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PubMed2005

Employment status in chronic fatigue syndrome. A cross-sectional study examining the value of exercise testing and self-reported measures for the assessment of employment status.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the value of exercise testing and self-reported disability for the assessment of employment status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING: A university-based chronic fatigue clinic. SUBJECTS: Fifty-four consecutive, Flemish, employed (not self-employed) chronic fatigue syndrome patients (49/54 female). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants were questioned about their current and premorbid employment status, filled in the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Activities and Participation Questionnaire (CFS-APQ), the Medical Outcomes Short Form 36 Health Status Survey (SF-36), and performed a maximal exercise test on a bicycle ergometer with continuous monitoring of cardiorespiratory variables. RESULTS: A significant association was observed between the current employment rate and two SF-36 subscales (i.e., role limitations due to physical functioning and social functioning; rho = 0.39 and 0.35 respectively) (n = 54). Analysing only the female chronic fatigue syndrome patients (n = 49), the current employment rate correlated significantly with the peak workload (rho = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS: The associations between either exercise testing or self-reported disability and employment status are too weak to predict employment status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Employment retention and career movement among individuals with mental retardation working in supported employment.

Results of a 24-month analysis of employment retention and replacement needs of a sample of 302 individuals placed into supported employment were reported. Supported employees experienced regular movement in and out of the labor market. Approximately 30% of them were still employed in their original employment situation 24 months following initial placement. An additional 20% were employed in subsequent employment situations, and over 31% had lost their employment and were returned to a referral pool to await replacement. Implications for future supported employment service delivery and funding were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Coping with employment uncertainty: a comparison of employed and unemployed workers.

This study examined coping with stress associated with employment uncertainty for comparable samples of laid-off and employed high-technology workers. It was expected that different coping strategies would be associated with perceived stress for employed vs. unemployed people. Although unemployed participants reported higher levels of stress compared with employed participants, employment uncertainty mediated the association between employment status and perceived stress. Emotion-focused coping strategies were related to higher perceived stress, whereas problem-focused coping strategies were related to lower perceived stress. The use of emotional avoidance as a strategy moderated the effect of employment uncertainty on perceived stress, such that a greater propensity to endorse avoidance coping strategies was associated with higher levels of stress particularly under low uncertainty conditions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Sex-role beliefs, work attitudes and mental health in employed and non-employed mothers.

The attitudes of mothers to their home and child-care role, to their employment role and to sex roles are potentially important correlates of mental health but have been little researched. Results from a general population survey of 160 working-class mothers of young children suggest that dissatisfaction with the home-maker role is associated with higher levels of psychiatric symptoms, psychological distress and self-depreciation. These relationships are strongest for full-time home-makers. For employed mothers, dual-role conflict was more strongly associated with psychological distress than was job satisfaction. Liberal sex-role attitudes were associated with lower psychiatric symptom levels in employed mothers and with higher self-esteem in non-employed mothers. There was a significant interaction between employment status and sex-role beliefs in relation to anxiety. Employed mothers with traditional attitudes and non-employed mothers with liberal attitudes were more anxious. This result was replicated in an independent sample of 200 working-class and middle-class mothers.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1994

Improving employment outcomes for chronic alcoholics: applying the supported employment model.

Alcohol use and alcoholism have massive and far-reaching effects on employment. The consequences of lost employment and reduced productivity as a result of alcohol use can be circumvented through the use of supported employment services. The purpose of this article is to present the implications of using the supported employment model to assist chronic alcoholics in their employment. Several components of supported employment (ecological assessment, job training, job sharing, and ongoing support) are presented as being beneficial to alcoholics in maintaining employment.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2001

Exploring large employers' and small employers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices on breastfeeding support in the workplace.

Human resource professionals from different industries participated in focus groups in Austin, Texas. From a social marketing perspective, employers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices in providing breastfeeding support for lactating employees were explored. Employers knew about the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and children. However, they did not place a high priority on providing breastfeeding support. Employers identified the barriers to and motivators for providing breastfeeding support, as well as effective communication and marketing strategies for the dissemination of breastfeeding support messages and materials for employers. Participants revealed important employer variables, such as the size of the company or agency, that must be considered when designing social marketing campaigns that target employers. This research provided in-depth, qualitative data useful for designing social marketing campaigns that target employers and for further investigation using qualitative and quantitative research methods.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Impact of multi-agency employment services on employment rates.

Adults with severe and persistent mental illness who received employment services through mental health and/or vocational rehabilitation programs had higher employment rates than individuals who did not receive any employment services. Individuals who received services from both programs had significantly higher employment rates than individuals who received services from only one program. Results indicate that employment services had a greater relative effect on older clients and clients with a schizophrenia diagnosis than on other individuals. This state-wide study relied exclusively on analysis of administrative/operational databases that provide the employment rates for both recipients of vocational services and other clients.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reasons for employment or non-employment during pregnancy.

Although women's pattern of employment during pregnancy has markedly changed in the last 30 years, no research has explored the basis of contemporary women's decision making regarding employment during pregnancy. Conceptualizing pregnancy within a life span developmental perspective of adulthood, we used descriptive statistics and content analysis on data from 210 pregnant women to identify factors that influence employment decisions during pregnancy. Intrinsic reasons for working during pregnancy included self-actualization, escape from home, employment identity, and interpersonal contact. Extrinsic reasons for working included money, financial obligations, and employment setting compatibility. Intrinsic reasons for not working during pregnancy included pregnancy-related limitations, home identity, complexity, and family responsibilities. Extrinsic reasons for not working included financial juggle, job availability, and employment setting incompatibility. The results form a basis for anticipatory guidance recommendations for pregnant women.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2005

Clinical factors associated with employment among people with severe mental illness: findings from the employment intervention demonstration program.

Research has shown that supported employment programs are effective in helping psychiatric outpatients achieve vocational outcomes, yet not all program participants are able to realize their employment goals. This study used 24 months of longitudinal data from a multisite study of supported employment interventions to examine the relationship of patient clinical factors to employment outcomes. Multivariate random regression analysis indicated that, even when controlling for an extensive series of demographic, study condition (experimental versus control), and work history covariates, clinical factors were associated with individuals' ability to achieve competitive jobs and to work 40 or more hours per month. Poor self-rated functioning, negative psychiatric symptoms, and recent hospitalizations were most consistently associated with failure to achieve these employment outcomes. These findings suggest ways that providers can tailor supported employment programs to achieve success with a diverse array of clinical subpopulations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Fidelity of supported employment programs and employment outcomes.

This study attempted to identify critical components of a supported employment program that were strongly correlated with competitive employment outcomes in a state mental health system. Researchers used a supported employment fidelity scale to rate programs at ten community mental health centers in Vermont. The staff at the centers concurrently assessed competitive employment outcomes for 2,639 clients who had been diagnosed as having severe and persistent mental illness. Higher competitive employment rates were strongly correlated with overall program fidelity and with two program components, namely, providing services in the community as opposed to providing them in the clinic and using full-time employment specialists as opposed to staff with mixed roles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Employment status, employment characteristics, and women's health.

This study looked at characteristics of employment which are related to positive health among women. Aspects of employment which may account for health status differences between employed women and those not in the labor force were also studied. The subjects were 1140 adult females, aged 18 through 64. Medical record data covering seven years of inpatient and outpatient services were linked with survey data of the respondents. For all ages, women employed in jobs with a higher degree of social support and integration had better health than women in jobs with little social support and integration through work. The findings suggest that the social support and integration gained through work is a salient aspect of employment which contributes to health status differences between employed women and those not participating in the labor force.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Employment after coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery in patients employed at the time of revascularization.

BACKGROUND: Patients who undergo coronary angioplasty have a shorter convalescence than those who undergo coronary bypass surgery. This may improve subsequent employment. OBJECTIVE: To compare employment patterns after coronary angioplasty or surgery. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Seven tertiary care hospitals. PATIENTS: 409 employed patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. INTERVENTION: Coronary bypass surgery or balloon angioplasty. MEASUREMENTS: Time to return to work and time spent working during 4 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Patients who underwent angioplasty returned to work 6 weeks sooner than patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery (P < 0.001), but long-term employment did not differ significantly (P > 0.2). Long-term employment was significantly lower among patients who were 60 to 64 years of age (P < 0.001), those who worked less than full-time at study entry (P < 0.001), and those who had less formal education (P = 0.005). Patients with only one source of health insurance were more likely to continue working (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Faster recovery after angioplasty speeds return to work but does not improve long-term employment, which is primarily associated with nonmedical factors.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Which employment interview skills best predict the employability of schizophrenic patients?

To examine the effects of verbal and nonverbal interview microbehaviors and interview characteristics on employability, Simulated Employment Interviews were conducted with 46 psychiatric inpatients who each met the DSM-III criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Each interview was videotaped and shown to two raters, who generated independent ratings for six microbehaviors (eye-contact, facial gestures, body posture, verbal content, voice volume, and length of speech) and six subject characteristics (motivation, self-confidence, ability to communicate, manifest adjustment, manifest intelligence and overall interview skill). A panel of three Commonwealth Employment Service psychologists viewed the same videotaped interviews and generated employability ratings. Verbal and nonverbal microbehaviors were relatively independent while subject characteristics were highly interdependent. Microbehaviors and characteristics correlated at a high level. Of the 12 interview microbehaviors and characteristics, manifest adjustment and ability to communicate accounted for 64% of the total variance in predicting employability. Interviewees who were perceived as behaving in an adjusted manner and as being good communicators were rated as more employable.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Epilepsy and employment: the Americans with Disabilities Act and its protections against employment discrimination.

People with epilepsy often encounter discrimination. Some cultures have established prohibitive laws limiting access to employment, restricting marriage, and denying driving privileges. It is not enough to repeal such laws. Legislation, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), is needed to provide protections against discriminatory practices. The definitions and standards of the law provide clear guidance to employers and workers with disabilities regarding their rights and responsibilities in the workplace. The ADA is proving to be an effective means of addressing allegations of employment discrimination brought forward by people with seizure disorders, although it has not increased the number of people with disabilities who are employed. However, in combination with rehabilitation counseling and employer education, legislative protection can assist people with epilepsy to be more successful in their pursuit of employment opportunities.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed2004

Employment status, employment conditions, and limiting illness: prospective evidence from the British household panel survey 1991-2001.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the relation of the incidence of, and recovery from, limiting illness to employment status, occupational social class, and income over time in an initially healthy sample of working age men and women. METHODS: Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: There were large differences in the risk of limiting illness according to occupational social class, with men and women in the least favourable employment conditions nearly four times more likely to become ill than those in the most favourable. Unemployment and economic inactivity also had a powerful effect on illness incidence. Limiting illness was not a permanent state for most participants in the study. Employment status was also related to recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Having secure employment in favourable working conditions greatly reduces the risk of healthy people developing limiting illness. Secure employment increases the likelihood of recovery. These findings have considerable implications for both health inequality and economic policies.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Breastfeeding and employment: an assessment of employer attitudes.

Both research and anecdotal reports suggest that maternal employment is associated with failure to initiate breastfeeding and early breastfeeding attrition. The objective of this study was to describe the experience with and attitudes toward breastfeeding of a sample of employers in a small Midwestern city in the United States. Based on an analysis of 85 mail-out questionnaires, we found that less than half of the employers had personal experience with breastfeeding. A large percentage of the sample, however, indicated that they would be willing to facilitate women who wished to breastfeed or express milk in the workplace. However, these employers also stated that they saw little value to their business of supporting breastfeeding in the work environment. Thus, enhancement of breastfeeding opportunity in the work environment may come as a result of public and employer education but, more likely, will require some type of directive from official sources.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Competitive employment and workers with mental retardation: analysis of employers' perceptions and experiences.

The results of a survey of three groups of employers (employers of workers with mental retardation who received (a) supported competitive employment services, (b) only job placement services, or no known services) in Virginia were reported. Employers were generally satisfied with the performance of workers with mental retardation, but they were more satisfied with the performance of those who were receiving supported competitive employment services.

Attitude↗