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PubMed1976

Patient work under Fair Labor Standards: the issue in perspective.

The 1973 federal court ruling in Souder v. Brennan required that patient workers in institutions for the mentally ill and mentally retarded be paid in accordance with the minimum wage and other provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The author believes that ruling, which ran contrary to widely accepted institutional practices, is more readily understandable when viewed in the broader context of wage-and-hour legislation. He presents a brief history of the legislation, discusses the provisions relating to the employment of handicapped workers included in the 1966 amendments, and emphasizes that one basic principle underlies all the regulations and procedures: a patient must be paid what he earns. He also urges increased attention to the clinical design of compensated work systems to promote therapeutic and rehabilitative objectives.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1976

Vocational guidance during the Depression: phrenology versus applied psychology.

The paper describes the design and use of a machine, the "Psychograph," which automatically measured the size and shape of the skull and provided evaluations of mental traits according to phrenological principles. Developed in 1930, the psychograph was billed as a diagnostic tool capable of providing suitable vocational guidance to the thousands of unemployed as a result of the Depression. Its appearance prompted a vigorous opposition from the Psychology Department at the University of Minnesota, especially in the person of Donald L. Paterson. Subsequently, the psychograph was merely exploited for its entertainment value and disappeared after the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1975

[Cylindrical osteotomy of the upper extremity of the tibia with advancement of the patellar ligament. Biomechanical treatment of gonarthrosis].

The authors recall briefly the applications of Pauwel's theories concerning surgery in cases of gonarthrosis, which must be surgery to relieve restrictions on movement and not surgery to restore shape. They describe briefly the main biomechanical principles which must guide the pre-operative investigations and report their experience with a technique proposed by Blaimont and perfected by Maquet, the advantage of which is the exactness of the surgical correction. The technique is also useful in cases of femoro-patellar arthrosis. Among 120 osteotomies carried out using this method, the authors obtained very good or good results in 85 per cent of cases, and fairly good or poor results in 15 per cent of the patients. This method makes it possible to avoid in the great majority of cases recourse to total prostheses of the knee.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Volume and pressure in the craniospinal axis.

Raised intracranial pressure is common in neurosurgical practice, but the clinical effects are variable. The factors which initiate intracranial hypertension are now fairly well established; the extent of the increase of intracranial pressure produced by any combination of these factors is a function of the volume-pressure status of the patient at that particular time and may be expressed in terms of brain clastance. The effects of raised intracranial pressure on the function of the brain are mediated through both changes in cerebral blood flow and brain shift or herniation. Understanding of these principles helps in selection of effective therapy for raised intracranial pressure. Ideal clinical management of raised intracranial pressure should be directed toward the identification of those situations in which intracranial pressure may become increased and should attempt to prevent intracranial hypertension before it actually occurs.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The measurement of granulocyte kinetics.

Studies using 3H-TdR, DF32P or 51Cr have all contributed important information concerning neutrophil kinetics in normal and abnormal conditions. Recent evidence, however, suggests that DF32P underestimates, and 51Cr overestimates, the blood neutrophil T1/2 and that both isotopes overestimate the TBNP, compared with 3H-TdR-derived data. The differences are quantitative and not qualitative, and the principles of blood neutrophil kinetics defined by DF32P studies are still valid. 3H-TdR studies are impractical for general use, and clinical measurement of neutrophil kinetics will have to continue to rely on the use of either DF32P or 51Cr. Comparison of abnormal findings with normal values obtained using the same isotope is probably valid for either technique. Changes in neutrophil kinetics leading to a neutrophil leucocytosis in different situations are fairly predictable from published data. In neutropenias, however, kinetic studies might be needed to delineate the relative contributions of under-production, shortened survival and excessive margination in the individual patient.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1976

[The evolutionary principle in histology].

The A.A. Zavarzin's law of parallel lines in tissue evolution showing the appearance of a common tissue organization pattern is the major regularity of the cellular development of animals in phylogenesis. It carries out the metabolism principally similar in all animals in their interaction with the environment. The A.A. Zavarzin's law of parallel lines is also the main regularity of the evolution of tissue interrelations bringing about the principal processes of metabolism. The tissue evolution as well as the evolution of the organism is under the influence of factors of heredity, variability and natural selection. These factors however have an influence mediated by the organism evolution. The precess of cephalization represents a fairly important manifestation of the evolution of animals. The theory of general histogenesis reflects the main regularity of the cellular development in ontogenesis of man and animals. Being a further development of the conception of the A.A. Zavarzin's tissue evolution this theory shows the development of the animal cellular structure as a single general process of histogenesis, beginning with a zigote and continuing till the end of the organism life. The integration, heterochronia and determination manifest themselves in this process of differentiation of cells, tissues and intertissue relations.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2025

Simple scaling laws control the genetic architectures of human complex traits.

Genome-wide association studies have revealed that the genetic architectures of complex traits vary widely, including in terms of the numbers, effect sizes, and allele frequencies of significant hits. However, at present we lack a principled way of understanding the similarities and differences among traits. Here, we describe a probabilistic model that combines the effects of mutation, drift, and stabilizing selection at individual sites with a genome-scale model of phenotypic variation. In this model, the architecture of a trait arises from the distribution of selection coefficients of mutations and from two scaling parameters. We fit this model for 95 highly polygenic quantitative traits of different kinds from the UK Biobank. Notably, we infer that all these traits have fairly similar, though not identical, distributions of selection coefficients. This similarity suggests that differences in architectures of highly polygenic traits arise mainly from the two scaling parameters: the mutational target size and heritability per site, which vary by orders of magnitude among traits. When these two scale factors are accounted for, we find that the architectures of all 95 traits are very similar.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

[Enzymo-immunological estimations. Principles and applications (author's transl)].

Diagrams of the reactions of enzymo-immunological estimations are similar to those of radio-immunoassay. The only difference is that an enzymatic label is substituted on the antigen or the antibody for the isotopic label and that consequently a measurement of enzyme activity replaces isotopic counting. One must therefore add a further stage of substrate addition and a stage of enzyme reaction. There is however a technic which has no equivalent in radio-immunoassay, the EMIT system, where one measures the change in activity of a haptenised enzyme under the influence of the corresponding anti-haptene antibody. The author reviews the main problems raised by the first group of technics and gives a few examples of the results of estimation of alpha-foeto-protein obtained with 3 different reactions with fairly similar performances. The advantages and disadvantages of enzymo-immunologic technics are reviewed. The two major advantages seem to be the stability of the reagents and the fact that they avoid the administrative controls which restrict the use of isotopes.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2026

AI-driven diagnostic and prognostic models for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: insights from clinical, imaging, and multi-omics studies-a scoping review.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the most common chronic liver disease around the world, affecting 33.6% of the adult population (95% CI: 28.1%-39.5%; I 2 = 99.9%), or roughly one in three. The extent of the liver damage is variable, from simple steatosis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Early diagnosis is essential to prevent serious liver damage. Traditional diagnostic techniques such as liver biopsy, imaging, and biomarker testing are all invasive, costly, reduced sensitive to early-stage disease, and they also have variability among observers. Modern diagnostic and prognostic approaches based on the principles of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and specifically on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have enabled multimodal approaches integrating clinical, imaging and molecular data. This scoping review conducted per PRISMA-ScR guidelines, synthesizes findings from 73 studies (search window 2020-2026) across three dimensions: clinical data driven models, imaging-based classifiers (ultrasound, CT and MRI), and multi-omics (genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics) techniques. Moreover, emergence of models such as U-Net and LiverNet 2.x, classification models like DeepLiverNet and BiLSTM models, as well as transformer frameworks and the identification of biomarkers models are also described. This study also investigates challenges such as data heterogeneity, data interpretability, fairness and real-world clinical application. Finally, important areas of research opportunities and future directions are highlighted to present a developing clinically applicable, explainable and ethical AI solutions to manage MASLD.

MASLD↗
PubMed1978

Calculation of surface area and volume of human erythrocytes from scanning electron micrographs.

This article demonstrates that surface and volume measurements of individual human erythrocytes with varying shapes can be obtained from scanning electron micrographic stereopairs using an approach based on established principles of photogrammetry. Instead of calculating the coordinates of several hundred points plotted for each cell, a procedure that proves tedious and time-consuming, we show that a reasonable approximation of cell surface and volume can be achieved from simple geometrical models constructed with a small number of carefully measured points and angles, using a stereocomparator. The values obtained for two normal erythrocytes and for two distorted red cells from a patient with congenital pyruvate kinase deficiency haemolytic anaemia are consistent with available information on the geometry of these cells. Because scanning electron microscopy requires extensive manipulation of the cells, the values obtained cannot be applied to fresh living material, but appear fairly accurate for the purpose of comparison between cells prepared in the same manner.

Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital↗
PubMed1976

What can be measured with RAST?

A theoretical study of the basic principles involved in Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) showed that: 1) When a given serum is tested, the significance of the numerical value obtained with RAST depends upon the serum assayed and the allergosorbent preparation, in a rather unpredictable way. Three factors can be measured: a) The percentage of specific IgE antibodies among all allergen-specific antibodies; b) The specific IgE antibody level; c) The product of the specific IgE antibody level and its affinity constant. 2) Simple graphical techniques allow a straightforward determination of all these factors if four dilutions of each serum are assayed at the same time. The results are expressed in two constant parameters (arbitrary IgE unit and allergosorbent capacity). It is concluded that these theoretical calculations may give a fair account of a lack of correlation between specific IgE antibody levels (as assayed with RAST) and several clinical and biological parameters. Furthermore, they provide a simple procedure which makes such tedious manipulations as specific IgE antibody purification quite necessary.

Absorption↗
PubMed1975

[Cerebral palsy--early diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)].

The main aim of the present Conference has been to debate that early diagnosis and treatment of cerebral palsy. The Conference was attended by specialists taking care of the child with cerebral palsy (C.P.): child neurologists, surgeons--orthopedists, psychologists, rehabilitants, pediatricians. In connection with the fact that the Conference was devoted to the early diagnosis and therapy of C.P., problems concerning the lower age groups of children were debated. The Conference discussed the definitions of "cerebral palsy" used in the literature, the clinical forms, the auxiliary diagnostic methods and their significance in the diagnosing of this pathological syndrome. Early clinical symptoms, enabling to establish the diagnosis of cerebral palsy were particularly extensively debated. In the latter problem particular attention was paid to the diagnostic value of kinetic automatisms of the group of tonic posture reflexes and dysfunctions of the kinetic pattern in children. It was underlined in the debate the C.P. was no separate clinical disease, but a pathological syndrome arisen as a result of the negative influence of different factors and yielding very diverse clinical and neurolopathologic symptoms, according to the kind of noxious factors and the period and degree of maturity of the nervous system in which they acted. The participants in the debate also sressed that, as the child develops and is observed for a longer period it is fairly often necessary to check this diagnosis, as C.P. may prove, as the time passes, to be a degenerative syndrome, a pressure syndrome etc. The psychologists participating in the Conference discussed the psychological problems of the child with C.P. and also the early diagnosis of the pathological syndrome debated. The diversity of the symptoms of the C.N.S. in children suffering from C.P. was underscored, as--apart from dysfunctions within the kinetic area, there can be present sight, hearing and speech dysfunctions, those of sensory perceptions and mental development. These children require multispecialist care, as everyone of dysfunctions mentioned may present a complicated diagnostic problem. Plenty of place was devoted to the discussion of problems connected with epilepsy in children with C.P. Also extensively debated were the general principles of the medical procedure in children with C.P. As a result of the discussion it was decided that children with severer forms of C.P. and those from poor social conditions should be subjected to long-lasting sanatorium rehabilitation. Keeping the child in its family environment should, however, be the generally adopted principle of the rehabilitation of a little child. The parents of the child should be trained in the proper rearing of the child under household conditions, a manner to secure all the needs resulting from the then stage of its development. In connection with this problem the project of the programme of sensoric-and-kinetic rehabilitation was debated, as presented by psychologists and rehabilitants (kinesitherapeuts).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

A nutrition policy for Britain.

The first comprehensive nutrition policy was put into action during the Second World War, 1939-1945. Basic foodstuffs were shared fairly in the light of what was known about physiological needs. The policy was highly successful and nutritional status improved. From the mid 1940s onwards, a nutrition policy, based on physiological needs, was pursued in the context of the welfare state and the National Health Service. The end of rationing in 1954 was followed by a free choice of foods in a period of affluence. The choice was evidently not always nutritionally sound, since this diet appears to be at least in part related to the increased incidence of certain diseases. In a democratic society, a nutrition policy must be one of sound education so that individuals make a wise choice of foods. Their choice creates demand and indirectly influences food production both from agricultural production and from the food industry. The education which underlies choice should be based on scientific fact and sound physiological principles rather than on fashionable hypotheses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Perthes' disease treated by prolonged recumbency and femoral head containment: a long-term appraisal.

The results of a long-term review of 102 hips in eighty-seven patients with Perthes' disease are described, the mean follow-up interval being seventeen years. All had been treated by an extremely rigorous conservative regime in which the patients were kept in hospital for an average period of twenty-six months, during which time they were confined to bed with the legs in wide abduction, first in traction and later in "broomstick" plasters to ensure "containment" of the femoral head. The patients were assessed by the joint clincial and radiological method described by Ratliff (1956). The results were very satisfactory, with only 2 per cent poor results and 10 per cent fair. The remaining 88 per cent were good. The radiological results at the end of treatment have also been compared with control series described by Catterall (1972) and with the osteotomy series of Lloyd-Roberts, Catterall and Salamon (1976). From this it appears that the described regime offers no benefit compared with the natural history in Catterall's Groups I and II, and in Group III the results were only marginally better than those following osteotomy. In Group IV cases, however, where the femoral head was totally involved, the benefit was important, and since these are the cases which carry the worst natural prognosis it is suggested that the use of the method described in such instances must be seriously considered in spite of its social disadvantages. The theoretical implications of the findings are considered, and it is concluded that the benefits of the method cannot be ascribed wholly to the application of the "containment" principle.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro destruction of urinary calculi by laser-induced stress waves.

A new, nonsurgical technique is proposed for the destruction of urinary calculi. This technique exploits recent advances in laser-fusion research in the generation of shock waves from high-intensity pulsed lasers and the principles evolved from extensive military research on fragmentation resulting from the interactions of shock waves on solids. In the in vitro experiments reported here, stress waves were generated by irradiating a thin film confined between glass and metal substrates with a high-intensity pulsed laser. It was shown that a nominal 2-J, Q-switched Ruby or Nd-glass laser is easily capable of producing stress waves of up to 10-kbar peak pressure and that the rise time of the stress pulse is on the order of the laser pulse duration. Urinary calculi (kidney or bladder stones) of different sizes, shapes, colors, hardnesses, and composition were fragmented by laser-induced shock waves into sizes quite capable of being passed spontaneously. Critical laser parameters have been determined, and the associated threshold pressure for the destruction of the hardest types of urinary stones has been measured. The possible application of this technique to in situ destruction of urinary calculi is described.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1976

Delayed visual perception and delayed visual evoked potentials in the spinal form of multiple sclerosis and in retrobulbar neuritis.

(1) We have used both subjective and evoked potential tests to study cases of multiple sclerosis with no history of retrobulbar neuritis (spinal patients) and compared them with patients with multiple sclerosis who had experienced an attack of retrobulbar neuritis (RBN). We measured the delay of steady-state evoked potentials (EPs) elicited by flicker in the medium-frequency (13-25 c/s) range, by flicker in the high-frequency (30-60 c/s) range, and by pattern-reversal. We also measured the delay in seeing (perceiving) both an increase of light intensity and a decrease of light intensity. (2) The difference between perceptual delays for the left and right eyes (D s) was abnormal when retrobulbar neuritis affected only one eye (22/22 patients) even when acuity and discs were normal. It might be supposed that this perceptual test would be ineffective when both eyes were affected by retrobulbar neuritis. However, the value of D was abnormal in cases of bilateral retrobulbar neuritis (5/5 patients). Probably the principal reason is that demyelination was patchy in the patients studied. For this same reason the difference between perceptual delays for two sites in the visual field (T s) may also be abnormal. In principle the perceptual delay test can be effective even when both eyes are similarly delayed: abnormal values of T were recorded in 5 spinal patients for whom D was normal. (3) Perceptual delays were measured for an extended group of 19 patients suffering from spinal multiple sclerosis. Taking both D and T into account, the perceptual delay test alone picked out 12/19 spinal patients. The perceptual delay test has the advantage over EP tests that it can detect islands of demyelination as small as 3 degrees diameter, and the apparatus is cheap and straightforward to use. (4) Thirteen patients with spinal multiple sclerosis, including 6 with no ocular signs or symptoms, were examined with a battery of two evoked potential and one perceptual test. Ten patients had clearly abnormal visual delays. Results for the remaining 3 were equivocal. Delay tests can reveal visual damage in most patients who have not experienced an attack of RBN as well as in practically all patients who have experienced an attack. (5) Correlations between the results of the various tests were different in spinal patients and in multiple sclerosis patients who had experienced an attack of retrobulbar neuritis. Flicker EPs, pattern EPs and visual perception were all delayed in every RBN patient, whereas for spinal patients different tests could pick up different patients. Flicker EPs picked up 5/13 spinal patients, pattern EPs 6/13, perceptual delay (D) picked up 4/13 and perceptual delay T picked up 7/13. (6) Delay tests divided spinal multiple sclerosis patients into two fairly distinct groups. In one group pattern EPs and perception were delayed; in the other group flicker EPs were delayed. This grouping corresponded to a clinical distinction between long-standing patients with visual signs and recent patients without visual signs...

Adult↗