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PubMed2002

Polychlorinated biphenyl toxicokinetics and P4501A responses in anadromous Arctic charr during winter emaciation.

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicokinetics and hepatic P450 (CYP) 1A activities were studied in wild anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) during winter emaciation. The fish were captured as they returned from summer feeding in seawater and were held without food over winter. In September the fish were given a single, oral dose of either 0 (control), 0.1, 1, or 50 microg PCB/g fish. During winter a net loss of PCB occurred from the carcass (including gut), whereas net inputs and increases in concentrations of PCB in the liver and brain occurred with increases in brain PCB concentrations being up to 10-fold. Hepatic CYP1A activities were positively correlated with the PCB dose in October. In the fish given 1 mg PCB/kg fish in September, however, a 12-fold increase in CYP1A activity occurred from October to May. This increase in CYP1A activity was observed during a period in which the body burden of PCB decreased by 20%. These results demonstrate that interpretations of the CYP1A biomarker response must be made with caution. Overall, the findings point to potentiated risks of biological effects of PCB during periods of emaciation.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[The differential diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Coincidence of somatic disease and psychogenic emaciation (author's transl)].

Three female patients with cachexia are reported in whom a psychogenic emaciation (anorexia nervosa) had been assumed. The postpubertal onset of the disease, deliberate limitation of diet, vomiting and subsequent emaciation and--in 2 patients--amenorrhea, as well as demonstrable experience of conflict supported this. The disease ran a lethal course. Autopsy revealed serious somatic diseases (stenosis of the ileum in two cases and brain tumor in one); their symptoms had been largely overlapped by those of anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Change in signal intensity on MRI of fat in the head of markedly emaciated patients.

The amount of fat in various parts of the body decreases in emaciated patients, but responds differently to disease processes. The order of disappearance of fat in various parts of the head has rarely been studied with MRI. We imaged ten patients with anorexia nervosa and one cachectic patient with a psychiatric disorder with a 1.5 T imager. Signal intensities of bone marrow of the skull, subcutaneous tissue, and orbits were assessed on T1- and T2-weighted images, and correlated with the body mass index (BMI) and haemoglobin concentration (Hb). On T1-weighted images, five patients (BMI 15.6-17.8 kg/m2, mean 16.6 kg/m2; Hb 10.1-14.2 g/dl, mean 13.8 g/dl) showed the normal pattern of fat. One (BMI 13.6 kg/m2, Hb 10.4 g/dl) lost the high signal of bone marrow, but high signal of subcutaneous tissue and the orbits was preserved. High signal from bone marrow and subcutaneous tissue disappeared in three patients (BMI 11.5-13.5 kg/m2, mean 12.5 kg/m2; Hb 7.9-9.7 g/dl, mean 8.7 g/dl), but orbital high signal was preserved. The remaining two patients (BMI 9.3 and 13.5 kg/m2, mean 11.5 kg/m2; Hb 7.6 and 8.9 g/dl, mean 8.3 g/dl) showed complete loss of high signal from fat in the head. The order of disappearance of fat (bone marrow, subcutaneous fat, then orbits) correlated with both BMI and Hb. Atrophy of bone marrow was demonstrated on T2-weighted images in five patients with BMI 13.5 kg/m2 or less, and Hb 9.7 g/dl or less.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1988

Atypical Prader-Willi syndrome with severe developmental delay and emaciation.

A young boy showed features of Prader-Willi syndrome including hypotonia, cryptorchidism, a mildly dysmorphic facial appearance, a high-arched palate and an open triangular-shaped mouth, but had additional symptoms such as simian creases and multiple joint ankylosis in early infancy. Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15(q11.2 to q13) was recognized. A muscle biopsy specimen showed variation in fiber size with hypertrophic type 1 fibers, type 2 fiber smallness, type 2B fiber paucity and an increased number of type 2C fibers. At the age of 4 1/2 years, he still showed severe developmental delay with severe muscle hypotonia, weakness and emaciation.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

Fine structure of rat liver, adrenal, testis and seminal vesicle in experimental emaciation.

Experimentally emaciated male rats were produced by a bilateral electrical destruction of a part of hypothalamus. In a typical case, when the animals were fixed by perfusion, dissected, and organs weighted, the body weight became 1/2 of the control in 10 weeks. The weight of the viscera (including the subserous fat) was more decreased in comparison with the controls than the weight of the body wall (including extremities and the subcutaneous fat). The weight of the liver became 1/3, the adrenal 1/4, the testis 1/6 and the seminal vesicle 1/19 of the control. Light and electron microscopic examinations showed atrophy and fatty degeneration in the liver, atrophy of the zona reticularis in the adrenal, failure of spermatogenesis, especially at its spermiogenetic stage, in the testis, and an apoptosis in glandular epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle. Two weeks after partial hypothalamus destruction, the weight of the body wall was more decreased in comparison with the controls than the weight of the viscera. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. An experimental model of electron microscopical research of apoptosis are presented.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1990

Diencephalic syndrome of emaciation in an adult associated with a suprasellar craniopharyngioma--a case report.

An unusual association of diencephalic syndrome of emaciation, pituitary insufficiency for 2 years and suprasellar craniopharyngioma is described in a 45-year-old male. The tumour was found to be adherent to the anterior hypothalamic structures. Following partial excision, irradiation and hormonal replacement he regained his appetite, subcutaneous fat and body weight gradually.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1987

[Effects of leanness and emaciation on qualitative characteristics of the fatty tissue of cattle].

The purpose of the studies was to determine the basic composition, the total content of saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids of perirenal fat of cattle according to the degree of fatness. The studies were carried out on 60 cows of the lowland black-and-white breed at about 4 years of age, which were divided into 4 groups according to the degree of fatness: well-fed, lean, moderately and completely emaciated. It was found that with decrease of the fatness degree only the basic composition of perirenal fat changed significantly; the chemical composition of triglycerides remains virtually unchanged.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

[A juvenile case of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome with severe emaciation].

Most of the patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) are over 40 years of age at onset and have a malignant neoplasm, especially pulmonary small cell carcinoma. Juvenile cases of LEMS are rare and have not been reported in Japan. We report a 21-year-old women whose onset of LEMS was at 17 years of age. In the early stage of the disease, she had limb muscle weakness and was diagnosed has having seronegative myasthenia gravis (MG) based on decrementing response in low frequency repetitive nerve stimulation, positive edrophonium test, and negative serum anti-acetylcholin receptor antibodies. Serum anti-voltage-dependent-calcium-channel (VGCC) antibody was negative with an available assay system. She was thymectomized and received anti-cholinesterases, corticosteroids, and cyclophosphamide, but their therapeutic effects were not evident. Two years later, she was confined to bed due to sever emaciation (Her body weight reduced from 47 Kg to 27 Kg.), bulbar palsy, and limb muscle weakness. She needed respiratory support and tube feeding. Type II fiber atrophy, which is non-specific, but is a common finding in LEMS, was seen in the biopsied muscle of the patient. On the other hand, postsynaptic folds and clefts of all seven motor end-plates in the specimen were normal, which is against the diagnosis of MG. Recently, she was found to have anti-VGCC antibody with an improved assay system. Despite vigorous examination, no malignancy or other autoimmune disorders have been found. 3,4-Diaminopyridine was effective to improve limb muscle powers, but she is still bedridden.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Determination of the state of emaciation of eel (Anguilla Anguilla) in migration in coastal and estuary zones].

The objective of this work is to characterise the variations of the quality of the glass eels recruitment during a season of migration, from November till March and before and after the transition from marine to continental environment. The emaciation state measured from the ratio DNA/Dry weight and percentage of body water is analysed from a sampling of glass-eels collected at sea and in estuary, in the South of the Bay of Biscay during the migration period 1999/2000. The length and the mass are taken into account, they decrease during the season while the individuals are more and more pigmented. However, our work shows that groups of glass eels arriving on the coasts of the Bay of Biscay are homogeneous from the point of view of their energetic and hydride reserves with a high individual variability within these groups. Also no significant difference in losses of water and energetic reserve were observed among the individuals migrating at the beginning and during tide stream. Fluctuations of the biochemical indication and the percentage of water between the glass eels caught in sea and in estuary show that the transition between maritime and continental environment is not a mobilising event of a lot of energy for glass eels. Differences were only observed in December.

Anguilla↗
PubMed2003

Cryptosporidiosis associated with emaciation and proliferative gastritis in a laboratory-reared South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis).

A 2-year-old emaciated female South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) was euthanized because of chronic weight loss. At necropsy, there was no evidence of bacterial, fungal or viral disease; however, the histopathologic findings indicated a proliferative gastritis and the presence of numerous cryptosporidial stages throughout the intestinal tract. Crytosporidial oocysts were present in the water taken from the aquarium housing the infected frog and were likely shed by the sick frog; however, the exact source of the oocysts could not be identified. Water samples from other frog aquaria in the facility did not contain cryptosporidial oocysts. Some Cryptosporidium species are important zoonotic pathogens and, to our knowledge, this is the first report of disease associated with Cryptosporidium infection in a laboratory Xenopus laevis.

Animals↗