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PubMed1977

[Development of a new testmethod for surface disinfection procedures. III. The impression method: influence of the test surface material and the types of microorganisms on the recovery rate (author's transl)].

The preceding test results appear to favour the impression method used for the testing of surface disinfection procedures. Further investigations were concerned with the selection of a suitable germ carrier. The high recovery rate of the bacteria and the invariably uniform quality of the germ carrier are the decisive criteria. Since a dependence on the type of germ was also to be expected, we checked Staph. aureus, Str. faecalis, E. coli, Kl. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa for their behaviour on PVC, varnished wooden surfaces, V 2A, rough and smooth glass, resopal, ceramic tiles with dull and glazing finish as well as on plywood. The germ carriers were contaminated quantitatively, dried, sprayed with distilled water to stimulate disinfection and examined after they were allowed to react for a period of 6 hours. A set of 10 germ carriers was examined simultaneously with 10 Rodac impressions. The data were checked by variance analytical methods and evaluated on the mean (or median) values. It was found that while the initial germ number was kept equal OP tiles and V 2A steel produced the highest germ yield. Plywood proved largely unsuitable. Among the test germs, E. coli and Kl. pneumoniae had the lowest adhesion; it was inferior to that of staphylococci and pseudomonads. However, for these 4 germ types 3 impressions per germ carrier suffice for a reliable assessment based on computations. The yield amounts to more than 90 per cent. 94 per cent of the Streptococci were also recovered with 3 impressions, but the absolute germ quantity was low. The use of this type of germ can be recommended only with reservation.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2026

Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella and Clinically Relevant Enterococcus From Faecal Samples of Conservation-Priority Captive Ungulates in a United Arab Emirates Urban Zoo: A Cross-Sectional Baseline Study.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a One Health challenge driven by microbial exchange among humans, animals and the environment. Zoological institutions offer useful settings for environmental AMR surveillance. This single-zoo cross-sectional study examined the occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic characteristics of nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) and clinically relevant Enterococcus spp. in faecal samples from 101 clinically healthy captive ungulates representing seven conservation-priority species at a major urban zoo in the United Arab Emirates. NTS was detected in 4/101 samples (3.9%), including serovars Schwarzengrund (n = 2), Kentucky (n = 1) and Chester (n = 1). Among the four recovered NTS isolates, all met the study MDR definition within the tested panel, including a Salmonella Kentucky ST198 isolate carrying multiple resistance genes and quinolone-associated mutations. Enterococcus spp. were detected in 77/101 samples (76.2%), dominated by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus casseliflavus (each 41.5%). Among 33 E. faecium/Enterococcus faecalis isolates tested phenotypically, resistance was generally low, with erythromycin and ciprofloxacin resistance each observed in 9.1%. One clinically important E. faecium isolate showed glycopeptide resistance and genetic markers associated with reduced daptomycin susceptibility. These single-institution cross-sectional data provide an initial regional baseline for AMR-relevant enteric bacteria in conservation-managed ungulates and identify priorities for broader longitudinal and interface-based surveillance.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Studies on the antimicrobial effect of natural and synthetic humic acids (author's transl)].

Preparations of humic acids extracted from different soils by various methods and model humus substances obtained synthetically by oxidation of hydroquinone and pyrocatechin are tested for growth inhibition of representative strains of human pathogenic microorganisms using a micro serial dilution technique. Within the concentration range of less than or equal to 2500 micrograms/ml 57 of 81 natural and also the two synthetic humic acids show antimicrobial activity with differing spectra. These substances inhibit St. epidermidis, St. aureus, Str. pyogenes, S. typhimurium, Prot. vulgaris, Ent. cloacae, Ps. aeruginosa and C. albicans, but not Str. faecalis and E. coli. The degree of activity or the sensitivity of test organisms, respectively, amounts to 2500--1250 micrograms/ml predominantly, partially 625--312 micrograms/ml and can reach values of up to 39 micrograms/ml with synthetic hydroquinone humic acid. The spectrum and degree of activity vary according to the origin and extraction mode of the natural humic acids. The in vitro evidence of efficiacy against human pathogenic microorganisms gives a rational basis of therapeutic use of substances of humic acid type in infectious conditions.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Effect of intestinal bacteria on incidence of liver tumors in gnotobiotic C3H/He male mice.

The effect of intestinal microflora on liver tumorigenesis was studied in gnotobiotic C3H/He male mice monoassociated, diassociated, or polyassociated with the following strains of intestinal bacteria: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium infantis, Clostridium indolis, C. paraputrificum, C. perfringens, C. innocuum, C. nexile, C. ramosum, C. clostridiiforme, Bacteroides multiacidus, Bacteroides fragilis, Veillonella alcalescens, V. parvula, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The incidence of liver tumors was higher in most of the gnotobiotes (67--100%) and conventionalized mice (82%) derived from the germfree mice than in the germfree mice (39%). The average incidence of tumor nodules in gnotobiotes associated with E. coli, S. faecalis, and C. paraputrificum was 2.9, which was significantly higher than that in the conventionalized animals (1.6). In contrast, the average incidence of tumor nodules in gnotobiotes associated with E. coli, S. faecalis, L. acidophilus, C. perfringens, and Bacteroides fragilis (0.9) was not significantly different from that in germfree animals (0.5). The present study demonstrated that the presence of certain intestinal bacteria is related to liver tumorigenesis in gnotobiotic C3H/He male mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[The effects of intestinal parasites on enteric bacterial flora].

Intestinal parasites, can cause malabsorption syndromes and shifts in intestinal bacterial flora. In this study 200 cases with parasitic infestations were examined in regard to their intestinal flora. The series included 96 giardiasis. 58 Ascariasis, 20 Oxyuriasis and 17 H. nana 14 T. trichiura, 8 Tenia cases. The stool cultures yielded mainly E. coli, Strep. faecalis and other gram negative enteric bacteria, yeasts along with uncommon species as B. subtilis, Herellea, Shigella at low frequencies. The control group of 50 patients without parasitic infestations had the same distribution ratio for the same species. The observed frequencies of the isolated bacterial species showed no significant differences between the parasite positive and control cases.

Enterobacteriaceae↗
PubMed1978

Assessment of wound contamination by wound irrigation. Experimental investigations on quantitative recovery of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.

The quantitative recovery of E. coli, S. faecalis and B. fragilis from operative abdominal wounds was investigated in pigs in an experimental model suitable for statistical calculations. Wounds were contaminated in groups of ten with different numbers of either a single bacterial species or a mixture of two species. The wound was irrigated with saline 20 minutes after contamination. Significant differences in recovery were found between the bacterial species investigated. Expressed as percentage of the number of bacteria used for contamination, the recovery for a given species was rather low, but it was constant and independent of the degree of contamination. The investigation did not suggest any principle difference in the recovery of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The clinical applicability of the method is not yet clarified.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Route of infection in extrahepatic biliary tract disease. I: Experimental evidence against an entero-hepatico-biliary cycle of bacteria.

E. Coli and Strep. faecalis inoculated intravenously in normal rabbits produced initial concentrations of 10(6) bacteria per ml blood. Culture of common duct bile collected continously via a catheter in the common duct, and of gallbladder bile aspirated by puncture, failed to demonstrate a passage of bacteria from blood to bile. Sterile common duct bile and gallbladder bile in the presence of high counts of viable bacteria in blood, gallbladder wall and liver tissue demonstrated that the intact biliary tract mucosa and the intactc liver form an effective barrier impermeable to E. coli or Strep. faecalis.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Survival of human enteric and other sewage microorganisms under simulated deep-sea conditions.

The survival of pure cultures of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus under simulated deep-sea conditions of low temperature (4 C), seawater, and hydrostatic pressures ranging from 1 to 1,000 atm was determined over a period exceeding 300 h. The viability of E. coli and total aerobic bacteria in seawater-diluted raw sewage subjected to these deep-sea conditions was also measured. There was a greater survival of both E. coli and S. faecalis at 250 and 500 atm than at 1 atm at 4 C. S. faecalis was quite insensitive to 1,000 atm, whereas with E. coli there was a 10-fold die-off per 50-h exposure to 1,000 atm. In contrast, V. parahaemolyticus and C. perfringens were quite sensitive to pressures exceeding 250 atm, and with both of these species there was a total loss of viability of approximately 10(8) cells per ml within 100 h at 1,000 arm and within 200 h at 500 atm. The viability of the naturally occurring fecal coliforms in sewage exposed to moderate pressures at 4 C was found to be similar to the survival patterns demonstrated with pure cultures of E. coli. The total numbers of aerobic bacteria in these sewage samples, however, stabilized at 500 and 1,000 atm after 100 h, and at 1 and 250 atm there was significant growth of sewage-associated bacteria, which apparently utilized the organic compounds in the seawater-diluted sewage samples. A preliminary classification of some of these bacteria indicated that approximately 90% (160 isolates) of the organisms that survived over a 400-h exposure to 500 and 1,000 atm were Arthrobacter/Corynebacterium species, and the representative organisms capable of growing at 1 and 250 atm in seawater at 4 C were gram-positive cellulose digesters and an unidentified gram-negative coccus. The significance of these results with respect to the contamination of the deep ocean with human pathogens and the possibility of sewage-associated microorganisms growing and competing with indigenous marine microbial flora in situ is discussed.

Arthrobacter↗
PubMed1975

Transport and metabolism of folates by bacteria.

Transport of labeled folic acid (PteGlu), pteroylpolyglutamates (PteGlu3-5), 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-methyl-H4PteGlu), and methotrexate in late-log phase cells of Lactobacillus casei was active, and subject to inhibition by unlabeled pteroylmonoglutamates, pteroylpolyglutamates, and iodoacetate, but not glutamate or glutamate dipeptides. Pteroylpolyglutamates were transported without prior hydrolysis and shared a common uptake system with pteroylmonoglutamates. The affinity and maximum velocity of PteGlun uptake decreased with increasing glutamate chin length (Km:PteGlu1, 0.03 mum; PteGlu3, 0.32 mum; PteGlu4, 1.9 mum; PteGlu5, 3.7 mum) and comparisons with growth response curves suggested that polyglutamates were more effectively utilized by L. casei, once transported, than monoglutamate. No concentration of 5-methyl-H4PteGlu3-8 inside the cells was observed. The major folate metabolites found in L. casei preloaded with high levels of [3H]PteGlu (0.5 mum) were 10-formyl-H4PteGlu2 and 10-formyl-PteGlu. Both compounds were released, the monoglutamate more rapidly. Pteroyltriglutamate formation appeared to be a rate-limiting step in intracellular metabolism. No 10-formyl-Pte-Glu was found in iodoacetate-treated cells and efflux was inhibited. Cells preloaded with low levels of [3H]PteGlu (7 nm) metabolized the vitamin to polyglutamate forms, the major derivatives being H4PteGlun. First order exit rates of labeled folate from preloaded L. casei indicated an inhibition of PteGlu uptake with time. Exit rates dropped from 0.05 min-1 to greater than 0.002 min-1 as intracellular folate was metabolized from monoglutamate to polyglutamate derivatives (n larger than or equal to 3). In the latter case, materials lost by efflux were breakdown products and no folate of glutamate chain length greater than two was released. Pediococcus cerevisiae actively transported 5-methyl-H4PteGlu but did not take up to 5-methyl-H4PTeGlu3-8. No active accumulation of 5-methyl-H4PteGlu was observed in Streptococcus faecalis.

Azides↗
PubMed1977

[Opsonizing activity of the serum of gnotobiotic guinea pigs contaminated with individual representatives of intestinal microflora].

The influence of contamination of germfree guinea pigs with individual representatives of the intestinal microflora (Bac. mesentericus, Bac. subtilis, S. albus, and S. faecalis) on the formation of the serum opsonic activity was studied. An increase of the opsonic activity to all the microorganisms on the 11th day after a corresponding monocontamination and a stimulating influence of the serum on the intracellular digestion of Bac. mesentericus and Bac. subtilis microbes was noted. As to the pathogenic microorganisms (E. coli 055), S. Faecalis only were capable of stimulating the serum opsonic activity. The results indicated the presence of an association between the microflora composition and the opsonic activity of the animal blood serum. The value of this index also depended on the properties of the phagocytosis object.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Intestinal bacterial flora in normal adults].

In this preliminary study we have examined 12 healthy men aged between 20-60 years, by three specimens each. All the isolated could be assigned to genera by biochemical tests and gas-liquid chromatography. The results showed a 10(8)/g concentration of aerobe bacteria in faeces and a 10(10)/g concentration of anaerobe non sporing bacteria. The results of the count of Clostridia showed a variability among the examined individuals. The predominant groups of aerobes in the faeces were found to be E. coli and S. faecalis spp. and the predominant group of non sporing anaerobes were Bacteroides and Bificobacteria. These results were similar to the data obtained from foreign AA., showing the predominance of anaerobes in the faeces and particularly of Bacteroides.

Actinomycetaceae↗
PubMed1977

[Bacteria and resistance patterns in bacteriuria of hospitalized patients (author's transl)].

During different periods in 1976 and 1977 the bacteria of hospitalized patients were selected at random in significant bacteriuria. The species determination was carried out exactly and the susceptibility to beta-lactam-and aminoglycoside antibiotics was investigated using the quantitative tube dilution test. The bacterial spectrum of 941 isolated strains is shown in Table I. E. coli was found in 50% only. The spectrum of bacteria is different in the various hospitals, caused by regional phenomenons of nosocomial infections (Table II). The sex distribution (Table III) shows that mostly E. coli and Strept. faecalis are isolated from women, and Klebsiella sp. from men. The difference is significant. May be there exists a sex specificity for some bacteria. The sensitivity tests include the antibiotics Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Mezlocillin, Azlocillin, Cefalotin, Cefamandole, Cefazolin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin and Amikazin (Table IV). Different sensitivity patterns could be established because of the exact species determination.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1975

Competitive effects of intestinal microflora on Vibrio cholerae in gnotobiotic mice.

The coexistence of Vibrio cholerae and several intestinal bacteria was determined in gnotobiotic mice. The bacteria tested included a Bacteroides sp, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens type A, 2 separate isolates of Escherichia coli, 2 different Lactobacilli, 2 separate isolates of Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas maltophilia, and Streptococcus faecalis. Each species of bacteria became established and was recovered repeatedly from the stools during the studies. No single strain or species was found that would eliminate V cholerae from these mice within 2 wk. Not until a combination of E coli, P mirabilis, and S faecalis was present in the mice did V cholerae disappear from the stools in 14 da.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The role of vaginal colonization with enterobacteriaceae in recurrent urinary infections.

Quantitative cultures of the vaginal introitus for Enterobacteriaceae, S. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were compared in 20 premenopausal normal women (200 cultures) to 198 consecutive cultures from 9 premenopausal women in between episodes of bacteriuria. Introital colonization in patients susceptible to urinary infections was significantly higher for E. coli (p equals 0.001), S. faecalis (p equals 0.001) and for the presence of any gram-negative pathogens (p equals less than 0.001). In addition, introital colonization with these bacteria occurred in larger numbers and persisted through consecutive cultures for longer periods in women with recurrent infections.

Enterobacteriaceae↗