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PubMed1994

Educational and occupational achievements of brothers and sisters in adoptive and biologically related families.

The study of brothers and sisters from adoptive and biologically related families permits unique analyses of the determinants of young adults' educational and occupational achievements. Brothers and sisters come from the same homes, neighborhoods, and usually schools. Many differences among families are controlled by the study of siblings. In addition, adoptive families influence their children only through the environment they provide, whereas biologically related parents transmit their intellectual and personal characteristics to their offspring genetically as well. Thus, the comparison of models of adult achievements for children from adoptive and biologically related families can inform us about the true effects of family environments, apart from genetic transmission (Scarr and Weinberg, 1978, 1980). In this follow-up study of 450 biologically related and adopted young adults (ages 22 to 30 years), we report on the family resemblances in educational and occupational achievements. Parents' reports were obtained on 97% of the original sample (N = 443), and 77% of the young adults participated in the follow-up study themselves; complete educational and occupational data were available on 303 young adults. Results show that biological sons are more influenced by their family backgrounds than daughters, regardless of genetic relatedness. A second finding is that young women's achievements are not as predictable from their own earlier achievements as are those of their brothers. A third finding is that parents invest in their sons' educational futures, regardless of sons' abilities and achievements, in ways they do not invest in their daughters' postsecondary educations. Sibling correlations and natural mother-adopted child correlations suggest that test scores, high school performance, postsecondary education, and even later occupational status can be influenced by genetic variability in personal characteristics that affect such achievements.

Adoption↗
PubMed2006

Associations of SF-36 mental health functioning and work and family related factors with intentions to retire early among employees.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of mental health functioning (SF-36) and work and family related psychosocial factors with intentions to retire early. METHODS: Cross sectional survey data (n = 5037) from the Helsinki Health Study occupational cohort in 2001 and 2002 were used. Intentions to retire early were inquired with a question: "Have you considered retiring before normal retirement age?" Mental health functioning was measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) mental component summary (MCS). Work and family related psychosocial factors included job demands and job control, procedural and relational justice, conflicts between work and family, and social network size. Multinomial regression models were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Poor mental health functioning, unfavourable psychosocial working conditions, and conflicts between work and family were individually related to intentions to retire early. After adjustments for all work and family related factors the odds ratio for low mental health functioning was halved (from OR = 6.05 to 3.67), but nevertheless the association between poor mental health functioning and strong intentions to retire early remained strong. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight not only the importance of low mental health and unfavourable working conditions but also the simultaneous impact of conflicts between work and family to employees' intentions to retire early.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Marital and family relations and depression in married elderly Finns.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to describe the relationships between poor marital and family relations and depression, and the predictive value of these factors for the subsequent occurrence of depression. METHODS: The population for the cross-sectional study consisted of the married elderly (N = 498) living in Ahtäri, Finland, in 1989. The series of the longitudinal study was composed of married persons nondepressed in the epidemiological study in 1984-1985, and followed up until 1989-1990 (N = 347). RESULTS: In men, impaired functional abilities (OR 5.0) and poor family relations (OR 2.9), and in women, impaired functional abilities (OR 3.9), family violence (OR 4.2), age 70 years or over (OR 3.0) and a loss of father in childhood or youth (OR 2.5) were independently related to depression. Poor marital relations tended to be related to depression in both men (OR 2.1) and women (OR 2.2). In both sexes, poor self-appreciation (OR men 3.9; women 7.1) and age 70 years or over (OR men 2.9; women 4.2), and in women, a loss of father in childhood or youth (OR 4.5) were independent predictors of subsequent depression. CONCLUSIONS: The poor marital or family relations experienced by many depressed elderly persons are usually consequences rather than predictors of depression. Family violence may be a consequence of depression or even a risk factor for depression. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Problems in spouse pairs and families should be inquired and solved when treating depressed elderly persons. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: Due to the unknown validity of the measure concerning marital relations, the results are suggestive.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

DRAGON: a member of the repulsive guidance molecule-related family of neuronal- and muscle-expressed membrane proteins is regulated by DRG11 and has neuronal adhesive properties.

DRG11, a transcription factor expressed in embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal horn neurons, has a role in the development of sensory circuits. We have used a genomic binding strategy to screen for the promoter region of genes regulated by DRG11. One gene with a promoter region binding to the DNA binding domain of DRG11 encodes a novel membrane-associated [glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored] protein that we call DRAGON. DRAGON expression is transcriptionally regulated by DRG11, and it is coexpressed with DRG11 in embryonic DRG and spinal cord. DRAGON expression in these areas is reduced in DRG11 null mutants. DRAGON is expressed, however, in the neural tube before DRG11, and unlike DRG11 it is expressed in the brain and therefore must be regulated by other transcriptional regulatory elements. DRAGON shares high sequence homology with two other GPI-anchored membrane proteins: the mouse ortholog of chick repulsive guidance molecule (mRGM), which is expressed in the mouse nervous system in areas complementary to DRAGON, and DRAGON-like muscle (DL-M), the expression of which is restricted to skeletal and cardiac muscle. A comparative genomic analysis indicates that the family of RGM-related genes--mRGM, DRAGON, and DL-M--are highly conserved among mammals, zebrafish, chick, and Caenorhabditis elegans but not Drosophila. DRAGON, RGM, and DL-M mRNA expression in the zebrafish embryo is similar to that in the mouse. Neuronal cell adhesion assays indicate that DRAGON promotes and mRGM reduces adhesion of mouse DRG neurons. We show that DRAGON interacts with itself homophilically. The dynamic expression, ordered spatial localization, and adhesive properties of the RGM-related family of membrane-associated proteins are compatible with specific roles in development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Solving family-related barriers to truthfulness in cases of terminal cancer in Taiwan. A professional perspective.

The study investigated the puzzling factors and solutions of family-related barriers to truthfulness with patients with terminal cancer through a nationwide survey conducted in Taiwan. Two-hundred twenty-nine valid questionnaires were retrieved (91.6%) from 250 palliative care workers at 15 Taiwan hospices. Most of the respondents were nursing staff (72.5%), and only 38 respondents were physicians (16.6%). Canonical correlation analysis was used to examine the association between the puzzling factors and solutions, which revealed that the value of the first variate was 0.39 (P < .05). Results showed that the puzzling factors of barriers and canonical loadings were families do not know how to tell the truth (.85), families believe it is unnecessary to tell aged patients the truth (.71), and patients can be happier without knowing the truth (.70). The valid solutions correlated significantly with the above puzzling factors and were ranked in the following order: communicate with and encourage families to accept patients' prognoses (.83), discuss the sickness gently with patients and determine what patients know (.76), and tell the families about the possible emotional reactions in patients and how to provide support (.72). In conclusion, for solving family-related barriers to truthfulness in cases of terminal cancer, the results suggest that health professionals communicate with families first and discuss the possible emotional reactions from patients, give patients enough time to reflect on their sicknesses and discuss further what patients have been told, and then disclose information based on patients' expectations and support them.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Correcting for variable age of onset in the estimation of familial relative risk when there is a secular trend in incidence of disease.

We discuss the effects that a secular trend in incidence would have on estimation of familial relative risk (ratio of observed to expected cumulative incidence among relatives of index cases). For example, when age-specific incidence rates of a condition have increased during the lifetimes of relatives among whom relative risk is to be estimated, familial relative risk will be biased downward if cross-sectional, age-specific incidence data are used to estimate expected cumulative incidence among relatives. The stronger the trend and the older the ages of unaffected relatives, the greater the bias will be. Incorporating different age-specific incidence curves for different birth cohorts into the analysis is an approach we suggest for correcting the bias.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Two related families of retrotransposons from Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Two related families of transposons were isolated from schizosaccharomyces pombe, an organism which has been the object of extensive genetic studies which had previously produced no evidence for the existence of such elements. These two classes of repeated DNAs, dubbed Tf1 (transposon of fission yeast 1) and Tf2 have many properties of retrotransposons. Tf1 and Tf2 both possess long terminal repeats and predicted protein sequences that resemble the protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase domains of retroviruses. The chromosomal locations and total numbers of Tf1 and Tf2 differ greatly in various isolates of S. pombe. The Tf elements are expressed in the form of 4.5-kb mRNAs. The complete sequence of Tf1 was determined and suggests that a novel mechanism for regulating its gene expression may be used.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cerebrovascular accident in the aged: changes in family relations.

The aims of this study were: to identify aged persons who were victims of Cerebrovascular Accident and received care at the Emergency Unit of a Public Hospital in Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil, and their respective families, as well as to identify the changes in family relations that occurred after the event. In order to identify these changes, the adapted Critical Incident Technique was used, while the analysis was based on the idea of Current of Thought. The sample consisted of 11 families, totaling 34 participants. The analysis of the consequences displayed the changes in family relations, which made up 13 subcategories, 5 of which were positive and 8 negative, totaling 58 alterations, 30 of which were positive and 28 negative. The study revealed the need to work with the family in order to identify changes and develop an action plan to favor the family's relations and adaptation to the demands, with a view to improving the living conditions of its members, including the aged person.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Significance of family relations for coping with psychological disorders--results of an empirical study of therapy prognosis of children and adolescents with psychological disorders].

The importance of family relations for the therapy of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents is discussed reporting results from an empirical study carried out in an inpatient sample of a child and adolescent psychiatric unit with regard to the quality of mother-child resp, father-child relation and its influence on coping processes. Whether adolescents suffering from a psychiatric disorder are able to cope with their problems during the course of a therapy, depends on their individual and social resources. Therapy outcome is to a great extent influenced by the emotional quality of their family relations. Hostility and rejection as well as unstructured and disorganized parental behavior contribute to a negative outcome. A differentiated analysis shows further that the relation between the adolescents and their fathers is particularly important for therapy prognosis. Nevertheless, one has to consider the respective relations with both parents for therapy prognosis, as problems with one parent may be partly compensated by a good relationship with the other parent. Finally, the cooperation between parents and clinical staff is discussed. Data and experiences show that interest and readiness of parents (mothers as well as fathers) for a close cooperation are higher than generally expected.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Sumoylation of MITF and its related family members TFE3 and TFEB.

MITF and its related family members TFE3 and TFEB heterodimerize with each other, recognize the same DNA sequences, and are subject to many of the same post-translational modifications. We show that lysine residues within conserved small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) consensus sites in these family members are subject to SUMO modification. Mutation of these sites significantly affects the transcriptional activity of MITF but does not alter dimerization, DNA binding, stability, or nuclear localization. Mutagenesis reducing the number of MITF binding sites in the promoter of TRPM1 from three to one eliminated the difference in transcriptional activity between the MITF mutants. Among other MITF target gene promoter constructs, differences in transcriptional activity between wild type and non-sumoylatable MITF were only seen in promoters with multiple MITF binding sites. These data support a synergy control model in which the functional consequences of MITF sumoylation depend on promoter context. Sumoylation, thus, provides a possible mechanism for altering the effects of MITF by affecting the target genes that it activates.

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcriptio↗
PubMed1992

The family relations, peer relations, and criminal activities of Caucasian and Hispanic-American gang members.

Juvenile gang members present serious problems to society, yet few empirical studies have examined their criminal activity, family relations, and peer relations in comparison with other highly antisocial youths. In a 2 (Gang Membership) x 2 (Ethnicity: Hispanic-American vs. Caucasian) design, 131 incarcerated male juvenile offenders were administered a battery assessing criminal activity, family relations, and peer relations. Results demonstrated (a) higher rates of criminal behavior (i.e., general delinquency, index offenses, school delinquency) among gang members than among offenders who did not belong to gangs, (b) higher rates of general delinquency and home delinquency among Caucasian offenders than among Hispanic-American offenders, and (c) greater aggression and less social maturity in the peer relations of gang members than in the peer relations of offenders who did not belong to gangs. In addition, gang membership mediated sociocultural differences in hard drug use. Findings are integrated with the extant literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Caries in five-year-old children and associations with family-related factors.

It is generally understood that the teeth of pre-school-aged children are healthy, but the improvement in the dmft index has halted in the industrialized countries. Those few children who have caries have more of it than before. Little is known of the family-related factors which are associated with this polarization of caries. A representative population-based sample consisted of 1443 mothers expecting their first child. The children were followed at well-baby clinics and public dental health clinics for over five years. The objective was to study the prevalence of dental caries and its predictors in five-year-old children and to assess children's own dental health habits and the meaning of family-related factors in dental health. The findings were based on questionnaire data from parents and on clinical dental examinations of the five-year-old children as completed by 101 public health dentists. In firstborn five-year-old children, dental health was found to be good in 72%, fair in 20%, and poor in 8% of the cases. The final multivariate analysis illustrated that the dmft index > 0 was independently associated with the mother's irregular toothbrushing (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.4-3.5), annual occurrence of several carious teeth in the father (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.9-3.6), daily sugar consumption at the age of 18 months (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.4-4.1), occurrence of child's headaches (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.5-8.8), parents' cohabitation (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.5-7.6), rural domicile (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.2-4.5), and mother's young age (OR 5.0; 95% CI 1.3-19.8). The findings indicated that attention should be paid not only to the child's dental health care but also to that of the whole family. Parents should be supported in their upbringing efforts and encouraged to improve their children's dental health habits. In everyday life, parents function as role models for their children, and therefore, parents' own dental hygiene habits are very meaningful.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1998

The relationship between mutual family relations and child psychopathology.

The associations of the mutual mother-child, father-child, and mother-father relationship and various patterns of family relations with child psychopathology were investigated in a sample of 137 families referred to outpatient mental health services. Assessment of the relative association of the different family dyads showed that both the mother-child and the mother-father relationship were related to child problem behaviour. However, whereas the mother-child relationship was consistently more related to externalising behaviour, the mother-father relationship was particularly related to internalising behaviour. Our findings gave clear support for the cumulative risk model: having more negatively qualified relationships was associated with more problem behaviour. Furthermore, our results suggested a protective influence of the parent-child relationship: having one or two positive parent-child relationships was associated with less problem behaviour. No support was found for the cross-generational coalition hypothesis. Implications for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Estimation of the familial relative risk of cancer by site from a French population based family study on colorectal cancer (CCREF study).

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of death from cancer in France. A family history of CRC increases an individual's risk of developing CRC. Family history has been suggested to have a greater impact on proximal than distal tumours. AIM: We estimated the familial risk of CRC and other cancers, and examined how risk varies according to localisation of the tumour in the colorectal tract. SUBJECTS: We recorded all cases of CRC diagnosed between 1993 and 1998 in the region served by the Calvados Cancer Registry. A trained interviewer asked all participants about their family history of cancer. STATISTICAL METHODS: Familial risk was estimated from a cohort analysis of the relatives of the CRC cases. The expected numbers of cancers were calculated from Calvados incidence rates. Familial relative risks were calculated using standardised incidence ratios. RESULTS: Our findings showed that colon cancer had a stronger familial/genetic component (relative risk (RR) 1.47) than rectal cancer (RR 0.98). The familial/genetic component appeared stronger for proximal colon cancer than for distal colon cancer only among women (RR 2.24 v RR 1.45). CRC appeared to be positively associated with leukaemia (RR 1.77), stomach cancer (RR 1.32), and testicular cancer (RR 3.13), and negatively associated with urinary bladder cancer (RR 0.57) within families. The cancer spectrum associated with CRC among younger participants included prostate (RR 1.93), uterus (RR 2.49), and thyroid (RR 3.85) cancers. CONCLUSION: If our results are confirmed, follow up guidelines for patients with a family history of CRC should depend on the sex and tumour site of affected relatives to avoid needless invasive screening.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The family relations of female juvenile delinquents.

This study evaluated the assumption that the family relations of female delinquents are more dysfunctional than those of male delinquents. In a 2 X 2 (gender by delinquency status) design, 32 intact families were matched on demographic variables, and the male and female delinquents were matched on arrest data. Mothers, fathers, and adolescents were administered a self-report personality inventory and were observed during a family interaction task. Consistent with the extant literature, families of delinquents had low rates of facilitative information exchange and delinquent adolescents were more dominant toward their mothers than were well-adjusted adolescents. It was also observed that fathers of delinquents were more dominant toward their wives than were fathers of well-adjusted adolescents. In regard to the primary purpose of the study, it was observed that mother-adolescent dyads and parents in families of female delinquents had higher rates of conflict than their counterparts in families of male delinquents. In addition, the fathers of female delinquents were more neurotic than the fathers of male delinquents. These findings provide some support for the view that the families of female delinquents are especially dysfunctional.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Family-related correlates of sexually transmitted disease and barriers to care: a pilot study of pregnant African American adolescents.

This study explored associations between family-related measures and sexually transmitted disease (STD) history among 170 pregnant African American adolescent females, 14 to 20 years of age, attending prenatal care clinics in a large urban area of the South. Measures of low family support and infrequent mother-daughter communication were significant bivariate correlates of having at least one STD. Mother-daughter communication about preventing acquired immune deficiency syndrome remained significant in a multivariate model. The study also explored barriers to STD care-seeking behavior and found that few adolescents perceived access or financial issues as reasons to delay entry into the medical system. Low perceived family support was marginally associated with greater perceived barriers to STD care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Family relations as perceived by emotionally disturbed and normal boys.

The perception of feelings within the family of 9-13-year-old boys were studied. The purpose was to determine the sensitivity of the Family Relations Test (FRT) in discriminating between inpatients, outpatients, and normal controls. Both patient groups more frequently identified family members as sources of negative feelings than normal controls. Inpatients expressed more self-flattery and self-criticism and an absence of a reciprocal, positive relationship with their fathers. The FRT is only able to make a few quantitative differentiations between a clinical and a normal sample of boys but certain qualitative aspects of the responses were particularly noteworthy.

Adolescent↗