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PubMed1966

The effects of urea and hydrochlorothiazide on the renal functions of rat and domestic fowl.

1. Rats and domestic fowls were given by stomach tube water, urea and hydrochlorothiazide, alone or in combination, in the following amounts: water, 5 ml./100 g; urea, 4 ml. of 1.5% solution + 1 ml. water/100 g; hydrochlorothiazide, 4 ml. of 1.5% urea solution + 1 ml. containing 0.1 mg hydrochlorothiazide/100 g.2. The onset of water diuresis was faster in the fowl than in the rat. It was accompanied by a lower rate of excretion of osmotically active solutes in the former than in the latter. The rate of excretion of creatinine in rats was fourfold that in birds.3. After urea administration, the amount of urea excreted by the fowl was about one fifth that excreted by the rats. While urea produced in rats an osmotic diuresis, with enhanced excretion of osmotically active solutes, in birds it had little effect on either urine flow or solutes excretion.4. Administration of hydrochlorothiazide in rats produced a moderate antidiuresis accompanied by a marked increased excretion of Na and K; in birds, a small increase in the excretion of Na and K but no effect on the urine flow.5. The differences observed between rats and birds can be attributed to the poor development of filtration rate and the absence of a well developed counter-current system in the fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Protein malnutrition in the domestic fowl induces alterations in adrenocortical cell adrenocorticotropin receptors.

Our previous work suggests that persistent protein malnutrition in immature domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) alters ACTH-adrenocortical cell interaction, possibly including ACTH receptors. To investigate this possibility, we measured some ACTH receptor parameters in isolated adrenocortical cells from normal and dietary protein-restricted domestic fowl. White Leghorn cockerels (2 weeks old) were fed isocaloric semipurified diets containing either 8% [low (L)] or 20% [normal (N)] soy protein for 4 weeks ad libitum. Cockerels were quickly killed by decapitation and exsanguination, and adrenal glands were removed and prepared for cell isolation. Highly enriched (greater than 80% pure) adrenocortical cells (collagenase isolated, followed by separation on a Percoll continuous density gradient) were evaluated for ACTH receptors using pharmacological and radioligand approaches. In a pharmacological approach, we measured the influence of the complete, competitive antagonist, human (h) ACTH-(7-38) on hACTH-(7-39)-induced corticosterone production by adrenocortical cells from L and N cockerels. Inhibitor constants of hACTH-(7-38), calculated from Schild plots, were 3.16 X 10(-7) and 9.82 X 10(-7) M for L and N cockerel cells, respectively, thus suggesting differences in ACTH receptor function between the two treatment groups. To characterize ACTH receptors directly, we measured the binding of a monoiodinated ACTH analog [125I-Tyr23]hACTH-(1-39) to domestic fowl adrenocortical cells. Binding was linear with cell concentration, highly specific (only ACTH peptides caused significant displacement), rapid (maximal binding by 1 h), reversible (half-time of dissociation, approximately 40 min), and saturable. Curvilinear Scatchard plots were obtained, and vectorial analysis resolved both high and low affinity sites. The concentrations (femtomoles per 50 micrograms DNA) and dissociation constants (Kd) of both classes of sites were different between N and L bird cells. Values of these receptor parameters for N and L cockerel cells were, respectively, as follows: concentrations of low affinity sites, 7.45 and 11.60; concentrations of high affinity sites, 3.16 and 5.50; Kd of low affinity sites, 2.05 X 10(-8) and 2.58 X 10(-9) M; Kd of high affinity sites, 1.01 X 10(-9) and 1.27 X 10(-10) M. Thus, the overall binding capacity of L bird cells was 65% greater than that of N bird cells. In addition, the overall affinity (1/Kd) of sites of L bird cells was 9 times that of sites of N bird cells. These data indicate that persistent protein malnutrition in the domestic fowl increased both the number and affinity of adrenocortical cell ACTH receptors.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1990

Histochemical characterization of myenteric plexus in domestic fowl small intestine.

The myenteric plexus of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) small intestine was studied by means of silver staining, glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence, the modified Koelle-Friedenwald method for the detection of acetylcholinesterase, NADH-diaphorase techniques and the unlabelled antibody method involving the use of an antiserum raised against GABA conjugated by glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin. The majority of the perikarya were in the ganglia, with an average density of 3370 +/- 942 nerve cells/cm2. Cholinesterase-positive and a few GABA-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were seen in the myenteric ganglia, while fluorescent ganglion cells were not observed. In addition to AChE and GABA-positive nerve fibres, a rich fluorescent network of varicose and nonvaricose nerve fibres was detected, pointing to the presence of an extrinsic aminergic system in the domestic fowl myenteric plexus. Electron microscopic observations on nerve cells, axon profiles and varicosites with various vesicle populations were in good agreement with the histochemical findings.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hereditary congenital baldness: a sex-linked trait in the domestic fowl.

Congenital baldness in the domestic fowl is a genetic condition in which small irregular skin areas are devoid of down feathers (and later definitive feathers) over one or both eyes and/or the center of the head. In this study, the expression of congenital baldness was quite variable and ranged in size from a few follicles to areas as large as 10 mm2. The area over the right eye and the center of the head was more frequently involved than was the area over the left eye. This condition was inherited as sex-linked recessive. The symbol ba was assigned to the gene, and it was shown to be linked to the sal locus by 7.6 to 8.2 crossover units. An unusual feature was that 5% to 13% of heterozygous males exhibited the trait.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1992

Glomerular size and volume distributions for cranial, medial, and caudal divisions of domestic fowl kidneys.

Separate renal arteries and renal portal veins supply the three divisions of domestic fowl kidneys, leading to uncertainty concerning the structural and functional homology of the different divisions. To assess the degree of anatomical similarity, separate glomerular size and volume distribution profiles were constructed for cranial, medial, and caudal divisions from the left and right kidneys of male and female domestic fowl. There were no significant differences between left and right divisions (intradivision comparisons) or between cranial, medial, and caudal divisions (interdivision comparisons) when the total number of glomeruli or total glomerular volumes were compared on a per gram kidney weight basis. Glomerular size distribution profiles were unimodal in shape, with the peaks for all divisions falling in the 0.15-0.22 mm circumference range in males and in the 0.19-0.26 mm circumference range in females. There were no significant differences in glomerular size distribution profiles for intradivision (left vs. right) comparisons. Interdivisional comparisons revealed that medial divisions had significantly lower values than caudal divisions in one of 11 glomerular circumference categories. For all remaining comparisons, there were no significant differences in glomerular size distribution profiles, nor were there any significant interdivisional differences when glomerular volume distribution profiles were compared. These data indicate that the three divisions of domestic fowl kidneys are structurally homologous on a per gram kidney weight basis, suggesting the separate divisions also are functionally homologous.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Neuronal degeneration in the pineal ganglion during the post-hatching development of the domestic fowl.

The frequency of pineal ganglia associated with the pineal tract, and the numbers of acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in these ganglia were studied in the domestic fowl during the post-hatching period by means of the acetylcholinesterase method. Furthermore, the degeneration of nerve cells in pineal ganglia of 40-day-old domestic fowl was investigated in detail at the electron-microscopic level. The rate of pineal organs containing one or more ganglia was 50% in 2- to 13-day-old, 38% in 40-day-old, and only 10% in 1-year-old domestic fowl. In parallel, the number of acetylcholinesterase-reactive nerve cells that constitute individual pineal ganglia decreased after hatching. Various degrees of neuronal degeneration were found in the pineal ganglia: swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum, electron-dense degeneration of the cytoplasm, and pyknosis of the nerve cell nucleus. Clusters of macrophages containing numerous lysosomes filled with debris-like material were scattered in the ganglion. In addition, plasma cells were observed in association with degenerating nerve cells. These results confirm the suggestion that the loss of acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve cells in the pineal ganglia of the domestic fowl is due to naturally occurring, programmed neuronal cell death. This process is discussed with reference to phenomena of cell death observed in other components of central nervous system.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1986

Corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropin from domestic fowl pituitary cells.

The effect of synthetic ovine CRF on ACTH secretion of dispersed, domestic fowl pituitary cells was investigated. Cells preincubated for 2 h, 16 h, or after 48-h culture were incubated briefly with CRF (up to 4 h). ACTH was bioassayed using isolated rat adrenocortical cells; ACTH-(1-24) served as the standard for expressing the data. Results with 16-h preincubated cells were as follows: CRF induced ACTH secretion in a concentration-dependent manner: ED50 and maximal stimulatory concentrations were 1.0 nM and 5.0 nM, respectively. CRF (10 nM) induced significant ACTH secretion within 10 min of incubation; maximal secretion (370% over basal value) was attained at 2 h. Dexamethasone (DEX) inhibited basal and CRF-induced ACTH secretion in a concentration-dependent manner; half-maximal inhibitory and maximal inhibitory concentrations were approximately 10 nM and 1 microM, respectively. In addition, DEX (10 microM) acutely (within 2 h) inhibited maximal CRF-induced ACTH secretion by 46%. 8-Bromo-cAMP (1 mM) also induced ACTH secretion, and DEX inhibited this secretion with a potency equivalent to that for CRF-induced ACTH secretion. In contrast to the effect of CRF, high concentrations (100 nM) of ovine LHRH, TRH, and synthetic human pancreatic GH-releasing factor (1-32) failed to induce significant ACTH secretion, thus suggesting that the effect of CRF was peptide specific. Domestic fowl pituitary cells cultured for 48 h before treatment also responded to CRF but not to any greater extent than that of 16-h preincubated cells. In contrast to 16-h preincubated cells or 48-h cultured cells, 2-h preincubated cells had high basal values of ACTH secretion that may have partially diminished or masked the actions of CRF. These data suggest that 1) CRF is a potent and specific stimulator of ACTH secretion by domestic fowl pituitary cells and 2) 16-h preincubated cells or 48-h cultured cells are amenable for other in vitro investigations on the regulation of avian ACTH secretion.

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMed1986

Aortico-pulmonary bodies in the domestic fowl: ultrastructure, innervation and secretion.

In adult and immature domestic fowl, aggregations of large pale-staining cells were found in the wall of the aorta, and of the pulmonary trunk and arteries, in modified regions typified by interruption or loss of elastic laminae and smooth muscle cells. Encapsulated extramural aggregations of similar cells were identified either on the actual surface or well outside the arterial wall of the aorta, and pulmonary trunk and arteries. The electron microscope revealed that the pale cells in these intramural and extramural structures were granular cells characterised by dense-cored vesicles typically about 60-140 nm in diameter. Supporting cells partly invested the granular cells. These intramural and extramural structures are interpreted as aortico-pulmonary bodies. The extramural and to a lesser extent the intramural cells were associated with many axonal endings and fenestrated blood capillaries. The axonal endings formed presumptive afferent, efferent and reciprocal synapses with the granular cells. Both intra- and extramural granular cells displayed evidence of exocytosis and were also shown by autoradiography to handle amines. It is concluded that the ultrastructural features of these aortico-pulmonary bodies resemble those of the carotid body. It is therefore suggested that the aortico-pulmonary bodies of the domestic fowl have a chemoreceptor function similar to that of the carotid body. It is also suggested that they may have a general secretory function.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Olfaction in the domestic fowl: a critical review.

It has been known for some time that many species of birds, including domestic fowl Gallus domesticus, have an olfactory sense. However, the functional significance of avian olfaction is less clear. We review neurobiological, embryological and behavioral evidence relevant to the question of how domestic fowl use the sense of smell. Evidence suggests a potential role for olfaction in the formation of attachments to familiar objects or environments; in the elicitation of fear responses by alarm and predator-related odors; in the control of feeding and drinking; and in avoidance of noxious substances. The fact that domestic fowl can detect and respond to a wide range of odors, in a variety of behavioral contexts, has important practical implications, especially in relation to welfare and husbandry.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Use of visual cover by domestic fowl: a Venetian blind effect?

Cover is a structural feature of the environment that animals can use to conceal themselves from predators or conspecifics or to gain shelter from inclement weather. Cover may also form a physical barrier limiting movement. It was hypothesized that domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticuswould use visual cover for concealment. Use of cover was examined in two strains of domestic fowl kept indoors in four groups of 110-112 birds each. In each pen, cover was provided by four rigid vertical panels, one in each of four quadrants. Four similar quadrants were without cover. To investigate use of cover for concealment, the four cover structures varied in continuity of visual cover: (1) transparent (0% cover), (2) transparent with four equidistant vertical green stripes (33% cover), (3) transparent with eight such stripes (67% cover) and (4) solid green (100% cover). Scan samples of quadrant use were made weekly when the birds were 24-52 days of age. Both strains of domestic fowl (1) used areas with cover more than areas without cover, (2) showed increased resting and preening behaviour in areas with cover and (3) showed increased use of cover as continuity increased from 0 to 67%. These results could not be explained by thermoregulatory or physical barrier effects of the cover structures. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a preference for concealment motivates the use of visual cover by domestic fowl, and suggest a 'Venetian blind' effect for visually discontinuous security cover.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

The general ultrastructure of the carotid body of the domestic fowl.

Electron microscopic studies of the carotid body of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) have shown Type I and Type II cells combined with axons into compact groups. The many Type I cells in the depths of the organ had a body, containing the nucleus, and an elongated, flared process. Some of the Type I cells in the superficial regions tended to be spindle-shaped. Type I cells were characterised by membrane-bound, dense-cored vesicles about 120 nm in diameter. Type II cells invested the Type I cells and had axons embedded in them as in Schwann cells. The fine structure of the carotid body in the domestic fowl resembles that of the Lovebird (Uroloncha domestica) and of various amphibia and mammals. The possibility is discussed that the Type I cells may have a chemoreceptor or a general secretory function, or even both of these axons leading to or from Type I cells. The main role of the Type II cells seems to be to provide a pathway for functions together.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A survey of the inter- and intraspecific RAPD markers of Eimeria spp. of the domestic fowl and the development of reliable diagnostic tools.

Coccidiosis of domestic fowl is a protozoan disease, caused by seven distinct species of the genus Eimeria, which is responsible for important economic losses in poultry production. In order to select RAPD primers for the discrimination of these seven Eimeria species, we carried out an initial screening using samples of E. acervulina, E. tenella and E. maxima. Out of 150 primers tested, 110 generated band profiles specific for each one of these species. A subset of 14 oligonucleotides were also tested for the simultaneous differentiation of the seven species, resulting in 11 discriminative primers. The intraspecific discrimination was assessed for five different species, using samples from different geographic regions including three continents. Numerous primers exhibited highly discriminative band profiles containing strain-specific markers, with a higher variability being observed among strains of E. acervulina than among E. tenella and E. maximastrains. However, no major differences were observed in the band patterns from strains collected in locations near to one another compared to strains originating from distantly located regions. Because RAPD is a technique performed under low stringency conditions, it suffers from poor reproducibility. Aiming at obtaining more reliable markers that might be universally used, we started an effort to convert species-specific RAPD fragments into SCAR markers. An initial conversion of 25 RAPD markers into SCARs, followed by validation of their specificity, resulted in 14 totally new Eimeria species-specific markers that can be used for the molecular diagnosis of the seven species that infect domestic fowl. This work represents a first step in the development of a set of species-specific SCARs that will be useful as tools for molecular diagnosis, genome mapping, and genetic diversity studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Stress-induced changes in immune function are associated with increased production of an interleukin-1-like factor in young domestic fowl.

Investigation of the effects of stress on the immune system in young developing animals is hampered by many variables such as maternal interactions and physical size of immune organs. Young, precocial domestic fowl were used to overcome these difficulties. Domestic fowl, 14 days posthatch, served as an animal model to investigate the effects of stress (acute social isolation) on a rapidly developing immune system. Group-housed animals were isolated for 30, 60, or 90 min and assayed for numerative and functional changes in immune parameters in spleen and blood. The socially isolated birds showed an increase in body temperature, indicative of stress. The number of leukocytes/ml of blood increased in a time-dependent fashion, but the number of leukocytes in the spleen did not. The stress of isolation resulted in a significant increase in B-lymphocyte mitogen proliferation at 30 min, which decreased with time. Social stress also induced a time-dependent decrease in T-lymphocyte mitogen proliferation, which was significant by 90 min. Associated with changes in mitogen responsiveness was a significant increase in the production of an IL-1-like factor by splenic adherent cells from animals isolated for 30 min, which decreased in a time-dependent manner to return to baseline by 90 min. Thus, young domestic fowl represent a practical model for the examination of the effects of stress on immune function in a developing animal.

Animals↗