition, we applied genomic selection models that integrated sporophyte phenotypes and parental gametophyte genotypes. These models utilized reduced sets of GWAS-ranked SNPs obtained by a procedure based on linkage disequilibrium estimations. Model testing yielded cross-validation accuracy values of up to 0.84 and predictive accuracy values of up to 0.40, demonstrating the potential of marker-assisted breeding for phenotype improvement. Our results provide foundational genomic resources and tools for domesticating and breeding M. pyrifera, offering a basis for developing giant kelp varieties with desirable traits.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Survey of aflatoxicosis in farm animals.

Over a 22-month period, 278 submissions of farm animals were made to the North Carolina Diagnostic Laboratory for suspected aflatoxicosis, and 94 cases were confirmed on the basis of finding aflatoxin in the feed and the occurrence of bile ductule proliferation. There was an annual variation in the incidence of aflatoxicosis, as well as a seasonal variation: the peak incidence occurred in the winter, and the minimum incidence occurred during the summer. The annual increase coincided with the corn harvest. All confirmed cases occurred on farms that raised and stored their own corn, and 88% were in swine. The cases were geographically localized in the eastern section of North Carolina (94% of the total cases) where 82% of the swine and 79% of the corn are produced. Mean concentration of aflatoxin in feed samples from the confirmed cases was 3,890 mug/kg, and the mean value for corn used in making the feed was 5,180 mug/kg. Only aflatoxin B1 was found in the samples. These data were interpreted to mean that the incidence and severity of aflatoxicosis is greater than previously suspected, that poor on-farm storage of corn is a primary contributing factor, that aflatoxin formation continues during and after the milling process, and that mycotoxicoses other than aflatoxicosis may cause equal or greater problems.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1975

Veterinary aspects of salmonid fish farming: husbandry.

A knowledge of environmental requirements is important in order to obtain good growth and health when farming salmonid fish. Biological requirements are discussed, including water quality parameters and nutritional aspects. The main techniques used for farming salmonids are described together with the annual cycle of operations undertaken on a commercial trout farm.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1976

Design and farm animal welfare.

Farm animal welfare and the design of farm buildings and equipment are interrelated. The animals' requirements and preferences should first be estimated and ways in which this can be done are discussed, as are methods of assessment of their environment. Some examples of the influence which housing and equipment design can have are given. Attention is drawn to the difficulties inherent in the assessment of farm animal welfare and the postulation made that the veterinarian is well fitted to carry out such assessments.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

First detection of African swine fever in a swine farm in Taiwan.

INTRODUCTION: African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious, high-consequence transboundary animal disease that poses a critical threat to global swine production and agricultural economics. Since its emergence in China in 2018, ASF has spread to over 20 Asia-Pacific countries, causing significant economic disruption. While Taiwan previously detected ASF virus several times in dead pigs drifting offshore, or in illegal pork-related products brought by international tourists and inspected at airport and seaport border controls, no local domestic swine farm had tested positive before this October 2025 ASF event. However, maintaining this disease-free status requires constant vigilance against evolving regional biosecurity threats. METHODS: The first ASF detection in a domestic swine herd in Taichung City, Taiwan, reported on October 22, 2025, was triggered by abnormal alerts of the monitoring system in the rendering plant; the index farm captured a cumulative herd mortality rate of 35.2% that exceeded the predefined threshold (3% mortality daily in the nursery to finish pigs). Five finisher pigs were submitted for diagnostic evaluation, which subsequently confirmed ASFV infection via real-time PCR, pathological examination, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation, and whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS: Affected pigs showed clinical signs including wheezing, sudden death, nasal bleeding, uncoagulated blood in the nostrils, and mild hemorrhage on the skin surface of the neck, abdomen, and buttocks. Histopathological examination revealed severe multisystemic hemorrhagic lesions. Based on assay results of the P72, P54, P30, and CD2v genes, and whole-genome sequence, phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the isolate (ASFV/TWN/2025) is a genotype I/II recombinant strain, most similar to prevailing strains isolated in China and Vietnam, sharing 99.95%-99.97% and 99.92%-99.97% nucleotide similarity of whole genome sequence, respectively. DISCUSSION: Upon confirmation of the ASF case, authorities immediately implemented a nationwide swine movement standstill for 15 days to mitigate transmission risk. To date, no secondary cases have been detected. This article details the early monitoring and rapid diagnosis process of the first case of ASF infection in a farm in Taiwan, and highlights the information from this case to provide lessons for disease diagnosis and prevention in ASF-free areas.

African swine fever↗
PubMed1976

[Testing the preventive properties of polyvalent inactivated vaccine (IBR, PI-3, Adenovirus 1,3) at a cattle-breeding farm].

Tested was an inactivated polyvalent vaccine. It was shown to produce virus-neutralizing antibodies against the respiratory viruses in high titers. The vaccine proved highly immunogenic, reactogenic, and harmless in doses of 2,3,5,7, and 10 cm3 for 30-45-day-old calves and pregnant cows in their 7th or 8th month of pregnancy. The morbidity rate among the unvaccinated calves ranged from 51 to 66 per cent, and among the vaccinated ones it was from 0 to 5 per cent on the four farms studied. The abortions caused by the IBR vicontrol was cows about 17 per cent, and with the vaccinated ones it was 1.14 per cent. Calves born by untreated control cows contracted respiratory virus infections (76 per cent), while calves from vaccinated cows did not. When there was an acute virus respiratory disease on the farms all calves were treated with a hyper-immune serum against respiratory viruses, and after recovery of the herd vaccinations and revaccinations of all calves were carried out. Discussed is the problem of the protection properties of the vaccine in the case of pregnant cows and its advantages as compared with the live vaccines in order to discontinue the transmission of live viruses onto the industrial cattle-breeding farms.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1979

[Main parasitological problems of Italian fish farms].

The speaker commented on the chief problems of parasitology found in Italian fresh water fish farms (troutfarming) and warm water pond farms (eel-, catfish-, cyprinids-, lagoo-fishfarmings). He discussed the most common fish losses connected in Italy with the diseases due to protozoans, worms, and crustaceans. The not yet solved and serious uncertainities which need priority in the research are, according to the speaker, the control of the amebiasis of hatchery rainbow trout, the incysted icthyophtiriasis of various fresh water fishes, the rainbow trout myxosomiasis (Whirling disease), and the argulosis of eel reared in brackish water lagoons. He concluded by emphasizing the need of a larger interest by Italian scientists on parasitic diseases of farmed fish. Without knowing and controlling them, it will be hard to program viable acquaculture industries.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Listeria-encefalitis in cows through litter from a broiler-farm.

In a loose-housed herd four cows are emergency-slaughtered, within some weeks, because of symptoms of encefalitis. From the brains of these cows, as well as from the litter, coming from broilers, that had been put in the cow-stables before, Listeria monocytogenes type 4b has been isolated. At the same time an investigation was made from faeces/intestinal contents of broilers. Out of the contents of 2.373 intestines, 1% of about 2.300.000 broilers ready for use, coming from 146 farms, 4.1% L.monocytogenes has been isolated. Six broiler farms are infected, at two farms it occurred even for the second time. Three times it concerned L.monocytogenes type 4b, two times type 1 and one strain could not be serotyped.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Epizootic process on a farm chronically infected with Aujeszky's disease].

Clinical and epizootiologic studies have been carried out in the course of one year on a farm with a permanent Aujeszkys disease infection as well as virologic and serologic investigations, performed seven times, with a total of 70 fattened pigs. No clinical symptoms of Aujeszky's disease have been established during the period of investigation, while the epizootiologic status have invariably spoken of the fact that the infection had a stationary course on this farm. The virus was isolated from meat and bone marrow, which posed the question of veterinary and sanitary inspection of meat obtained from such animals. The virologic results were varying by months, the peak percent values of positive animals and organs being established over the winter-spring period. Serologically, the results have agreed with the findings in the virologic studies: most significant were the variations in the months during which there was a highest percent of positively reacting animals and organs. It has been assumed that the disease was maintained in a latent form on the farm investigated, showing certain variations as to its manifestation, with no trend in terms of spontaneous recovery.

Animals↗