Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Drug Usage”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Criteria for drug usage review of thrombolytics in acute myocardial infarction.

Thrombolytic drugs are now the mainstay of the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although their use is associated with reduced mortality, significant adverse effects can occur, especially if they are used inappropriately. Drug usage review of this group of drugs provides a measure of the appropriateness of their use. The development of criteria against which the use of these drugs can be compared allows the collection of qualitative and quantitative data on their use. Those criteria identified during this process include: evidence for, and accuracy of, diagnosis of AMI; when, where and how to administer the drug; what drug to use, and at what dose. Identification of potential adverse effects, measures of treatment success and the role of adjunctive therapy may also be included as part of a drug usage evaluation process.

Drug Utilization Review↗
PubMed1975

Drug usage review in a community hospital.

A simple and effective manual drug usage review program in a community hospital is described. Fifteen randomly selected charts are screened each month by a drug information pharmacist. Charts demonstrating questionable drug therapy are forwarded to a physician member of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee; those showing questionable drug administration practices are referred to the nurse member of the committee. These committee members screen the questionable charts and refer to the entire committee those cases which require further follow-up. The committee categorizes the problems and communicates its recommendations to the individual practitioners involved. Recommendations focus on the legal ramifications of FDA-unapproved drug usage. During the first two years of the program, 341 charts were screened for drug usage; 62 of these were referred to the pharmacy and therapeutics committee for further review. In 20 cases, the committee sent a letter to the prescribing physician or his department chairman; in 16 cases, letters were sent to nursing administration.

Drug Utilization↗
PubMed1978

Drug usage as determined under conditions of anonymity and high questionnaire return rate.

The present study had three principal purposes: (1) to collect, on one sample, information concerning lifetime usage of major drugs, overall frequency of usage, places and situations of initial usage, and exposure to drug usage through social group contacts; (2) to assure subjects of absolute anonymity in order to avoid biases introduced by identification of subjects; and (3) to obtain high questionnaire return rates in order to assure reduction of sample biases. A drug survey questionnaire dealing with marijuana, amphetamines, heroine, hallucinogens, tranquilizers, and antidepressants was administered in classroom settings to a total of 332 college students. Subjects did not record their names and thus were assured of complete anonymity. The return rate for questionnaires was 99.4%. Data were subgrouped for analysis to differentiate freshmen and upperclassmen and to differentiate males and females. For various subgroups, lifetime usage of marijuana and LSD ranged from 55 to 80.6% and from 14 to 30%, respectively. Current use ranged from 30.1 to 62.5% for marijuana and from 2.5 to 9.1% for hallucinogens. Sex differences were minimal, and usage levels were generally higher in upperclassmen than in freshmen.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1977

Detecting prescribing problems through drug usage review: a case study.

A retrospective drug usage review was performed on 1,033 randomly sampled prescription orders from the outpatient pharmacy of a hospital and clinic system. Prescription orders were screened in accordance with criteria based on daily dosage, length of therapy or quantity dispenced, diagnosis, and labeling. The results of the study point to a number of potential prescribing problems. In addition, the study demonstrates the feasibility of collecting and analyzing drug usage data on a retrospective basis.

Diagnosis↗
PubMed1978

Changes in drug usage and associated personality traits among college students.

This study was designed to determine if the trend toward stability of drug usage among college students has continued and to reexamine the relationship between six personality factors and drug usage which had been found in an earlier study. Results indicated that drug use has leveled off, although a relatively minor increase in marijuana use was noted. Results also indicated that four of the six personality factors remained moderately good predictors of drug usage. The implications of the findings that two of the factors were no longer predictive of drug usage were discussed.

Chicago↗
PubMed2007

Treatment practices and quantification of antimicrobial drug usage in conventional and organic dairy farms in Wisconsin.

The objective of this study was to develop a method to quantify antimicrobial drug usage and treatment practices on conventional and organic dairy farms that had been recruited to represent a broad spectrum of potential exposure to antimicrobial drugs. Data on disease prevalence and treatment practices of organic (n = 20) and conventional (n = 20) farms were obtained during a farm visit using a survey instrument. A standardized estimate of antimicrobial drug usage was developed using a defined daily dose (DDD) of selected compounds. Density of antimicrobial drug usage was expressed as the number of DDD per adult cow per year. Differences in prevalence and management of selected diseases between conventional and organic farms were identified. The overall estimated prevalence of selected diseases was greater for conventional farms compared with organic farms. Organic farmers reported use of a variety of nonantimicrobial compounds for treatment and prevention of disease. Conventional farmers reported that penicillin was the compound most commonly used for dry cow therapy and cephapirin was most commonly used for treatment of clinical mastitis. On conventional farms, the estimated overall exposure to antimicrobial drugs was 5.43 DDD per cow per year composed of 3.58 and 1.85 DDD of intramammary and parenteral antimicrobial drugs, respectively. Of total intramammary antimicrobial drug usage, treatment of clinical mastitis contributed 2.02 DDD compared with 1.56 DDD attributed to the use of dry cow therapy. Of total parenteral treatments, the distribution of exposure was 0.52 (dry cow therapy), 1.43 (clinical mastitis treatment), 0.39 (treatment of foot disease), 0.14 (treatment of respiratory disease), and 0.32 (treatment of metritis) DDD. For treatments of foot infections (0.33 DDD), respiratory infections (0.07 DDD), and metritis (0.19 DDD), the mean density of ceftiofur usage was significantly greater compared with other compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Drug usage screening criteria.

Screening criteria for adult use of 40 drugs and pediatric use of 10 drugs are presented. The reasons for presenting the criteria are to (1) document the specific screening criteria applied in a number of drug usage review studies, (2) provide a starting point for other groups wishing to develop criteria for drug usage review and (3) seek comments to be used in improving the criteria.

Drug Labeling↗
PubMed1991

Drug usage evaluation: H2-receptor antagonist use in 30 hospitals.

In this 30-hospital survey, data on usage, adverse drug reaction (ADR) rates, and drug interactions (DI) of the H2-receptor antagonists (H2RA) cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine were analyzed. Approximately 8% (1,768 patients) admitted to participating hospitals received an H2RA (range: 0.5 to 30%). Patients admitted to a critical care area were significantly (p less than 0.025) more likely to receive ranitidine, were more likely (p less than 0.005) to receive more than one H2RA, and were more likely (p less than 0.0005) to receive an H2RA for "stress ulcer" or a "history of peptic ulcer disease". Doses of the H2RAs were appropriate in less than 50% of cases. Sixty ADRs and 29 DIs were reported. There was no significant difference (p greater than 0.70) between cimetidine and ranitidine with regard to the number of ADRs reported; however, cimetidine was associated with a significantly greater (p less than 0.0005) number of reported DIs. The results of this utilization review indicate that H2RAs are frequently prescribed drugs in hospitalized patients. All ADRs and DIs were reported in patients in critical care areas, suggesting that these patients are "at risk" of developing side effects to H2RAs.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1978

Antimicrobial drug usage in general hospitals in Pennsylvania.

The Inter-Society Committee on Antimicrobial Drug Usage has conducted a survey of 20 randomly selected general hospitals in Pennsylvania. Records studied were of 5288 patients who either died or were discharged on 10 random days throughout 1974. About 28% of these patients received at least one antimicrobial drug during hospitalization. In 60% of the patients the drugs were given for treatment of infectious disease; in 30% they were given as prophylaxis for surgical or nonsurgical procedures. Prophylactic treatment was given for more than 2 days after a procedure in most cases, even though it is not considered effective after 48 h. Discontinuing prophylaxis after 48 h would reduce by 20% the use of antimicrobial drugs in hospitals. Overall, ampicillin and the cephalosporins were the most commonly prescribed drugs, with the more toxic drugs being used infrequently; over half of the patients given antimicrobial drugs had cultures taken. Both of these findings are consistent with accepted standards for antimicrobial drug usage.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Drug usage and health characteristics in noninstitutional retired persons.

A study was made of total drug usage (prescription, over-the-counter, social), health characteristics, and life satisfaction in 55 noninstitutional retired men and women whose average age was 70 years. The sample was purposively selected on the basis of involvement in peer group interaction networks. Among those using drugs, the average number taken per person was 2.0 prescription, 1.8 over-the-counter, and 1.8 social (alcohol, caffeine, nicotine), for a total of 5.6 drugs. For men the average was 7.5, and for women 4.7 drugs. Although drug interaction hazards from prescription drugs alone appeared to be minimal, examination of total drug usage indicated potential interactive hazards. Despite the number of chronic illnesses and physical impairments (5 and 1 per person respectively) and the number of drugs ingested, the respondents usually expressed overall satisfaction with their life condition. A commonly expressed dissatisfaction (males 75 percent, females 35 percent) was with government officials. Respondents had confidence in both their physicians' diagnoses and the effectiveness of the drugs prescribed. The findings that women reported more chronic diseases and physical impairments, and were relatively more dissatisfied with their life condition than were men, may be associated with their greater acquiescence with self-disclosure.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Sources of information on drug usage in Sweden.

Based on sales statistics, prescription habits and figures, interviews, and, in certain instances, on determinations of drug plasma levels, various aspects of drug usage in Sweden are examined. The working of the drug regulatory agency in Sweden is elucidated against the background of the above sources from which drug usage information is obtained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Drug usage evaluation: clarithromycin as sequential therapy.

A drug usage evaluation (DUE) of the new macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin was conducted at Christ Hospital and Medical Center, an 824-bed community teaching hospital in Oak Lawn, Illinois. The purpose of this DUE was to determine whether clarithromycin was being used as early sequential therapy following other parenteral antimicrobials as recommended by the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1981

the consultant pharmacist and analgesic/anti-inflammatory drug usage in a geriatric long-term facility.

The contribution of a consultant pharmacist to a 33-month study of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug usage by 210 elderly long-term patients was evaluated by a fifth-year pharmacy student. In the 143 patients who used analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents, significant changes were noted, viz, decreased use of codeine (p = .002); increased use of acetaminophen (p = .003) and anti-inflammatory agents (p = .020); increased regular scheduling of aspirin and acetaminophen; and an overall decrease in total drug usage from 7.2 to 4.8 drugs per patient. No effect was noted on the number of analgesics per patient, and the percentage of aspirin or propoxyphene or acetaminophen combinations used. A protocol was established for pain therapy, including a system of stop orders for propoxyphene and codeine.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Conceptual framework for drug usage review, medical audit and other patient care review procedures.

The following concepts are discussed: (1) quality assurance programs, (2) drug usage review, (3) utilization review, (4) peer review, (5) medical audit, (6) patient care audit and (7) medical care evaluation studies. A framework within which all types of hospital quality assurance mechanisms can be constructed is proposed and their interrelationships are described. The pharmacist's particpiation in the hospital's overall quality assurance program is stressed in two main areas-drug usage review, performed jointly with the medical staff, and quality assurance of pharmaceutical services, a peer review function of the pharmacy profession. These services are primarily drug distribution and control, drug information, clinical pharmacy, continuing education, and other pharmacy and pharmacist functions. Both functions may be viewed as parts of the pharmacy audit, one of several patient care audits within the facility. Pharmacists in skilled nursing facilities have quality assurance responsibilities similar to those of hospital-based pharmacists.

Drug Utilization↗
PubMed1991

A departmental model for drug-usage evaluation.

Using the departmental approach, the DUE process has been streamlined to involve one pharmacy discipline (e.g., etomidate, adult surgery), two or more disciplines (e.g., gamma globulin, adult medicine and pediatrics), or all disciplines (e.g., parenteral ranitidine evaluation) based on the extent of the drug-usage problem. The following advantages have been realized as a result of the departmental approach to DUE: the ability for all staff pharmacists to have input in the direction of the DUE program. At the Clinical Pharmacy Committee meetings, all pharmacists are given the opportunity to recommend drugs for usage evaluation. When a number of drug-usage problems are identified, DUEs are prioritized based on the workload of the pharmacists and the scope of the potential drug-use problem. the provision of service-specific evaluations of drug therapy. In addition to meeting the Joint Commission's regulations for DUE, these evaluations allow for each service to examine its individual compliance with the established standards. Service-specific action plans can then be developed to correct any deviations from acceptable practice. the ability to focus the evaluation on those patient populations primarily affected by the potential drug-use problem. the ability to maintain a systematic, ongoing DUE program while maintaining a service-specific approach to pharmacy practice. The satellite pharmacists have developed specialty or division-specific practices in pediatrics, adult medicine, or surgery. Using the matrix approach, pharmacists can contribute to DUE while maintaining a specialty practice.

Boston↗
PubMed1982

Patterns of antischistosomal drug usage in Qalyubia Governorate of the Nile Delta.

To further investigate factors responsible for the recently documented changes in schistosomiasis patterns in the Nile Delta, questionnaire-derived information on antischistosomal drug usage was obtained from a 25% systematic sample of 609 residents of a stable village in the south-central Delta. Ten percent of the population had received antischistosomal drugs during the previous 4 years. Most of the drugs administered were injectable compounds, and 92% of individuals receiving them failed to complete the treatment regimen. Additional sources of information from a village physician, a pharmacist and a major pharmaceutical corporation confirmed and expanded the survey findings, indicating that antischistosomal drug usage cannot explain the recently observed changing patterns of human schistosome infections in the Nile Delta region.

Administration, Oral↗