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Fixation and regression in the family life cycle.

In spite of the obvious fact that families differ significantly depending upon their current stage of the life cycle, most of the family therapy literature focuses on intervening in ongoing family interaction without specific attention to the dimension of family development. Family sociologists, on the other hand, while not dealing with modifying family functioning, have provided more detailed tools with which to understand variations in family functioning based on stages of family development. Our work with families in acute distress suggests the need to increase the specificity with which our assessments and interventions are tailored, by incorporating the family developmental view. This paper explores the utility of the family developmental view using the concepts of fixation and regression in the family life cycle. These concepts were found to be relatively refined and quite pragmatic assessment devices that assist therapists in specifying developmental issues of the family. Case examples of actual families in crisis are presented in order to demonstrate the utility of these conceptual tools.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

When a family member has a schizophrenic disorder: practice issues across the family life cycle.

Viewing individuals with schizophrenic disorders within a family life-cycle context promotes recognition of the range of family roles, particularly partnership and parenting roles, in clients' lives. Knowledge of clients' stage of family development allows practitioners to view the client more holistically--as a family member with roles and responsibilities--instead of as an isolated, ill individual. Gender differences--in family roles and in manifestation of the illness--are considered.

Age of Onset↗

Divorce in the family life cycle.

"We present the results of [a] study conducted in the years 1986-1988 in three big cities in Poland.... The sample population consisted of persons who divorced in the years 1983-1984....[The focus is on] a detailed evaluation of the sources of divorce and a discussion of the determinants, in relation to the family life cycle. The paper constitutes an attempt at an interdisciplinary approach to the phenomenon of divorce; the approach combines demographic and sociological perspectives."

Developed Countries↗

Self-reports of differentiation of self and marital compatibility as related to family functioning in the third and fourth stages of the family life cycle.

Using Bowen's, Olson's, and general systems frameworks, this investigator tested relationships among individual, marital, and family functioning in the stressed childrearing stages of the family life cycle. Sixty volunteer married couples completed the Level of Differentiation of Self Scale (LDSS), Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (MAT), and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES) III. A significant canonical correlation was found among differentiation of self and marital compatibility as they both relate to family functioning. Subsequent canonical correlations were significant for wives but not for husbands, indicating gender differences in relationships among perceived individual, marital, and family phenomena. The concept of adaptability as proposed by Olson's Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Functioning was not supported. A revised model is proposed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

A hereditary disorder in the family and the family life cycle: Huntington disease as a paradigm.

The implications of predictive DNA-testing for Huntington's Disease (HD) for the transitions in the family life cycle are described. HD is a hereditary disorder leading to personality changes, uncontrollable movements, cognitive impairment, and ultimately death in mostly adults. People at risk have the possibility to detect whether or not they carry the disease provoking-gene, but no treatment is available. In this article, we will highlight the complex implications of pre-symptomatic testing by describing six different cases, interpreted by following the theoretical framework of Carter and McGoldrick (see pp. 684). HD interferes strongly with the "normal" transitions in the life cycle. It is not so much the test result itself that may be disrupting, but the changed expectations and possibilities for the future. As a family disease, HD forces its members to cope, one way or another, with disturbing events and untimely deaths. Some families are able to make some transitions, while becoming blocked at other transition points; this may differ between families. Being able to cope with HD in the family for a certain time does not necessarily imply that problems will never occur. Because any family member may eventually need help, it is important to then help the family discover what hinders them from making the transition to the next life stage, and to resolve these issues so that they can move on.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Husbands' and wives' perceptions of marital fairness across the family life cycle.

Marital fairness, or the subjective balance between two spouses' gains and losses, was evaluated by a cross-sectional sample of 134 married Australian men and women representing five phases in the family life cycle: preparental, childbearing, the full house, launching, and the empty nest. Husbands' perceptions of their own marital equity described a U-shaped curve across these phases, with significantly more men feeling equitably treated both initially and after children's departure than during any of the three phases with children in the home. Wives' perceptions, by contrast, showed little variation with life cycle phase. Overall, a slight majority (52 percent) of husbands and wives perceived their marriages as equitable. Both sexes were inclined to agree, however, that whenever deviations from strict marital equity arose during family life, these were most likely to overbenefit husbands and to underbenefit wives. Results are discussed in relation to 1) equity theory, 2) marital satisfaction research, and 3) Bernard's model of the intrinsic sexual inequality of marriage as an institution [1].

Adult↗

Estimation of duration of separation, widowhood, and family life cycle.

This is the second of two reports on a study of the durations related to marriage. Divorce and death of one's spouse, the main causes of dissolution of marriage, are two of the most important events in a person's life. In the United States in 1994, 30.7 million, or 16.2%, of the adult population were either divorced or widowed. Among the widowed, the female to male ratio was 5 to 1! In this paper duration of separation due to divorce and duration of widowhood are the main variables under study. Algebraic formulas are derived and computer programs are written for estimating these durations for husbands and wives, and for living couples of any age. Relations with the duration of marriage, the expectation of life, and the family life cycle are also presented.

Adult↗

The family life cycle: developmental crises and their structural impact on families in a community mental health center.

A typology for troubled families was developed based on the configuration of family members and the position of the identified patient within the family structure. This typology was investigated by surveying the demographic and clinical characteristics of 110 families of patients treated in a day hospital. Four types or "constellations" were found in the sample population. The families in the four Constellations differed significantly from one another in the gender, age, and diagnoses of the identified patient and the income level of the families. The Constellations thus appeared to constitute distinct clinical entities in the population studied. The reasons for the differences among Constellations are discussed in terms of the stress families experience during developmental crises involving structural change.

Affective Symptoms↗

Beyond anticipatory guidance. Parenting and the family life cycle.

To review life cycle issues as well as the individual development of children and parents can be extremely constructive for long-term health care. An increased awareness of developmental patterns helps parents to take, provide, and pass on leadership. Conversations about the individual and family life cycles in primary care settings enrich primary health care and provides a forum for dealing with a variety of pediatric and health care issues.

Counseling↗