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PubMedDate not supplied

High performance liquid chromatography determination of ethylene glycol and ethylene chlorohydrin in tissues.

A simultaneous determination of ethylene glycol (EG) and ethylene chlorohydrin (EC), which are formed during sterilization of bone and dura mater with ethylene oxide, has been reported. The EG and EC residues in tissues were extracted with HPLC grade water and analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a RefractoMonitor detector. The isocratic elution was employed with HPLC grade water as the solvent. Since the reference chamber of the detector was filled with solvent and was not changed during the run, the use of gradient programming was not employed. With spherisorb ODS (5 microns) C18 column and 20 microL sample injection, the retention times for EG and EC were (104 +/- 2) sec and (202 +/- 4) sec, respectively. The unknown concentration was calculated from the calibration curve and the weight of the sample tissue. The HPLC analysis provided a simple, accurate and reproducible method of determination of EG and EC residues in ethylene-oxide sterilized tissues.

Chlorohydrins↗
PubMed1975

Mutagenicity of chloroacetaldehyde, a possible metabolic product of 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride), chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin), vinyl chloride, and cyclophosphamide.

We have previously described a very sensitive and efficient bacterial test designed to detect chemical carcinogens as mutagens. Chloroacetaldehyde is mutagenic in this system and is of interest because it is a possible metabolite in mammals of the large volume industrial chemicals 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) (3.5 billion kg/yr, U.S.) and vinyl chloride (2.5 billion kg/yr, U.S.), and of the antineoplastic agent cyclophosphamide. Chloroacetaldehyde reverts a new Salmonella bacterial tester strain (TA100). Chloroacetaldehyde is shown to be hundreds of times more effective in reversion of TA100 than is chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin), a known metabolic precursor of chloroacetaldehyde and a possible metabolite of dichloroethane and vinyl chloride, or than vinyl chloride, which is itself mutagenic for TA100. Chloroethanol is shown to be activated by rat (or human) liver homogenates to a more highly mutagenic form with reversion properties similar to chloroacetaldehyde. Reversion properties of cyclophosphamide after in vitro metabolic activation suggest that chloroacetaldehyde is not the active mutagenic form of this antineoplastic drug.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simple and accurate method for determination of ethylene chlorohydrin in dried spices and condiments.

A simple and accurate method is described for the determination of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) by using capillary gas chromatography (GC) and flame ionization detection. Acetonitrile-methanol was chosen as the extraction solvent in preference to other solvents because its use reduced the number of compounds detected by the GC system, thus enabling easier identification and quantitation of ECH. The coefficient of variation for the method is 2.7% at 5 ppm, and recovery is good, even for the standard addition of 1 ppm. Fifteen different spices and condiments were analyzed using this method; 20% were identified as positive for ECH. The method also identifies the related compound ethylene bromohydrin (EBH).

Chlorohydrins↗
PubMed1983

The effects of ethylene chlorohydrin on fatty acid synthesis.

Male chicks weighing 700 to 900 g. received an acute or eight doses IG of 60 or 40 mg/kg ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) respectively and were sacrificed eighteen hours after the last dose. Mitochondrial elongation of fatty acids was decreased significantly while fatty acid synthetase activity was not significantly affected by ECH treatment. Cytochrome c oxidase activity in fresh whole liver homogenate was significantly higher in chicks subjected to acute exposure with ECH when compared to the controls. Upon freezing and thawing of homogenates, cytochrome c oxidase activity increased significantly in the control group but was unchanged in the ECH group which suggests that the mitochondrial membrane integrity is compromised by the ECH treatment. Serum and liver triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in both the single and multiple ECH dose groups. Liver to body weight ratios were significantly higher in both treatment groups when compared to their controls. Histological examination of the liver of ECH-treated chicks showed cytoplasmic clearing of the cells but no vacuolization or centrilobular necrosis. Serum isocitrate dehydrogenase levels were significantly higher in the multiple treatment ECH group than in the control group.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 2-Chloroethanol (Ethylene Chlorohydrin) (CAS No. 107-07-3) in F344/N Rats and Swiss CD-1 Mice (Dermal Studies).

Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 2-chloroethanol (99% pure), an industrial chemical and an intermediate in the synthesis of ethylene oxide, were conducted by dermal application of 2-chloroethanol dissolved in 70% ethanol:30% water (v/v) solutions to groups of 50 F344/N rats of each sex at doses of 0, 50, or 100 mg/kg for 103 weeks or to groups of 50 Swiss CD-1 mice of each sex at doses of 0, 7.5, or 15 mg per animal for 104 weeks (0, 253, or 630 mg/kg at week 1; 0, 180, 411 mg/kg at week 100). The control groups received skin applications of the vehicle; the mouse studies also included untreated control groups of 50 male and 50 females. 2-Chloroethanol solutions were applied to the clipped interscapular area of the animals once daily, 5 days per week for the test period. Rats received a volume of 0.18-0.22 ml of solution; mice received 0.10 ml of solution. In the 13-week studies, mortality was observed in male and female rats receiving 20 mg per day and higher. In the 104-week studies, the survival of high dose male mice was lower (P<0.05) than that of the vehicle controls (vehicle control, 26/50; 7.5 mg, 16/50; 15 mg, 12/50). Body weights of dosed mice were unaffected by 2-chloroethanol. The survival and body weight gain data suggest that the male and female rats and female mice could have tolerated a higher dose of 2-chloroethanol. Male mice probably could not have tolerated a higher dose than was applied to the skin. Seven high dose male mice died within 3 days of the start of dosing; all of these had inflammation at the site of dermal application. Five also had ulceration at the site of dermal application, and five had lung congestion, inflammation, or hemorrhage. Marginal increases were found in the incidence of lymphomas or leukemias (combined) as well as in the incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas or carcinomas (combined) in low dose male mice. Since there was no dose-related trend for these tumor incidences and because the increases were observed in only one sex, the increases were not considered to be related to the dermal application of 2-chloroethanol. 2-Chloroethanol was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535 (but not TA1537 or TA98) in either the presence or the absence of Aroclor 1254-induced male Sprague-Dawley rat or Syrian hamster liver S9. 2-Chloroethanol did not induce sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. An audit of the experimental data was conducted for these 2-year studies. No data discrepancies were found that influenced the final interpretations. Under the conditions of these 2-year dermal studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity of 2-chloroethanol for male and female F344/N rats given 50 or 100 mg/kg per day or for male and female Swiss CD-1 mice given 7.5 or 15 mg per animal per day. Synonyms: ethylene chlorohydrin; chloroethanol; glycol chlorohydrin; b-chloroethanol

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

[Residues of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) in infusions of cocoa and in chocolate (author's transl)].

With a sensitive method residues of 0.2--0.6 ppm ECH are found in commercial and bendtop infusions of cocoa and 1.8--5.6 ppm ECH in chocolate. The balance is established with time between ECH and ethylene oxide (EO) in the boiling infusion and the distillate depending on time. It is found that the ECH concentration in the infusion is reduced in 15 min to 1/7 by evaporation alone. No reaction to EO or ethylene glycol or other metabolites is detectable. For the determination alkali is added to the sample, followed by distillation of any formed EO into dilute sulfuric acid, where ethylene glycol is oxidized to formaldehyd according to Malaprade. This is distilled off for further enrichment and determined according to Bremanis by photometry at 570 nm. The determination for limit was to 0.01 ppm, the standard deviation is s = 0.0034 ppm (N = 30), the yield 99.8%. The sensitivity may be increased tenfold by increasing sample size.

Cacao↗