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Results for “Epidemiologic Methods”

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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Is Hodgkin's disease infectious? Discussion of an epidemiologic method used to impute that it is.

A method proposed by MacMahon for the differentiation between familial and environmental causes for disease has recently been applied to demonstrate an environmental etiology for Hodgkin's disease. It is shown that the method, which depends on the comparison of time-of-onset differences with age-at-onset differences for familial pairs with disease, is biased toward results suggestive of an environmental etiology when applied to data of the kind typically analyzed--data restricted to instances in which both members of a familial pair develop disease in a specified, limited time interval. Other features of such data are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

[Study of 357 cases of phlebitis of the lower extremities in 2 inter-regional samplings. I. Methods, epidemiological data and analysis of etiopathogenetic elements].

Using a specially designed record card, 357 cases of superficial and deep thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis of the lower extremities have been investigated. Of these 261 were observed in Piedmont and 96 in the Trentino region. A comparative study of aetiopathogenetic data in the two regions was made possible by means of punched cards and subsequent computer processing. The study was completed by statistical analysis. Apart from the region of birth and residence, sex (prevalently female) and age which in both samples mainly affects subjects aged between 30 and 45, the type of working activity was considered in relation to sex and age, frequency of absenteeism (higher in Piedmont), family history of venous disease, incidence of orthostatism, the use of contraceptive pills, the period in which the first clinical signs occurred with considerable diversity between the two regions, traumas (more frequent in Piedmont) and the incidence of the different causes which was vastly different in the two samples, were assessed. On the basis of the comparative data obtained, an interpretation of the real significance of the results is attempted, reference also being made to the type of population under examination, the Piedmontese being considered of mixed strain and the Trentino pure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Use of a computer and mathematical methods in epidemiological work. Report 3. Experience with the operational tracing of infectious morbidity using an automic self-service information unit].

The authors describe their experience in the elaboration and introduction into practice of epidemiological service of the system of operative tracing of infectious morbidity at the level of the central sanitary-epidemiological station under conditions of automatic control system. Data on improvement of information supply and logic analysis of the information with the aid of Minsk-22 computer are presented. Forms of documents are considered. Experience in the use of this system for two years pointed to its expediency.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1978

A comparison of dietary methods in epidemiologic studies.

Three methods of estimating group and individual dietary consumption have been developed and assessed in a case-control study of diet and breast cancer. The methods comprised a 24-hour recall, a detailed quantitative diet history directed to the most recent two-month period and the two-month period six months before, and a four-day diet diary. There is a high degree of correlation between the estimates of food consumption for the controls using each of the methods. The highest estimate was obtained from the diet history, with a slightly higher estimate in the period six months before than the current period, while the lowest is found in the 24-hour recall. The latter corresponds with the same method in a Nutrition Canada Survey. It is concluded that all methods ara applicable to case-control studies, but the diet history is preferred when current food intake may be influenced by a disease.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1979

Some fundamental aspects of epidemiology: a guide for laboratory scientists.

Epidemiologic methods used to study human diseases are often unfamiliar to the laboratory scientist. This paper outlines the standard method by which epidemiologic studies are classified, explains the methodologic strengths and weaknesses of different kinds of studies, and notes the kinds of inferences that can be drawn from each. Surveys on populations are treated first, followed by sample surveys. Prospective (follow-up) studies, in which groups of subjects are followed in time, are a basic epidemiologic method. Alternatives to these studies that do not require similar time commitments but may allow similar inferences are record studies. Retrospective, or case-control studies, are often the only feasible method for studying rare diseases. However, diseases with long latency periods and problems in control selection can make these studies difficult to analyze and interpret.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1992

Rapid method for epidemiological evaluation of gram-positive cocci by field inversion gel electrophoresis.

We report a rapid method for the isolation of intact chromosomal DNA from gram-positive cocci that is suitable for in situ restriction endonuclease digestion in agarose blocks. When combined with a rapid field inversion gel electrophoresis protocol, this approach allows the preparation and electrophoretic analysis of chromosomal restriction fragments produced by rare-cutting enzymes in a total time period of 2 days from start to finish. The utility of the method is demonstrated in the epidemiological evaluation of Staphylococcus epidermidis clusters from two hospitals as well as of additional representative staphylococci and enterococci.

DNA Restriction Enzymes↗
PubMed1977

Epidemiologic screening: a method to add efficiency to epidemiologic research.

The concept of power loss through misclassification is well known. A simple method developed here yields a means for determing by how much power is lost. The method provides the basis for the development of an efficient screening methodology for the identification of high and low risk cohorts. This screening procedure is built on the well established retrospective cohort methodology and utilizes general records of mortality and morbidity for determination of the frequency of disease in the exposed and non-exposed cohorts. The size and power of the testing procedure compare favorably to that of a study with complete follow-up, while reducing the time and costs of study. This is particularly important in aiding epidemiologists in determining research and program priorities from among many areas of possible concern.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1976

[Use of computers and mathematical methods in epidemiological work. V. Assessment of infection morbidity using standardized indices].

The paper treats of the method of obtaining special and generalized indices on the computer M-222 to be used for the analysis of infectious morbidity under the automatic control system conditions. Assessment of significance of the differences between the actual number of diseases and the "usual" morbidity level characteristic of the given territory and the time of the year lies at the basis of the calculation of the standardized indices. Complex evaluation of the epidemiological condition of the controlled district was carried out according to the data of the official monthly and annual sanitary-epidemiological report forms No. 85.

Computers↗