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PubMed1990

A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing facial injury.

In a case-control study we sought to assess the potential effectiveness of helmets in preventing facial injuries. Our study included 212 bicyclists with facial injuries and 319 controls with injuries to other body areas, who were treated in emergency rooms of five Seattle area hospitals over a one-year period. Using regression analyses to control for age, sex, education and income, accident severity, and cycling experience we found no definite effect of helmets on the risk of serious facial injury (odds ratio 0.81; 95 percent confidence interval = 0.45, 1.5), but protection against serious injuries to the upper face (odds ratio 0.27; 95% CI = 0.1, 0.8). No protection was found against serious injuries to the lower face. The independent effect of helmet use on facial injury was difficult to isolate due to the association of head and facial injuries. Our results suggest that bicycle helmets as presently designed may have some protective effect against serious upper facial injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Retrospective analysis of 3,958 patients with facial injuries].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the causes and incidence of facial injuries by an epidemiologic retrospective study. METHODS: A total of 3 958 patients with facial injuries treated at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University from 1955 to 2001 were investigated. Data regarding age, gender, cause of injury, pattern of fracture and associated systemic injuries were reviewed. RESULTS: The male to female ratio of the patients with facial injury was 4.27:1 and 33.4% of patients were aged between 21 and 30 years. The most common cause of injury was traffic accident (30.6%), followed by falls (21.4%) and collision (15.8%). A total of 794 patients (20.1%) showed only soft tissue injuries. 1 100 patients (27.8%) had multiple fractures in facial bones and 2,064 patients (52.1%) had single fracture. The mandibular fracture was most frequently seen, followed by the maxilla and the zygoma. The most common site of mandible fracture was the body (31.2%), followed by the symphysis (22.7%), the condylar (20.5%) and the angle (13.7%). Accompanied injuries to brain and skull happened in 916 patients (23.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Bone fractures were more common in hospitalized patients with facial injuries. The numbers and sites of fracture were related to the causes of injuries and anatomic structure of the bone. The brain and skull injuries, the most often and seriously accompanied injuries, would not be neglected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Soft tissue facial injuries related to vehicular accidents.

Most facial injuries are not dire emergencies, except in the case of airway obstruction and in unrecognized, prolonged bleeding or oozing from facial wounds. Yet one must keep in mind the psychologic impact that facial injuries may have upon the patient and his family.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1982

The incidence of hospital-treated facial injuries from vehicles.

The annual incidence rate of facial injuries from vehicle crashes, 278 per 100,000 residents, was determined from a population-based study involving all Dane County, Wisconsin, hospitals with emergency departments. Applying this figure to the U.S. population yields an estimated 625,000 hospital-treated facial injuries from vehicles occurring in the United States each year. Vehicle crashes were the source of a substantial proportion of facial injuries from all causes, and were found to be the single leading cause of the most severe facial lacerations and facial fractures. The majority of injuries were sustained by drivers and other vehicle occupants, and others by bicyclists, motorcyclists, and pedestrians struck by vehicle. Vehicle occupants' faces were most commonly injured by steering wheels and windshields. Technologies which are thought to protect occupants include airbags and nonlacerating windshields, but neither is available in vehicles currently manufactured for sale in the United States.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1993

Pediatric facial injuries in Tehran: a review of 87 patients.

Because of the Iraq/Iran conflict pediatric facial injuries were commonly seen in Iran. A series of 87 facial injuries were isolated from 1,608 patients with different types of facial injuries seen in two university hospitals in Tehran during the previous 6 years (1984-1990). Their ages ranged from 20 months to 13 years. The male-to-female ratio was 16.4:1; the highest incidence was in the lower-third region (63.21%; n = 55), and the highest incidence was in the 8- to 9-year-old age groups. Associated nonfacial injuries, clinical and computed tomographic scan findings for head injuries associated with facial injuries, treatment, and complications are reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The BAOMS United Kingdom survey of facial injuries part 1: aetiology and the association with alcohol consumption. British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the age and sex distribution, timing, causes, geographical location, and nature of facial injuries in the UK and to determine the association of these factors with alcohol consumption by the patient or any other involved person. DESIGN: A 12-section proforma was completed on all patients with facial injuries covering their age and sex, time and day of injury and presentation, the cause and type of injury and where it occurred, the treatment the patient received, any other injuries, and alcohol consumption by the patient and any other involved person. The total attendances for the study week and the catchment population for each A&E department were recorded. SETTING: 163 of the A&E departments in the UK served by 137 of the UK's oral and maxillofacial departments. SUBJECTS: All patients who presented with facial injuries to these 163 A&E departments in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland over the study week from 09.00 hours on Friday 12 September 1997 to 08.59 hours on Friday 19th September 1997. RESULTS: 6114 patients with facial injuries presented over the week, out of a total of 152,692 A&E attendances. The male:female ratio was 68:32. This rose to 79:21 in assault cases. The mean age of all patients was 25.3 years, of males 23.2 years, and of females 29.8 years. Forty per cent of the facial injuries were caused by falls. A large proportion of these happened to the under-5 age group in the home. Eleven per cent of all falls were associated with alcohol consumption. Twenty-four per cent of the facial injuries were caused by assault. The commonest sites for assault were the street followed by public drinking establishments. More women than men were assaulted at home. Fifty-five per cent of assaults were related to alcohol consumption. Eight per cent of assaults were with bottles or glasses. Five per cent of the facial injuries occurred in road traffic accidents (RTAs). Fifteen per cent of RTA victims had consumed alcohol. The 15-25 age group suffered the greatest number of facial injuries caused by assault and RTAs and had the highest number associated with alcohol consumption. At least 22% of all the facial injuries in all age groups were related to alcohol consumption within 4 hours of the injury. In the over 15 age groups, alcohol consumption was associated with 90% of facial injuries occurring in bars, 45% on the street, and 25% in the home. Assault, RTA and alcohol consumption conveyed an increased risk of serious facial injury. CONCLUSIONS: Campaigns should be instituted to educate young people about the link between excessive alcohol consumption, assault, road traffic accidents and serious facial injury.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The incidence of facial injuries from dog bites.

The incidence of hospital-treated facial injuries caused by dog bites was determined from a population-based study involving Dane County, Wisconsin, hospitals during 1978 and 1979. Annual rates were shown to be 152 per 100,000 for ages 0 to 4 years, 128 per 100,000 for ages 5 to 9 years, and 62 per 100,000 for ages 10 to 14 years. Severe facial injuries from dog bites were found almost exclusively in children younger than 10 years. If these rates apply to children in the US population, then an estimated 44,000 facial injuries, 16,000 of them severe, caused by dog bites are seen in hospitals each year. The cumulative incidence of facial injuries from dog bites for children to age 14 years is 1.6%. Most of the published advice for preventing dog bite injuries to the face suggests parental diligence in keeping children away from dogs, but options such as choosing dogs less likely to bite children may be more effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Acrylic splints for dental alignment in complex facial injuries.

Twenty-four patients with complex facial injuries were managed by wide subperiosteal exposure, precise anatomical reduction, rigid internal fixation, and immediate bone grafting when indicated, in conjunction with dental impressions, model surgery, and fabrication of dental splints to establish proper preinjury occlusion. The study population consisted of 18 men and 6 women, whose ages ranged from 18 to 49 years (mean, 30.7 yr) at the time of injury. High velocity motor vehicle accidents were responsible for facial injuries in 18 patients, gunshot wounds in 2, low velocity blunt trauma in 3, and falls in 1. All facial fractures involved the occlusion, and unstable and/or comminuted palatal/maxillary and mandibular fractures, often with edentulous segments, were the major indications for fabrication of acrylic splints. Depending on the nature of the fracture pattern, model surgery was performed on the maxillary and/or mandibular models and segmented along fracture lines. These fragments were then repositioned according to dental wear facets and preinjury occlusion. When possible, preinjury occlusal records were obtained before splint fabrication. Models were mounted on a Galetti articulator and palatal, lingual, and/or occlusal splints were fabricated. Edentulous segments were compensated for by local buildup of the splints to produce an occlusal stop. Arch bars were fixed directly to the splint with acrylic. Twenty-six splints were used in the 24 patients to establish proper occlusal relationships before internal fixation of fractures. The types of splints were palatal (n = 8), palatal-occlusal (n = 6), lingual (n = 8), lingual-occlusal (n = 1), and occlusal (n = 3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

[Eyelid and facial injuries due to dog bites].

BACKGROUND: Head und neck injuries of children are mistly due to dog bite. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During the 10-year interval from 1990 to 2000 sixteen patients suffering from dog bite injuries were seen in our department. Age, gender, pattern of ocular and periocular wounds, surgical management and long-term damage were analyzed. RESULTS: Medial lower eyelid injuries with lacrimal duct involvement were most common. Ten victims were younger than four years. 87% of the dogs belonged to the family and friends of the patients. Two localized infections and no systemic infection were seen. CONCLUSION: Primate microsurgical wound repair leads to a satisfying functional, morphological, and esthetic long-term result.

Age Distribution↗