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PubMed1989

Nutritional impacts of an increasing fuelwood shortage in rural households in developing countries.

Developing countries face the problem of an increasing fuelwood shortage. For rural households, fuelwood is the main source of energy. As energy is essential to make food suitable for human consumption by means of cooking, the present fuelwood crisis could jeopardize the nutritional situation of rural households. This article reviews and analyses available data and information on the relationship between the availability of fuelwood and the nutritional situation of rural households. Based on analysis of emperical studies, three main strategies evolved by rural households, especially by the women within these households, to cope with a shortage of fuelwood can be distinguished: (i) increase in time and energy spent on fuelwood collection, (ii) substitution of fuelwood by alternative fuels and (iii) economizing on the consumption of fuelwood and alternative fuels. These coping-strategies affect food supply, food preservation, preparation and distribution, income generating activities and food consumption, all of which result in a decrease in quality and quantity of food consumed and in a deterioration of physical condition, especially women and their young children. Available data on fuelwood availability and nutrition are rather diffuse and incomplete. The presence of several confounding variables in the studies analysed make it difficult to establish the nutritional impact of a growing shortage of fuelwood. Nevertheless, it is concluded that a shortage of fuelwood plays at least an important role in changes in nutritional situation of rural households. If current trends continue, this role will become more important and evident. The impact of a growing fuelwood shortage should be a point of concern for rural development.

Cooking↗
PubMed1989

[Occupational hygiene problems in a plant for biological gas production].

The production of biological gas from biological material is an alternative resource of energy and an important method of the future. Moreover there is a possibility for destruction of liquid dung of animal production. An experimental biological gas-producer was built in the district of Suhl. Technical and individual means of health protection are described.

Biological Products↗
PubMed1986

Fusion power.

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Energy-Generating Resources↗
PubMed1986

Possibilities of biological energy production.

From the numerous possibilities of biological solar energy transduction the production of hydrogen was selected in our laboratory. There are two forms of H2 production: from biomass with enzymes (formate-hydrogen lyase and hydrogenase enzymes) and the exploitation of some living systems or their analogs to evolve H2 from water upon solar irradiation. To approach the first problem, a bacterial strain and a hydrogenase (H2ase) enzyme of good parameters were isolated. The system composed produced H2 from biomass with an energetic efficiency of 10-12 per cent. Dealing with the second task, by changing some environmental factors we succeeded to increase by a factor of 15 the quantity of H2 produced by Anabeana cylindrica from water in light. It is clear from these studies that further research is needed to understand better the mechanism and regulation of biological H2 production. The aim of this research is to utilize it as an economically feasible and environmentally harmless energy source.

Chromatiaceae↗
PubMed1985

Biomass fuel combustion and health.

Biomass fuels (wood, agricultural waste, and dung) are used by about half the world's population as a major, often the only, source of domestic energy for cooking and heating. The smoke emissions from these fuels are an important source of indoor air pollution, especially in rural communities in developing countries. These emissions contain important pollutants that adversely affect health-such as suspended particulate matter and polycyclic organic matter which includes a number of known carcinogens, such as benzo[a]pyrene, as well as gaseous pollutants like carbon monoxide and formaldehyde.Exposure to large amounts of smoke may present a health risk that is of a similar order of magnitude to the risk from tobacco smoke. The effects on health arising from exposure to air pollution are reviewed, based on what has been reported in the literature so far. Further and more detailed information on exposures and on the epidemiological aspects is urgently required.The persons most frequently affected are women who do the cooking for households in rural villages; they suffer from impaired health due to prolonged and repeated contact with these harmful pollutants. When they are pregnant, the developing fetus may also be exposed and this leads to the risk of excess deaths. In the developing countries, exposure to biomass fuel emissions is probably one of the most important occupational health hazards for women. A conservatively estimated 300-400 million people worldwide, mostly in the rural areas of developing countries, are affected by these problems.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1985

Boiling of drinking-water: can a fuel-scarce community afford it?

In the prevention of diarrhoea, health professionals often advocate boiling as a method of choice to provide safe household drinking-water to villagers in the less developed countries. We have examined the financial feasibility of this recommendation in a village study in Bangladesh. Family income was categorized and the pattern of household fuel consumption was determined. Families in the lowest income quartile would have to spend approximately 22% of their yearly income on fuel, and those in the highest income bracket approximately 10%. Boiling of drinking-water would result in an 11% increase in the household budget (as a percentage of income) for a typical family in the lowest income quartile, compared with a 3% increase for a family in the highest income quartile. We conclude that recommendations concerning boiling of drinking-water in developing countries should not be made until their economic feasibility has been demonstrated.

Bangladesh↗