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PubMed1984

Acquisition of antibodies to various Coxsackie and Echo viruses and hepatitis A virus in agricultural communal settlements in Israel.

A seroepidemiological study was conducted to measure the antibody prevalence for eight different enteric viruses. These include seven "classical" enteroviruses, ie, Coxsackie virus types A9, B1, B3, B4 and three ECHO virus types 4, 7, and 9, as well as hepatitis A virus (HAV), recently classified as enterovirus 72. Sera samples were obtained from 791 residents living in 29 agricultural settlements (kibbutzim) with a total population of 15,950. The results indicated that the acquisition of antibodies to Coxsackie and ECHO viruses occurred at a significantly earlier age than to HAV. Prevalence of antibodies to Coxsackie and ECHO viruses at two to four years of age was 40%-69%, in contrast to 4% for HAV. At age 5-17 years, 85% had antibodies to five or more of the seven "classical" enteroviruses, as compared with 10% to HAV. The latter steeply increased to 63% for age group 18-24 years and reached a peak of 95% for age group 50 years and older. Prevalence of antibodies to ECHO and Coxsackie viruses were often found to be higher in in females than in males, within the age group of 18 years and older, but not in age groups 18 years and younger. Prevalence of antibodies to HAV was observed to be much higher in males than in females 18-24 years of age. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of individuals harboring antibodies to three or more and even up to five or more Coxsackie and ECHO viruses between those HAV-negative versus those HAV positive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The possible role of Coxsackie A and echo viruses in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes mellitus studied by IgM analysis.

IgM antibodies to Coxsackie B virus (CBV) have recently been observed in the serum of a relatively high proportion of children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In the present study, 108 IDDM patients below the age of 15 years, diagnosed during the period 1976 to 1985, were investigated at the onset of their disease by mu-antibody-capture radioimmunoassay (RIA) of IgM against seven different enterovirus antigens, namely virions of CBV serotypes 1-5 (CBV 1-5) and procapsids of CBV 3 and CBV 5. As has been shown the RIAs with virions give type-specific or narrow type-specific reactions, whereas procapsids react with IgM against both homotypic and heterotypic enteroviruses. The annual frequency of IgM against virions varied between 15 and 76% (mean 38%). IgM against CBV3 and CBV2 predominated, but IgM against the other serotypes was also observed. When procapsids were used as antigen, the frequency of IgM varied between 11 and 86% (mean 63%). With virions and procapsids, the corresponding variation was 44-100% (mean 70%). The total number of patients exhibiting virion-IgM was 41, whereas procapsid-IgM alone [indicating an infection with Coxsackie A virus (CAV) and/or echo virus (EV)] was detected in 36 patients. For 2 of the years, samples of serum from control groups were included. These showed a significantly lower frequency of IgM in both the virion and the procapsid RIAs. It is concluded that not only infection with CBV but also that with other enteroviruses, such as CAV and/or EV, may be involved in the pathogenesis of IDDM in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1961

Electron microscopic study of the cytopathology of ECHO virus infection in cultivated cells.

The cultivated monkey kidney cell is subject to changes when infected with ECHO viruses 6, 9, and 19. The electron microscope reveals three stages of infection: (a) initial stage. The nucleus appears granular with chromatin condensation on the nuclear envelope. The cytoplasm contains electron transparent vesicles and vacuoles forming nests. (b) Intermediate stage. The nucleus seems to diminish, appearing more pycnotic and displaced toward the periphery. The cytoplasm is filled with electron transparent vacuoles and vesicles, and dense masses as well as some spiral bodies are seen. The mitochondria retain their shape. Dense particles are seen, which are possibly of viral nature. (c) Final stage. The nucleus is contracted to a narrow strip close to the cellular membrane or is completely destroyed. The cytoplasm shows no apparent changes. Crystals are frequently observed in cells infected with ECHO viruses 6 and 19, consisting of dense particles with an average diameter of 14.4 mmicro ranging from approximately 13.2 to 15.6 mmicro for ECHO virus 6, and 14.5 mmicro ranging from approximately 12.5 to 16.5 mmicro for ECHO virus 19. These particles are clustered in hexagonal packages forming angles of 75 degrees and 105 degrees . The particles in most crystals are arranged in rows separated by a constant distance, the latter varying from one crystal to another and being approximately 1.5 and 2.5 times the distance between particles. Other particles were observed which, however, are not considered to be of viral nature.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2006

Nucleotide sequences of IRES domains IV and V of natural ECHO virus type 11 isolates with different replicative capacity phenotypes.

ECHO viruses (ECV) belong to the enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family and are the most frequently isolated from clinical and environmental samples. They are responsible for a wide variety of clinical syndromes involving most organs of the human body. We previously postulated that some of the variations in the recognition of ECHO virus type 11 (ECV 11) strains by a group specific monoclonal antibody (Mab) which we have studied could be explained by variations in their replicative capacity in cell culture and variations within the 5' nontranslated region (5' NTR) of their genomes. To support this hypothesis, the replicative capacity in cell culture and the nucleotide sequences of domains IV and V of the IRES of the genome of five ECV11 strains (the Gregory reference strain and four wild isolates) were determined, and analysed. Our results indicate that the replicative capacity of wild ECV11 isolates studied by one-step growth cycle in both HEp-2 and Vero cell cultures showed variations among strains in comparison with the Gregory reference strain. The clinical ECV11 strains replicated as well as the reference strain, however environmental strains displayed a phenotype with a significant reduction of replication. The sequences of ECV 11 strains showed significant conservation with that of the poliovirus (PV1) Mahoney strain The comparative examination of the predicted secondary structures revealed, that the nucleotide variations did not affect the secondary structure of stem-loop structure IV and V in the IRES element, however differences were especially observed in the apical stem region (nucleotides 483 to 509) of the domain V of the ECV11 strains and resulted in modification of the central stem structure.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1996

Natural isolates of ECHO virus type 25 with extensive variations in IRES sequences and different translational efficiencies.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the genome of three ECHO virus type 25 strains (the JV4 reference strain and two wild isolates) was determined. The 5'-UTR of the two isolates shared 85 and 82% nucleotide identity with the reference strain. The overall folding of the predicted secondary structure of the ECHO virus 5'-UTRs showed significant conservation with that of the poliovirus. Most significant differences were observed in specific domains of the predicted IRES of the wild isolates. The efficiency with which ECHO virus type 25 5'-UTRs promoted internal initiation of translation was examined in an in vitro translation system. At low doses of input RNA, all three 5'-UTRs were similarly efficient in promoting internal ribosome entry and behaved similarly to the poliovirus IRES in that downstream cistron translation was markedly stimulated by the addition of HeLa cell extracts to standard reticulocyte lysates. At high RNA doses, the JV4 5'-UTR was much more efficient than the other two ECHO virus 5'-UTRs. This difference was much less marked when reticulocyte lysates were supplemented with 20% HeLa S-10 extracts, which suggests that the two less efficient 5'-UTRs were characterized by a reduced binding capacity to at least one factor present in HeLa cells. In MRC5 cell S-10 extract, internal initiation of translation was stimulated from the IRES of all three ECHO strains, the M1262 IRES being the least stimulated.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1956

An endemiological study of enteric virus infections: poliomyelitis, coxsackie, and orphan (ECHO) viruses isolated from normal children in two socioeconomic groups.

An endemiological study of enteric viruses was conducted among 136 normal children, living in households in two socio-economic groups, over a 29 month period in Charleston, West Virginia. A repeatable seasonal incidence of enteric virus excretion was noted with over 90 per cent of isolations occurring in the months of June to October. Of 592 stools examined in District I, a lower socio-economic group, 8.3 per cent yielded virus as compared to 3.1 per cent of 966 stools examined in District IV, an upper middle class district with good environmental sanitation. Among the 77 viruses isolated in tissue cultures of monkey kidneys, 44 per cent were ECHO or orphan viruses, 37 per cent Coxsackie viruses, and 19 per cent poliomyelitis viruses. Among poliovirus carriers, and 15 family contacts, 10 individuals had simultaneous heterotypic and type-specific antibody responses. The heterotypic ones were usually present at low levels and were transient in nature. Family infection with certain orphan viruses was also evident from antibody development which occurred following isolation of virus in the sentinel child.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1974

Febrile illness in early infancy associated with ECHO virus infection.

Twenty-three infants less than six weeks of age with fever of 100.4 degrees F, or higher and no evidence of bacterial infection were seen at the Cincinnati General Hospital from July to December, 1971. Seventeen of these were admitted to the hospital; 15 were treated with penicillin and kanamycin for possible sepsis. Viral isolation was attempted on 21 of these infants, and ECHO viruses were isolated from 14 (66.7 per cent), compared to three (14.3 per cent) of 21 controls. Eleven of the 14 ECHO viruses isolated were type 4, and the other 3 were types 6, 11, and 25 respectively. Acute and convalescent serum was obtained from 11 of the 21 infants; seven had a fourfold rise in antibody to ECHO virus type 4. Most of the children had fever with irritability, six of the 23 had a fine maculopapular rash, and three had aseptic meningitis. This study suggests that ECHO viruses may be a significant cause of febrile illness in young infants during the summer and fall and may account for illnesses which lead to hospitalization as possible sepsis.

Case-Control Studies↗