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PubMed2002

Editorial independence at medical journals owned by professional associations: a survey of editors.

The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of editorial independence at a sample of medical journals and the relationship between the journals and their owners. We surveyed the editors of 33 medical journals owned by not-for-profit organizations ("associations"), including 10 journals represented on the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (nine of which are general medical journals) and a random sample of 23 specialist journals with high impact factors that are indexed by the Institute for Scientific Information. The main outcome measures were the authority to hire, fire, and oversee the work of the editor; the editor's tenure and financial compensation; control of the journal's budget; publication of material about the association; and the editor's perceptions about editorial independence and pressure over editorial content. Of the 33 editors, 23 (70%) reported having complete editorial freedom, and the remainder reported a high level of freedom (a score of > or = 8, where 10 equals complete editorial freedom and 1 equals no editorial freedom). Nevertheless, a substantial minority of editors reported having received at least some pressure in recent years over editorial content from the association's leadership (42%), senior staff (30%), or rank-and-file members (39%). The association's board of directors has the authority to hire (48%) or fire (55%) the editor for about half of the journals, and the editor reports to the board for 10 journals (30%). Twenty-three editors (70%) are appointed for a specific term (median term = 5 years). Three-fifths of the journals have no control over their profit, and the majority of journals use the association's legal counsel and/or media relations staff. Stronger safeguards are needed to give editors protection against pressure over editorial content, including written guarantees of editorial freedom and governance structures that support those guarantees. Strong safeguards are also needed because editors may have less freedom than they believe (especially if they have not yet tested their freedom in an area of controversy).

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Talking it over with the gals: an analysis of editorials by Phyllis Stern.

Editorials written by a journal editor proved a glimpse of that individual's philosophy and opinions about topical events. The purpose of the present project was to analyze the editorials of Phyllis Noerager Stern during the years that she served as editor-in-chief of Health Care for Women International (1983-2001). Using ethnographic content analysis, 65 editorials were examined to ascertain: (1) what event triggered the editorial; (2) what aim or objective could be identified; and (3) what rhetorical devices the editor employed. Personal narratives and editorials about the abuse/exploitation of women made up the largest categories. Stern's grounded theory orientation, fascination with other cultures, and zest for life were evident throughout the corpus of editorials.

Editorial Policies↗
PubMed2004

Composition of the editorial boards of leading medical education journals.

BACKGROUND: Researchers from the developing world contribute only a limited proportion to the total research output published in leading medical education journals. Some of them believe that there is a substantial editorial bias against their work. To obtain an objective basis for further discussion the present study was designed to assess the composition of the editorial boards of leading medical education journals. METHODS: The editorial boards of the three leading medical education journals according to their impact factor were retrieved from the respective January issue of the year 2003. We evaluated in which countries the editorial board members were based and classified these countries using the World Bank income criteria. RESULTS: Individuals from a number of countries can be found on the editorial boards of the investigated journals, but most of them are based in high-income countries. CONCLUSION: The percentage of editorial board members which are based in developing world countries is higher for the leading medical education journals than in most of their psychiatry and general medicine counterparts. But it is still too low.

Developed Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Textual analysis of tobacco editorials: how are Key media gatekeepers framing the issues?

PURPOSE: The news media's potential to promote awareness of health issues is established, and media advocacy is now an important tool in combating tobacco use. This study examines newspaper editors' perspectives of tobacco-related issues. DESIGN: This study presents a textual analysis of tobacco-related editorials. The data consist of editorials on tobacco from a sample of 310 U.S. daily newspapers over the course of 1 year (2001). Data were sampled from a random one-third of the days per month, yielding 162 editorials for analysis. A qualitative textual analysis was conducted. Each editorial was coded for theme, position, and frame. We analyzed the topics gaining editorial attention and the arguments made to support various perspectives. RESULTS: Editorials discussed a variety of both positive and negative news events, largely conveying support for tobacco-control objectives. Various organizing frames were used-supporting policy interventions, condemning the industry, highlighting individual rights, and expressing general cynicism were most prevalent. CONCLUSION: Editors largely promoted tobacco-control efforts, particularly policy advances. There was, however, little coverage of key issues such as health effects and addiction-perhaps because they are no longer perceived to be contentious. Advocates should seek to address this area and minimize the cynicism of key media gatekeepers to avoid undermining policy and individual change efforts.

Editorial Policies↗
PubMed2001

Women on the editorial boards of major journals.

PURPOSE: To determine the percentages of women on the editorial boards of general and specialty medical journals in comparison with the numbers of women physicians in the journals' respective specialties. METHOD: The numbers of women editors, deputy editors, assistant editors, and members of editorial boards of 12 major journals in 1999 were counted and compared with the percentages of women physicians in the journals' specialties, as published by the American Medical Association. RESULTS: Parity between the percentages of women on editorial boards of specialty journals and women physicians in the journals' specialties was found for five journals. Only one journal had more women on the editorial board than there were women physicians in the specialty. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than half of the journals studied had parity between the percentages of women members of editorial boards and the percentages of women physicians in the specialties. Parity should be maintained to accurately reflect the numbers of women physicians in these fields.

American Medical Association↗
PubMed1990

Editorial peer review in US medical journals.

This study determined if the process of editorial peer review is the same for all medical journals. Two categories of indexed US medical journals were examined: group 1 consisted mainly of well-known, clinically oriented journals, while group 2 was composed primarily of interdisciplinary or specialized journals. Data were collected through a series of interviews and questionnaires. All 16 group 1 editors or managing editors were interviewed. Questionnaires were mailed to 124 group 2 editors (69.4% were returned). Results showed that, although some of the practices of editorial peer review are the same, the two groups of journals had distinct editorial peer review practices. Group 1 made less use of editorial peer review than group 2 by relying on the editorial staff at several important decision points.

Interviews as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Editorial board of the Russian journal of immunology: the 2003 update.

The year 2002 has been, probably, the most complicated and eventful in the short history of the RJI. During that year many projects planned by the Editorial Board in the beginning-middle of the year 2001 started to become a reality. Unfortunately, one of the main initiators of these projects - Editor-in-Chief of the RJI, Professor Anatoly N. Cheredeev - cannot witness this success. On May 3rd, 2003 it will be a year since A.N. Cheredeev died. One of the important projects that we have accomplished is the creation of a joint Internet site of the RSI and the RJI that provides online access to the full text of articles of the journal. Although this «Russian Immunology» site (www.rji.ru) still needs a lot of work, it already takes a noteworthy place among other immunology resources on the Internet. The number of visitors of this site increased in four times during 2002, reaching more than 1500 users a month. A second important project accomplished during the past year has been the inclusion of the RJI to the biggest international bibliographic databases. At the beginning of 2002 the RJI was added to the list of indexed and cited journals of the oldest database - the Chemical Abstracts. In addition, we are glad to announce that the complete archive of articles published in the RJI has just been added to the most popular and visited bibliographic database, the Index Medicus/Medline/PubMed. Following the tradition every two years the RJI makes changes in the Editorial Board. The reasons for these changes are the advances in the field of Immunology, the establishment of new research directions, the opening of new laboratories, and the appearance of new scientific leaders. The incorporation of these new leaders into the Editorial Board improves the journal productivity, making the review process more effective and attracting new interesting authors. We would like to introduce the new members of our Editorial Board.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed2002

Effects of editorial peer review: a systematic review.

CONTEXT: Editorial peer review is widely used to select submissions to journals for publication and is presumed to improve their usefulness. Sufficient research on peer review has been published to consider a synthesis of its effects. METHODS: To examine the evidence of the effects of editorial peer-review processes in biomedical journals, we conducted electronic and full-text searches of private and public databases to June 2000 and corresponded with the World Association of Medical Editors, European Association of Science Editors, Council of Science Editors, and researchers in the field to locate comparative studies assessing the effects of any stage of the peer-review process that made some attempt to control for confounding. Nineteen of 135 identified studies fulfilled our criteria. Because of the diversity of study questions, methods, and outcomes, we did not pool results. RESULTS: Nine studies considered the effects of concealing reviewer/author identity. Four studies suggested that concealing reviewer or author identity affected review quality (mostly positively); however, methodological limitations make their findings ambiguous, and other studies' results were either negative or inconclusive. One study suggested that a statistical checklist can improve report quality, but another failed to find an effect of publishing another checklist. One study found no evidence that training referees improves performance and another showed increased interrater reliability; both used open designs, making interpretation difficult. Two studies of how journals communicate with reviewers did not demonstrate any effect on review quality. One study failed to show reviewer bias, but the findings may not be generalizable. One nonrandomized study compared the quality of articles published in peer-reviewed vs other journals. Two studies showed that editorial processes make articles more readable and improve the quality of reporting, but the findings may have limited generalizability to other journals. CONCLUSIONS: Editorial peer review, although widely used, is largely untested and its effects are uncertain.

Peer Review, Research↗
PubMed2002

Psychology's public image in "Topics of the Times": commentary from the editorial page of the New York Times between 1904 and 1947.

Between 1904 and 1947, the New York Times published in a section of its editorial page, "Topics of the Times," 196 commentaries on psychology. Prior to World War I, the majority of editorials centered on Hugo Münsterberg; psychological topics most frequently examined after the war were the mental test, child rearing advice, and psychoanalysis. Although the Times was enthusiastic in its support for psychology in the years immediately before and after World War I, editorial opinion soon turned negative. Critical of psychology for promising more than it could deliver, being inconsistent in its assertions over time, and not rising above the level of common sense, Times editorials weighed heavily on the side of undermining, rather than promoting, psychology's credibility from the late 1920s to 1940s.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2005

[The editorial quality of hospital drug prescriptions in the Ile de France area. A study by the Health Insurance].

OBJECTIVES: To assess the editorial quality of drug prescriptions made by hospital for ambulatory patient (outpatients or on discharge from hospital). METHODS: This study was based on 500 drugs prescriptions with bills which were presented to the National Health Scheme for reimbursement during July 2000, from hospital centres within the Ile de France area. In a second phase, the sub-group of prescriptions for patients on discharge from hospital were analysed and permitted comparison of the results obtained with those of a study conducted in a university hospital centre in 1997 on this type of prescription. RESULTS: In most cases, these prescriptions were drawn up during a medical consultation at the hospital (57%), on discharge from hospital (25%), or after a visit to a department of emergency unit (10%). The principal mistakes in editorial modalities were the omission of compulsory identification elements for the patient, the practitioner and the health care facility: only 17% of the prescriptions associated all these elements. In 41% of the cases, the identification of the hospital was missing, the prescriber's name in 18% and his/her function in 64%, the patient's family name was missing in 6% of the cases, and first name in 31%. Analysis of the contents of the drug prescriptions showed that 95% bore sufficient detail for the drug to be dispensed. The non-respect of rules regarding the duration of prescriptions for anxiolitics (23%) and notably hypnotics (62%) was observed. Potentially dangerous drug interactions and contraindications concerned 8% of the prescriptions studied. Comparison with other studies on the subject in the Ile de France area showed converging results regarding errors made and the absence of any improvement in editorial quality since 1997. CONCLUSION: This study underlines the poor editorial quality of hospital prescriptions. The development of a standardised prescription and promotion of a computerised system would reduce the number of errors that may result from such prescriptions.

Drug Interactions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[REBEn's golden editorials].

The present work has been prepared having as its source a renewed reading of the Editorials from REBEn written in the years of 1970 to 1980. To the intention of plucking from in-between lines motivations, attitudes, values, beliefs, inclinations, ideologies, and principles, not always so clearly seen when the product of a reading destituted from the systematic effort of method, we have coupled the option of contents analysis considered to be an aggregate of techniques. Methodology encompassed three stages in the analysis work: preanalysis, analytical description, and inferential interpretation. Expected results included moving beyond the manifest contents, and gave rise to the visualization of latent contents. Such an inferential dimension allowed to recognize how bright or "golden" (Dourados) these Editorials are, above all because they irradiate real values, in addition to the formal ones. These interpretations have not discharged the use of the subjective dimension when establishing the relation between the Golden of the Editorial's author and what issues from the ensemble of the analyzed Editorial production.

Brazil↗
PubMed1999

Editorial quality, diffusion and bibliometric indicators of the Revista Espaãnola de Enfermedades Digestivas.

AIM: To evaluate the editorial quality, diffusion, relevance of the scientific content, and the publication practices of the specialised journal Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We checked 136 parameters based on ISO standards, the recommendations of scientific and editorial organisations, and studies of scientific editing and international publishing practices for biomedical journals. Diffusion was calculated using national and international databases, specialised libraries in Spain, and Internet sources. The analysis of the scientific content and publication practices was based on bibliometric indicators for the journal, authorship, and contributions. The sample for this study comprised six alternate issues of volume number 88 (1996), the last issue of this volume, and the first issue of volume 89 (1997). The samples used for the bibliometric analysis varied depending on the characteristics of specific indicators and the availability of information. RESULTS: The overall mean value for compliance with standards was 46.1%, while the real mean was calculated at 72.21%. The editorial procedures at the journal are similar to those of analogous international journals. The Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas is included in international databases of biomedical journals, and in the interdisciplinary international database SCI. It was found to be present in 70% of the medical libraries of Spanish universities, and in 73% of the hospital libraries studied. Bibliometric indicators showed co-authorship to be 5.5%; the origin of the authors grouped by province and by type of institutional affiliations showed 27.8% of all authors to be from Madrid, and that more were affiliated with general hospitals than with university hospitals. The mean delay between initial receipt of a manuscript and its publication was 300 days. Cocitation analysis gave the journal a central position amongst the 38 Spanish biomedical journals considered representative of the field. The journal's impact factor for 1996 was 0.260. CONCLUSIONS: The Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas is a high-quality vehicle of research results, and has acceptable internal editorial procedures. The journal is widely distributed, though its visibility on the Internet should be improved. Co-authorship is similar to that seen in other medical journals. Steps should be taken to make this journal better known within Spain, and to reduce the delay between the initial receipt and the final publication of manuscripts. Its impact factor is increasing steadily.

Authorship↗