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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Free fatty acid oxidation by forearm muscle at rest, and evidence for an intramuscular lipid pool in the human forearm.

The objects of these experiments were to determine to what extent oleic acid, removed from plasma by forearm muscles, was oxidized immediately, and to search for evidence of an intramuscular lipid pool which may be composed to triglycerides synthesized from plasma free fatty acids and which may supply substantial portions of lipid substrates for oxidation by muscle. To these ends (1-14C]oleic acid was infused at constant rate into the brachial artery of seven healthy young men at rest in the postabsorptive state. Results were: (1) muscle respiratory quotient (0.76) implied that about 80% of the oxygen consumed was for the oxidation of lipid. (2) Muscle free fatty acid uptake, had it been oxidized directly, could account for more than 100% of observed oxygen uptake. (3) There was a lag of at least 30 min before 14CO2 appeared in forearm venous blood. (4) 14CO2 release from forearm muscle tended to reach an apparent plateau after 3 h of infusion of [14C]oleic acid. (5) During the time of plateau 14CO2 release, oleic acid extracted from plasma could account for only 20% of oxygen consumption; most of the oleic acid taken up was not oxidized directly. (6) 14CO2 release persisted at a high level during the 1-3 h follow-up period after the infusion ended. (7) Neither the delay in initial appearance of 14CO2 nor its continued release after cessation of infusion was due to delay and distribution in a forearm CO2 pool, since intra-arterial infusion of NaH14CO3 in additional subjects demonstrated much more rapid distribution of 14CO2 in the forearm. Results show that most, if not all, free fatty acids taken up by resting muscle are not oxidized directly, but probably enter an intramuscular pool which has a slow turnover during resting metabolism and is the immediate source of oxidized lipid substrate.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Forearm oxygen uptake during maximal forearm dynamic exercise.

This study was undertaken in an attempt to determine the maximal oxygen uptake in a small muscle group by measuring directly the oxygen expenditure of the forearm. Five healthy medical students volunteered. The subjects' maximal forearm work capacity was determined on a spring-loaded hand ergometer. Exercise was continued until exhaustion by pain or fatigue. Two weeks later intra-arterial and intravenous catheters were placed in the dominant arm. Blood samples for measurement of oxygen concentration were collected via the catheters. Forearm blood flow was measured by means of the indicator dilution technique. Oxygen uptake was determined according to the Fick principle. The forearm oxygen uptake attained at maximal work loads was a mean of 201 (SD +/- 56) mumol.min-1.100 ml-1. It was impossible at maximal exercise to discern a plateau of the oxygen uptake curve in relation to work output. It is suggested that a plateau in the oxygen uptake curve is not a useful criterion for maximal oxygen uptake in a small muscle group. Skeletal muscle may have an unused capacity for oxygen consumption even at maximal exercise intensity where muscle work cannot be continued due to muscle pain and fatigue.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Studies of cutaneous blood flow of normal forearm skin and irritated forearm skin based on high-resolution laser Doppler perfusion imaging (HR-LDPI).

BACKGROUND/AIMS: High resolution laser Doppler perfusion imaging (HR-LDPI) is a non-touch method used for mapping cutaneous microcirculation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of this technique for studies of cutaneous blood flow of normal untreated forearm skin and for the assessment of weak irritant reactions induced by exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). METHODS: 12 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Initially, basal flow was measured for 6 selected test areas on the right forearm. 24h occlusive application of 0%; 0.125%; 0.25%; 0.50% and 1.0% SLS was performed. An untreated skin area was also included. Test sites were clinically evaluated and the cutaneous blood flow was measured using HR-LDPI on days 2, 3 and 5. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study show that HR-LDPI is a useful technique for assessing the mean cutaneous blood flow of both normal and irritated forearm skin. The rectangular region of interest (R-ROI) method was found to be superior to the threshold region of interest (T-ROI) method in image analysis of the mean blood flow of individual scans. The results showed that even though spatial variation within a skin region may be considerable, no intraregional differences or daily variations in mean basal flow of selected skin areas on the forearm could be found. Due to the low variability, it should not generally be necessary to include an untreated control site as each site should act as its own control. The temporal variation in skin perfusion was minor compared with the spatial variation. This was found both for normal and irritated skin. Therefore, one scan of each area of interest should normally be sufficient. Clinical irritation scores on day 3 were more evenly distributed than those on days 2 and 5. An increase in mean perfusion, as a function of the clinical irritation score, was found. However, no statistical differences could be found in mean perfusion for the selected dose levels of SLS.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Analysis of flow changes in forearm arteries after raising the radial forearm flap: a prospective study using colour duplex imaging.

The purpose of this study is to assess the changes in flow patterns of forearm arteries produced by excision of the radial artery when harvesting the radial forearm flap, in order to clarify its vascular morbidity rationally. Eleven patients with elective surgery using the radial flap were included in this investigation. A prospective study was designed using colour duplex imaging for quantitative flow measurement in two stages: a few days before the operation, a first colour duplex scanning examination was done recording flow velocity and vessel section area from the radial, ulnar, posterior interosseous and anterior interosseous arteries around the wrist. Volumetric parameters and relative blood flow percentages were calculated and compared to those obtained from a second similar vascular investigation accomplished in the same limb 4-5 months after the operation. Statistical analysis was done using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. After raising the radial forearm flap there was a trend for increased overall forearm flow (from 162 to 215 ml/min, P = 0.09 N.S.), the ulnar (P = 0.04), the posterior interosseous (P = 0.004) and the anterior interosseous (P = 0.003) arteries being responsible for this tendency. The anterior interosseous artery showed the greatest increase in blood (from 8.2 to 67.7 ml/min), reaching a relative flow percentage (33%) close to that of the radial artery before its excision (39%). Results of this study indicate that another 'major vascular axis' based on the anterior interosseous artery develops after sacrificing the radial artery and that global arterial inflow to the hand is not impaired.

Arteries↗
PubMed1985

The effect of felodipine on forearm haemodynamics and the myogenic response of the forearm resistance vessels in normal man.

The effect of felodipine 10 mg oral solution or placebo on peripheral haemodynamics and the response of the forearm resistance vessels to venous occlusion was studied in seven normotensive individuals. Felodipine produced a significant fall in diastolic blood pressure (DBP max = -15 mm Hg), a rise in heart rate (heart rate max = +15 beats min-1) (both P less than 0.01), and an overall fall in calculated forearm vascular resistance (calculated forearm vascular resistance max = -19.6 units, P less than 0.001). Felodipine had no significant effect on the vasodilator response, but limited the vasoconstrictor response following venous occlusion. These observations suggest that felodipine is a potent vasodilator and interferes with the myogenic response of vascular smooth muscle of the forearm resistance vessels.

Adult↗
PubMed1971

Experiments on the liberation of phosphate from the muscles of the human forearm during vigorous exercise and on the action of sodium phosphate on forearm muscle blood vessels.

1. During vigorous sustained or rhythmic exercise of the forearm muscles, plasma phosphate in the venous effluent from the active muscles increased by about 20%.2. The forearm muscles liberate phosphate during vigorous activity. This confirms observations made by Hilton & Vrbová (1970) on fast muscles in the cat.3. Infusions of sodium phosphate into the brachial artery which raised plasma phosphate in the venous effluent from the resting muscles by 400% had no effect upon the rate of the forearm blood flow.4. These results do not suggest that the liberation of phosphate plays any significant part in mediating the vasodilatation accompanying vigorous exercise of the muscles in the forearm.

Brachial Artery↗
PubMed1994

[A biomechanical analysis of pronation-supination of the forearm using magnetic resonance imaging: dynamic changes of the interosseous membrane of the forearm during pronation-supination].

A magnetic resonance (MR) study was performed using a 0.5 tesla system to investigate the behavior of the interosseous membrane of the forearm during pronation-supination and to evaluate the influence of pronation-supination loading in the neutral position. The right forearm was examined in twenty volunteers at the proximal fourth part, middle part and distal fourth part of the forearm. Slices were examined at maximum pronation, 45 degrees pronation, neutral, 45 degrees supination and at maximum supination. A 0.1 Nm torque in both rotational directions was added in the neutral position. The MR image of the interosseous membrane of the forearm was a thin line with low contrast in the neutral position. The tendinous portion and membranous portions of the interosseous membrane could be differentiated. At maximum pronation and at maximum supination, the interosseous membrane was flexed, caused mainly by the relaxation in the membranous portion. The radius shifted slightly volarly to the ulna at maximum pronation, caused by the incongruity of the distal radioulnar joint. The radius shifted dorsally with pronation loading, and shifted volarly with supination loading. The inelasticity of the membranous portion of the interosseous membrane may be responsible for pronation-supination contracture, while rotational loading may be a cause of the distal radioulnar joint dislocation. These studies suggest that this technique is useful for further in vivo studies of kinesiology.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

One-bone forearm as a salvage procedure for recalcitrant forearm deformity in hereditary multiple exostoses.

Hereditary multiple exostoses commonly affect the forearm and cause significant deformity. The response of this disease to operative intervention is usually gratifying, but in recalcitrant cases salvage procedures may be necessary. We report two patients treated with radial-ulnar fusion, review the technical aspects of the creation of the so-called "one-bone forearm," and discuss the classification and treatment alternatives available to surgeons treating patients with forearm exostoses. Treatment of both forearms resulted in functional, painless extremities at 3- and 14-year follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Malunited fractures of the forearm during the growth period with special reference to the forearm longitudinal axis. Case reports].

Malunion of forearm fractures located in the distal third will remodel satisfactorily providing the child is less than twelve years of age. Complete correction of gross deformity cannot be anticipated in diaphysial fractures when the child is over five years of age. Malunion of fractures of the forearm in children can lead to permanent functional disability with limitation of forearm rotation. In the case of functional disability, there is an indication for corrective osteotomy at the age over twelve in malunion of a fracture located in the distal third and already after age five in gross deformity of fractures to the midshaft of the forearm.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An analysis of symmetry of torque strength of the forearm under resisted forearm rotation in normal subjects.

PURPOSE: To establish normative pronation and supination torque values in right-handed adults without evidence of upper-extremity dysfunction or impairment in the forearm positions of neutral, pronation, and supination. METHODS: Fifty-one normal right-handed participants ages 22 to 45 years were enrolled and tested in this study using a custom device that incorporated a torque cell and a grip system that produced a digital recording of the peak torque during maximal resisted pronation and supination in positions of neutral forearm rotation, 60 degrees pronation, and 60 degrees supination. RESULTS: The greatest peak torque strength for both male and female participants was found during resisted pronation in the supinated position. The peak torque values averaged 11.9 +/- 3.7 N.m on the right side and 10.4 +/- 3.3 N.m on the left side for men, and 6.0 +/- 1.4 N.m on the right side and 5.0 +/- 1.2 N.m on the left side for women. The weakest torque strengths were resisted pronation in the pronated position and resisted supination in the supinated position. CONCLUSIONS: Torque strength measurements are reliable and should be collected when treating patients with forearm dysfunction. Maximal torque follows the same pattern related to hand dominance as grip strength. Men generate average torque strengths that are approximately twice the magnitude of those generated by women.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Lack of effect of alpha- and beta-adrenergic inhibition on forearm glucose uptake despite differences in forearm blood flow in healthy humans.

Insulin has both sympathoexcitatory and vasodilatory actions. It is unclear how these interact to affect muscular glucose uptake. The current study was designed to determine the systemic and local contributions of alpha- and beta-adrenergic activity to muscle glucose uptake. Forearm blood flow (FBF, plethysmography), arterial-venous glucose difference (AV-diff), and forearm glucose uptake (FGU) were measured during a 40-mU/m(2)/min insulin infusion with 120 minutes of euglycemia in 6 normal subjects (age, 28.8 +/- 4.9 years, mean +/- SD). Each subject was studied 5 times, once each with intravenous propranolol (IV PROP, 80 microg/min), intravenous phentolamine (IV PHEN, 500 microg/min), intra-arterial propranolol (IA PROP, 25 microg/min), intra-arterial phentolamine (IA PHEN, 12 microg/min/100 mL forearm tissue), and saline (SAL). FBF did not change during insulin with SAL, IA PROP, or IV PROP, but increased during insulin with IA PHEN and IV PHEN (P <.05). Despite the increased glucose delivery during insulin plus IA PHEN and IV PHEN, FGU did not differ between study sessions at any time during the insulin infusion. This was due to the lower AV-diff during insulin with IA PHEN and IV PHEN compared to the other studies (P <.05). AV-diff negatively correlated with FBF at the end of the insulin infusion (P <.001) for all studies. In normal humans, inhibition of basal sympathetic activity does not alter muscular glucose uptake. The increased insulin-induced vasodilation during alpha-adrenergic inhibition suggests that insulin-induced sympathetic activation prevents excess vasodilation. This inhibition does not alter glucose uptake because changes in flow are counterbalanced by changes in glucose extraction.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed2004

One-bone forearm reconstruction using vascularized fibular graft for massive forearm soft-tissue and bone defect: case report.

The authors report a case of recurrent malignant fibrous histiocytoma with extensive bone- and soft-tissue involvement, successfully treated with one-bone forearm reconstruction using a vascularized fibular graft and multiple tendon transfer. Twenty-four months after surgery, elbow and hand functions were maintained, and the patient had no disturbance of hand function in daily activity, although rotation of the forearm was sacrificed. No local recurrence or metastasis was noted. The procedure is a useful reconstructive option for complex tissue defects following wide excision of sarcoma of the forearm.

Bone Transplantation↗
PubMed1979

Insulin and substrate exchange in the forearm during prolonged forearm work.

Forearm exchange of insulin and uptake of oxygen, glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) were studied during 120 min forearm work in six healthy male volunteers. At rest the arterial-deep venous difference of insulin was zero. At the onset of work release of insulin occurred, which continued at constant rate throughout the work despite unaltered arterial insulin concentration. Extractions of oxygen, glucose and FFA were of similar magnitudes at 120 as at 15 min work, while lactate release decreased with time. It is concluded that (1) a significant insulin release from muscle tissue or its vascular bed occurs and continues at undiminished rate during prolonged work, (2) a substantial amount must be bound in the tissue, unless local synthesis takes place and (3) despite this loss of insulin from the forearm no major change in glucose and FFA extraction occurs with duration of work.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Flow changes in forearm arteries after elevating the radial forearm flap: prospective study using color duplex imaging.

The aim of the present study was to assess the changes in flow patterns of forearm arteries produced by excision of the radial artery when harvesting the radial forearm flap. A prospective study using color duplex imaging for quantitative flow measurements was accomplished in 11 patients. After raising the radial flap, the forearm flow tended to increase overall, the ulnar (P = 0.04), the posterior interosseous (P = 0.003), and the anterior interosseous (P = 0.003) arteries being responsible for this tendency. Therefore, harvesting of a radial flap must not be considered as causing vascular morbidity in terms of blood supply to the hand.

Angiography↗
PubMed2003

The effect of warmth or/and vitamin E supplementation on forearm blood flow and forearm vascular resistance in sickle cell and non sickle cell anaemia subjects.

The effects of warmth stimulation and/or supplementation with vitamin E (300 mg/day for 6 weeks) on forearm blood flow (FBF) and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) were measured in 8 sickle cell anaemia (SCA) (mean age = 22.8 + 0.8 years) and 11 non sickle cell anaemia (NSCA) subjects (mean age = 23.2 + 1.1 years) of both sexes. Warmth stimulation was induced by immersing the left foot in warm water at 400C for 2 minutes. Forearm blood flow was measured with the venous occlusion plethysmography method. Warmth increased FBF (p <0.01 in each group) and reduced FVR (p <0.05) in NSCA subjects. The change in FBF was greater (p < 0.05) in the NSCA subjects than in the SCA subjects. Supplementation with vitamin E reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (p < 0.001 in each case) in the NSCA subjects but had little or no effect on the SCA subjects. Vitamin E increased FBF in NSCA subjects (p < 0.05) and SCA subjects (p < 0.01) and decreased FVR in both groups (p < 0.05 in NSCA and p < 0.01 in SCA subjects). The change in FVR seen in the NSCA subjects was less (p < 0.01) than the change in SCA subjects. After supplementation with vitamin E, warmth further decreased SBP (p < 0.01 in each group) and FVR (p < 0.01 in each case) and increased FBF in both groups (p < 0.01 respectively). The changes caused by warmth after vitamin E supplementation on the blood pressure parameters, FBF and FVR were similar in the two groups of subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

One-bone forearm formation using vascularized fibula graft for massive bone defect of the forearm with infection: case report.

Massive long-bone defects of greater than 6 cm are difficult to treat with conventional bone grafts, and other methods are sometimes recommended, such as vascularized bone grafts or bone transport using the Ilizarov external fixator. The combination of local infection with a massive bone defect exacerbates the problem, and provides an even more negative prognosis. The authors treated a large bone defect of the forearm with local infection, using a one-bone forearm formation with a large vascularized fibula graft. They attached an adequate amount of muscle fascia to the vascularized fibula, which was useful not only for coverage of the skin defect, but also for treatment of the local infection. Twenty months after surgery, elbow and hand functions were maintained, and the patient had no disturbance of hand function in daily activities, although rotation of the forearm was sacrificed.

Bone Wires↗