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PubMed1995

[An epidemiological investigation of eperythrozoon infection in human and animals. A Collaborative Research Group on Eperythrozoonosis].

This paper reported an epidemiological investigation on human and animal Eperythrozoons infection in five districts from three provinces in China. The results showed that Eperythrozoon infection appeaned in human as well as in swines, sheep and cats. Due to geographical variations, the infectious rates showed significantly difference both in human and in animals. The infection rate in human was not associated with sex, age or occupation. Some questions related to the epidemiology of Eperythrozoonosis were discussed in this article.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Significance and course of a cold agglutinin in Eperythrozoon suis infection of swine].

After infection with Eperythrozoon suis, pigs began to produce cold agglutinins of immunoglobulin type IgM, that because of the similarity between the pathogenic antigen and antigen on the erythrocyte membrane caused agglomeration. The progression of this cold agglutinin was measured with an enzyme immunoassay especially invented for this purpose, and compared with serum-IgM, agglutination strength, pathogenic effect as well as number of erythrocytes in the blood. The cold agglutinin extracted from the erythrocyte membrane at 40 degrees C showed, in comparison to the initial figures, a higher level (1259 micrograms/ml) at 6 days after the illness peak, reaching its maximum (2435 micrograms/ml) at 12 days. Similar results were achieved at lower extraction temperatures (22 degrees C, 0 degree C). A high correlation could be shown between the levels of IgM and of cold agglutinin, as well as the parallel increase in the agglutination strength of the blood. At the time of maximal pathogenic effect, no agglutination of blood was observed. The number of erythrocytes decreased in acute phases of an attack to a constant mean of 2.32 Mill./microliters of blood and then increased, at the same rate as the cold agglutinin level decreased, almost reaching normal values. These experiments confirm the fact that an organism following an infection with Eperythrozoon suis, begins to produce cold agglutinins. Due to structural similarities between the pathogen and the erythrocyte antigen the cold agglutinin causes temperature dependent agglutination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1993

Eperythrozoon--a lesson for arbovirologists.

Eperythrozoon was detected in suckling mice inoculated with a suspension of nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks. The organism was filterable through 220 nm Millipore membranes, moderately sensitive to diethyl ether, pathogenic to suckling but not to adult mice when given intracerebrally, intraperitoneally or subcutaneously, and mimicked an arbovirus. Eperythrozoon should be considered as an agent potentially interfering with experiments performed on laboratory mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Infertility associated with Eperythrozoon wenyonii infection in a bull.

A 16-month-old Charolais bull was examined because of acute onset of scrotal and hind limb edema, fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, anorexia, and lethargy. Scrotal circumference on initial examination was 48 cm. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included microcytic, normochromic anemia and numerous Eperythrozoon organisms in blood smears. Results of immunohistochemical staining of a skin biopsy specimen suggested that the edema was the result of an Arthus-type reaction. Semen quality deteriorated rapidly, and the bull was aspermic within 7 days. The bull was treated with oxytetracycline, and the anemia and edema gradually subsided. Eperythrozoon organisms were not detected in blood smears after 3 days. Six months after initial examination, results of physical examination and semen evaluation were normal. We hypothesize that scrotal edema caused failure of testicular thermoregulation, resulting in transient production of abnormal sperm and infertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[An epidemiological investigation of eperythrozoon infection in human and animals (II)].

This paper reported an epidemiological investigation on human and animals infection of eperythrozoon in 1 provinces. The results showed that eperythrozoon infection appeared in human as well as in swines, sheep, cats, donkeis and chickens. Due to geographical variations, the infection rates showed a significant difference, both in human and animals. The infection rate was not associated with sex, age or occupation in human, but was associated with seasons in animals. High peak of infection rates in animals was in May, June, July and August.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[An epidemiological investigation of eperythrozoon infection in human and animals (III)].

This paper reported an epidemiological investigation on human and animal infection to Eperythrozoon in 5 provinces. The results showed that Eperythrozoon infection existed in human as well an in animals in those provinces. Due to geographical variation, the infection rates were different. The infection rate was not associated with sex and age in human. The overall infection rate of different Eperythrozoonoses was higher than in healthy humans. The cases of Eperythrozoonoses among human and pig-herd were reported in this paper.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1953

Acute hepatitis associated with mouse leukemia. IV. The relationship of Eperythrozoon coccoides to the hepatitis virus of Princeton mice.

The hepatitis of Princeton weanlings was not prevented by the prior injection of terramycin nor was the virus inactivated by exposure to room temperature. Eperythrozoon coccoides was not demonstrable in blood films from Swiss and Princeton mice infected with the corresponding type of hepatitis virus. Combined infection with this virus and eperythrozoa, originally obtained by Dr. R. B. McGhee from mice in association with Plasmodium berghei, was attended by the appearance of numerous organisms in the blood. The development of eperythrozoa in dually infected Princeton mice had no effect on the outcome of the hepatitis. In Swiss mice, animals with high natural resistance to hepatitis virus, the pathogenicity of this agent was markedly enhanced by combined infection with eperythrozoa. Eperythrozoa were maintained throughout 18 successive passages in normal Princeton and Swiss weanlings with intact spleens. The combined infection of Princeton mice with eperythrozoa and the virus component of Gledhill, Dick, and Andrewes, which is nearly inactive when injected alone, resulted in acute hepatitis with fatal outcome.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Chemotherapeutic efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate on experimental Eperythrozoon ovis infection in sheep.

Non-splenectomised Cheviot and Soay sheep experimentally infected with Eperythrozoon ovis were treated subcutaneously with two doses of 4 mg/kg of imidocarb dipropionate 24 hours apart. A rapid reduction in E. ovis parasitaemias following the first injection of imidocarb was observed and E. ovis organisms were not demonstrable 48 hours after the first treatment. However, recrudescences of infection were observed 14 and 28 days after treatment in the Soay and Cheviot sheep respectively. Side-effects associated with treatment were registered in the Cheviot sheep but not in the Soay sheep.

Anaplasmataceae Infections↗
PubMed1986

Anaplasma marginale, Eperythrozoon wenyoni: lectin reactions with bovine erythrocytes.

Normal bovine erythrocytes were agglutinated with four of five lectins specific for different oligosaccharides. The order of reactivity was wheat germ greater than ricin greater than soybean greater than peanut. Concanavalin A did not agglutinate normal bovine erythrocytes. After neuraminidase treatment of normal bovine erythrocytes, each lectin agglutinated the cells with decreased concentrations of lectin, verifying that partial removal of sialic acid exposes more of each lectin's binding sites or alters the binding site such that fewer molecules of lectin are required to initiate agglutination. A change in agglutination of erythrocytes using soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin occurred when cells were obtained from cattle infected with Eperythrozoon wenyoni. The results suggested that an alteration in erythrocyte membranes occurred as a result of this infection as manifested by the increased recognition of both the soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin receptor carbohydrates. A similar effect was indicated with erythrocytes obtained during an acute Anaplasma marginale infection; however, an ensuing reticulocytosis masked the effect, requiring the use of fluoresceinated lectins to verify that increased binding of each lectin occurred with infected cells when compared to normal cells.

Anaplasmataceae Infections↗
PubMed1987

Effect of Eperythrozoon ovis on the lysis of sheep erythrocytes in the complement fixation test.

When erythrocytes from sheep experimentally infected with Eperythrozoon ovis were used in the titration of reagents for a standardised complement fixation test, increased amounts of both haemolysin and complement were required for erythrocyte lysis compared with preinfection titrations. The haemolysin requirement increased by up to 125% at 55 days post-infection and complement requirement increased by up to 40% at 40 days post-infection. These changes appeared to correlate with the development of a macrocytic anaemia in affected sheep rather than E. ovis parasitaemia. The results emphasise the need to carefully monitor the haematological parameters of sheep used as sources of erythrocytes for the complement fixation test.

Anaplasmataceae Infections↗
PubMed1992

Isolation of cold agglutinins in Eperythrozoon suis-infected pigs.

A simple and reliable procedure is described for isolating the cold agglutinins associated with Eperythrozoon suis-infection in swine. After initiating microagglutination by cooling the blood samples, the erythrocytes were separated by density-gradient centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque, resuspended in RPMI-medium and warmed to 40 degrees C. The cold agglutinins could be removed from the supernatant by a subsequent centrifugation. Double immunodiffusion, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting showed that the cold agglutinins isolated consisted of IgM antibodies exclusively. Their ability to induce agglutination in cooled erythrocytes from healthy pigs confirmed that they were genuine cold agglutinins. The method paves the way for more detailed investigation into the mechanisms of this agglutinating disease.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1982

A case of apparent suppression of Anaplasma marginale infection by eperythrozoonosis (Eperythrozoon teganodes).

The apparent suppression of Anaplasma marginale infection by Eperythrozoon teganodes in a splenectomized calf has been reported. A splenectomized calf, inoculated with 500 ml of blood having 23% erythrocytes infected with A. marginale, developed eperythrozoonosis on the fourth day post inoculation. A. marginale parasitaemia remained very low during the patent eperythrozoonosis. A. marginale parasites started to increase in number only after E. teganodes infection had been controlled with neoarsphenamine. A splenectomized calf treated identically, but not showing E. teganodes parasites in the peripheral blood, developed clinical anaplasmosis and fulminant parasitaemia within 3-4 days post inoculation.

Anaplasmataceae Infections↗
PubMed1983

Pathogenicity of Eperythrozoon suis alone and when mixed with Babesia trautmanni in experimentally-infected pigs.

The pathogenicity of a single infection with Eperythrozoon suis and of a mixed infection of E. suis and Babesia trautmanni in experimentally-infected pigs, was described. In the pigs with a single infection, parasitaemia of E. suis was observed 4 days after blood inoculation. Although parasitaemia with this parasite was also observed on the 4th day in a mixed infection, the parasitaemia of B. trautmanni was not noted until 14 days after inoculation at a period when that of E. suis had started to fall. No parasitaemia was observed in any of the pigs in the splenectomized and unsplenectomized uninoculated control animals. The pigs carrying either single or mixed infections had pyrexia and their temperatures were consistently higher than those of the control animals. Infected pigs also showed anaemia with significant decline in Pcv, Hb and RBC values. The total WBC count rose in the infected pigs and the rise was more pronounced in pigs carrying E. suis alone. In addition, it was only in pigs infected by E. suis alone that a decline in the percentage of neutrophils and a rise in percentage lymphocytes was observed.

Anaplasmataceae Infections↗
PubMed1989

Role of the spleen and rosette-formation response in experimental Eperythrozoon ovis infection.

The role of the spleen and rosette-formation responses was investigated in sheep experimentally infected with Eperythrozoon ovis. Phagocytic activity was observed in the spleen 19 days after primary infection. Phagocytosis of E. ovis-parasitised and non-parasitised erythrocytes by cordal reticular cells occurred. E. ovis organisms seemed to be detached from the erythrocytes by pseudopodia extending from macrophages and cordal reticular cells without causing damage to the plasmalemma of the erythrocyte. No phagocytic activity was observed in spleens removed 74 and 146 days after infection. Antigen-specific lymphoid cell responsiveness, assessed by rosette formation, indicated that 2.8, 15.4, 8.0 and 6.0% of lymphoid cells in the spleens of the four E. ovis-infected sheep, respectively, formed antigen-specific rosettes. Rosette formation did not occur when splenic lymphocytes from E. ovis-infected sheep were mixed with non-infected erythrocytes or when splenic lymphocytes from an uninfected sheep were used.

Anaplasmataceae Infections↗
PubMed1993

On the transmissibility of Eperythrozoon suis by Stomoxys calcitrans and Aedes aegypti.

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus), and the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), were utilized to determine their capability to transmit Eperythrozoon suis Splitter between swine. Three groups of each insect in each trial were allowed to feed on a pig previously infected with E. suis and then transferred to susceptible splenectomized pigs. As a control, one group of each insect was fed on a non-infected pig and then transferred to a susceptible pig. Stable flies were transferred immediately and following a delay of 1, 4, 24 h and 7 days. Aedes aegypti were transferred immediately and following a 7 day delay. Successful transmission was accomplished in three of 15 pigs to which stable flies were transferred immediately and in nine of nine pigs to which A. aegypti were transferred immediately. No pigs became infected when there was a delay before transfer to the susceptible pig. All controls remained non-infected. This indicates that the stable fly and A. aegypti are likely to be mechanical vectors of E. suis under natural conditions. Differences in vector efficiency may be due to differences in mechanisms of blood-feeding which could affect the placement of the inoculum of E. suis.

Aedes↗
PubMed1996

In vitro maintenance of Eperythrozoon suis.

In vitro maintenance of Eperythrozoon suis was attempted using a Petri dish erythrocyte culture system. In preliminary experiments, the optimal conditions for maintaining E. suis attachment to erythrocytes during incubation were anticoagulation with heparin or citrate solution, incubation with 5 or 10% CO2 at 37 degrees C, and incubation with reduced or non-reduced Eagle's minimum essential medium. Using heparin, a CO2 incubator and reduced Eagle's medium (rEM), E. suis metabolic activity was evaluated by measuring glucose consumption, and lactate and pyruvate production. Glucose consumption and lactate production were measurable while pyruvate production was not detected. Erythrocyte integrity was improved by the addition of inosine although no effect was observed on maintenance of E. suis attachment to erythrocytes or the rate of glucose consumption. To determine whether the glucose consumption observed in culture was due to E. suis glycolytic activity or enhanced erythrocyte glycolytic activity, the effect of E. suis killing by EDTA addition to medium was evaluated using rEM containing inosine (rEMI). Glucose consumption decreased proportionally with the decline in the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes induced by EDTA, indicating that glucose consumption was due to E. suis. In a subsequent experiment, the effect of different types of serum (pig or fetal calf serum) and different gaseous environments (5% CO2 incubator or candle jar) were evaluated using rEMI. Glucose consumption by E. suis was significantly increased by the addition of fetal calf serum; however, no difference in the maintenance of E. suis attachment to erythrocytes and in E. suis glycolytic activity was observed between a 5% CO2 incubator and a candle jar. Finally, the effect of medium refreshment (rEMI containing fetal calf serum) was evaluated. Maintenance of E. suis parasitism on erythrocytes and E. suis glycolytic activity were significantly improved by frequent medium refreshment. The maintenance system developed enabled successful metabolic radiolabeling of E. suis for protein/antigen analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Detection of Eperythrozoon suis DNA from swine blood by whole organism DNA hybridizations.

A procedure is described for isolating Eperythrozoon suis DNA of sufficient quantity and purity to serve as a probe in whole-organism DNA hybridizations for detecting parasitized swine. The E. suis organisms were isolated from the blood of infected swine; the DNA was recovered and digested with restriction endonucleases and resolved on agarose gels. In DNA hybridizations using recovered E. suis DNA, blood samples from parasitized swine could be differentiated from uninfected, control samples. A high salt lysate recovery technique was used in sampling swine whole blood for E. suis DNA and found to offer many advantages in the collection and recovery process.

Animals↗