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PubMed2000

Does pretreatment of cavities effectively promote good marginal adaptation of glass-ionomer cements?

PURPOSE: The aim of this laboratory study was to evaluate the marginal sealing ability of four glass-ionomer cements in cervical restorations (Class V) using dye penetration. Two conventional (C-GIC) and two resin-modified (RM-GIC) cements were used either with or without dentin conditioning with polyacrylic acid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 96 cervical cavities of standardized size were prepared in vitro in the vestibular and lingual portions at the cementoenamel level of 48 premolars. The coronal margins were prepared in enamel, the apical margins were localized in dentin. The 96 cavities were randomly divided into 4 groups of n = 24 each. The cavities of each group were filled with one of the test materials, and only half of the cavities received a dentin conditioning for 20 s with polyacrylic acids before filling. The fillings were finished with a set of abrasive disks 24 h after setting. The restored teeth were stored in saline for 4 weeks and subjected to dye penetration. The depth of dye penetration along the coronal and apical margin was measured on 4 longitudinal sections of each tooth with a semi-automatic image analysis system at 40x magnification. RESULTS: Mean depth of dye penetration ranged from 0 (ChemFil superior without conditioner) to 0.13 mm (ChemFil superior with conditioner) at enamel sites, and from 0.02 (Fuji II LC with conditioner) to 0.74 mm (ChemFil superior with and without conditioner) at dentin sites. CONCLUSION: The conditioning of the cavities before filling improved the marginal adaptation significantly only in the Ketac-Fil group. Conventional glass-ionomer cements (C-GIC) in general demonstrated a lower sealing ability than the light-activated, resin-modified cements (RM-GIC). The adaptation of Photac-Fil quick is best without pretreatment--as recommended by the manufacturer.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of flowable composite lining thickness on Class II composite restorations.

This in vitro study aimed to investigate the influence of flowable composite lining with different thicknesses on the marginal quality and internal porosity of Class II composite restorations. Thirty-two intact molars, each prepared with two box-only Class II cavities, were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1, P60 filling alone; Group 2, ultrathin flowable composite lining/co-cured with overlaying composite; Group 3, thin lining/pre-cured and Group 4, thick lining/pre-cured. The teeth were then thermocycled for 1500 cycles (between 5 degrees C and 60 degrees C) and dye immersed for 24 hours. Exterior surface replicas of these restorations were fabricated before and after thermocycling and examined by SEM to evaluate percentages of the five marginal patterns. Data was statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA test. The teeth were subsequently sectioned longitudinally. The interface microleakage of cervical margin was measured as to the extent of dye penetration. Internal voids were separately recorded in the cervical interface and the cervical and occlusal halves of the restorations. Mann-Whitney test was applied to analyze the interface microleakage and internal voids. Results revealed that replicas of Group 4 presented the highest percentage of marginal openings both before and after thermocycling in SEM examination. Group 2 exhibited superior marginal quality in interface microleakage evaluation compared to the other groups, while Group 4 exhibited the worst. The pre-cured groups (Group 3 and 4) showed significant reduction in interface and cervical voids. Despite the reduction in interface voids, a thick lining may impair the marginal sealing, especially after thermocycling. It was concluded that a minimally thin flowable composite lining improved cavity adaptation and marginal sealing.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Compomers adaptation to Class I and V cavities in permanent teeth.

This study evaluated the adaptation of Compoglass, Dyract and Hytac to Class I and V cavities and the effect of etching on that adaptation. Sixty molars were used, divided for the three compomers used, which were subdivided for Class I and V and redivided into etched and nonetched cavities (5 each). Standard Class I and V cavities were prepared. The adhesives were applied and the cavities restored with the compomers. The restoration was finished and the cavosurface margins examined under the light microscope for any gap formation. The restored cavity was sectioned in two halves, which were fixed in glutaraldehyde and polished. The restoration-tooth interface was examined under the light microscope for any existent gap. Then one half from each tooth was prepared for SEM examination. The results revealed good adaptation of the compomers at the cavosurface margins except nonetched Class V cavities restored with Dyract. Restorations in Class V were more adapted than Class 1. Dyract and Compoglass showed better adaptation inside the cavity than Hytac. Cementum wall displayed good adaptation with all restorative materials. Etched cavities showed consistent hybrid layer formation whereas nonetched cavities showed interrupted hybrid layer with poor resin penetration.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2005

Marginal and internal adaptation of composite restorations using a resin liner on deproteinized substrate.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of resin liner on deproteinized substrate on marginal and internal adaptation of composite restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four recently extracted 3rd molars were selected. The crowns were sectioned in a mesio-distal direction, and the specimens were ground to expose a flat enamel area of at least 6 mm in diameter. Cavities were prepared on the central area of flattened surfaces. The specimens were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 12): SB - 1. Acid etch, 2. Single bond application (SB); NaOCl/SB - 1. acid etch, 2. 10% sodium hypochlorite solution application for 60 s (NaOCl), 3. SB; SB/PL - 1. acid etch, 2. SB, 3. protect liner F (PL); NaOCl/SB/PL - 1. acid etch, 2. NaOCl, 3. SB, 4. PL. All cavities were restored with Filtek Z250 and polished. The outer and internal margins were stained using Caries Detector (Kuraray), observed under the stereomicroscope, and transferred to a computer measurement program. The length of the gap was expressed as a percentage of the total length of the margins observed. Data (internal adaptation) were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS: There were no gaps at enamel outer margins in any specimen of any group. There was no statistically significant difference in internal adaptation between SB (18%) and NaOCl/SB (18%). NaOCl/SB/PL showed the worst internal adaptation (21%), with the higher percentage of internal gaps, statistically differing from SB/PL, which showed the best internal adaptation (12%). CONCLUSIONS: Resin liner can effectively enhance internal adaptation on demineralized dentin. However, on demineralized and deproteinized dentin it affects the internal adaptation of composite restorations negatively.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2003

Interfacial adaptation of a calcium aluminate cement used in class II cavities, in vivo.

The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the interfacial marginal adaptation of a calcium aluminate cement, Doxadent (DD), and to compare it intra-individually with a resin composite, Tetric Ceram/Syntac Single-Component (TC/SS), in Class II cavities. Sixteen Class II box-shaped, enamel-bordered cavities were prepared in eight premolars scheduled to be extracted after 1 month's service for orthodontic reasons. The interfacial marginal adaptation (internal surfaces) of the restorations was evaluated by a quantitative scanning electron microscope analysis using a replica method. DD showed a statistically significant, lower degree of gap-free adaptation to enamel compared with TC/SS: 84% vs. 93%. To dentin, DD showed a significantly better adaptation than TC/SS: 72% vs. 49%. A high frequency of enamel fractures perpendicular to the margins was observed for the DD restorations, which may be explained by an expansion of the calcium-aluminate cement. It can be concluded that DD showed a better adaptation to dentin while TC/SS showed a better adaptation to enamel. The dimensional changes of DD have to be investigated before clinical use can be recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Marginal adaptation and seal of direct and indirect Class II composite resin restorations: an in vitro evaluation.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the marginal adaptation and seal of posterior composite resin restorations made with direct (three-sited multilayering) or indirect (extraoral inlay) techniques. The influence on the marginal quality of the cervical finishing design (butt or beveled) and residual enamel height (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm up to the cementoenamel junction) was also evaluated. This trial was performed on sound, freshly extracted human molars. When residual enamel was less than 1.0 mm in height or 0.5 mm in thickness, indirect restoration resulted in superior marginal quality. For preparations with sufficient residual enamel height (greater than 1.0 mm), beveling of gingival margins appeared mandatory for good adaptation of direct restorations and beneficial to the adaptation of indirect restorations. Residual gingival enamel height and thickness demonstrated an influence on marginal quality only in indirect restorations with butt margins.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Clinical evaluation of self-etch adhesives in Class V non-carious lesions.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical performance of two self-etching and one total-etch adhesives in Class V non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL). METHODS: Two self-etching primers, Clearfil SE Bond and Hybrid Bond, and one total etch adhesive, Admira Bond, were placed in 195 NCCL. Restorations were evaluated at baseline, 1 and 2 years using the USPHS criteria. RESULTS: No restoration was lost after 1 and 2 years for all materials. There was no significant difference between the baseline and 2-year results for Admira Bond and Clearfil SE Bond restorations. In contrast, Hybrid Bond restorations showed significant deterioration in marginal adaptation and cavosurface marginal discoloration after 2 years. Also, there was no significant difference between Admira Bond and Clearfil SE Bond at each recall period.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2004

Dimensional accuracy of acrylic resin maxillary denture base polymerized by a new injection pressing method.

The purpose of this study was to confirm the dimensional accuracy of a newly developed injection pressing method for resin polymerization by making use of the internal electric resistance of resin to determine the optimal timing for resin injection. A new injection pressing polymerization pot with a built-in system to measure the internal electric resistance of resin was used for resin polymerization. Fluid-type resin was injected into the mold of a maxillary complete denture base under nine different conditions: three different timings for resin injection according to the electric resistance of resin dough (early stage: 11 Mohms; intermediate stage: 16 Mohms; final stage: 21 Mohms) and three different motor powers for resin injection (2000 N, 4000 N, and 6000 N). In the best polymerization condition (injected during the early stage of resin dough under a motor power of 6000 N), the adaptation of the denture base showed a statistically significant improvement compared with the conventional pouring method.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2000

Marginal microleakage in bonded amalgam restorations: a combined in vivo and in vitro study.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the marginal microleakage in bonded amalgam restorations in teeth extracted a month after restoration placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine teeth in a patient scheduled for complete extraction were selected. In each tooth, a buccal prepared cavity was treated with Scotchbond Plus and filled with high copper amalgam. In four teeth, a lingual unlined restoration was also prepared as control. A month later, all the teeth were extracted; seven teeth were immersed for 48 hours in a 0.05% basic fucsine dye solution and then sectioned. Sections were observed with a stereomicroscope at 10X. Results were statistically evaluated using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test for independent data. The remaining two teeth were sectioned and observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: Stereomicroscopic analysis revealed that 80% of bonded specimens did not exhibit dye infiltration at the enamel margin; the same percentage of bonded specimens showed partial infiltration at the cervical margin. In the unlined control specimens, there was a complete dye infiltration at both margins. SEM analysis revealed a good adaptation between resin and tooth and between resin and amalgam. CONCLUSION: Bonded amalgam restorations are effective in reducing marginal microleakage, particularly at the enamel margin.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Marginal adaptation of class II resin composite restorations using incremental and bulk placement techniques: an ESEM study.

This in vitro study compared marginal gap formation in class II resin composite restorations. Forty caries-free extracted molars were prepared in a standardized manner for class II restoration by one of four methods: bulk- or incrementally-placed light-activated resin composite (Amelogen), and bulk- or incrementally-placed chemically activated composite (Rapidfill). The restored teeth, after finishing and polishing, and thermocycling, were examined using environmental scanning electron microscopy. Marginal gap measurements at predetermined facial and lingual margin sites showed no significant differences between the two sites within any of the groups. Both the light- and the chemically-activated restorations showed no significant differences in mean marginal gap sizes whether they were placed by incremental or bulk techniques. Amelogen restorations placed by both methods had significantly larger margin gaps than those of each of the Rapidfill groups (P<0.05). Thus, although method of placement of a given material had no significant effect on the quality of marginal adaptation, both of the chemically activated resin composite restorations produced significantly smaller marginal gaps than both the bulk- and incrementally-placed light-activated composites.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed2001

Eighteen-month clinical evaluation of a filled and unfilled dentin adhesive.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a filled (OptiBond Solo) and an unfilled (Prime & Bond 2.1) "one-bottle" adhesive in Class V restorations after 18 months of clinical service. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with non-carious cervical lesions were enrolled in the study. A total of 101 lesions were restored using one of the adhesives and a hybrid composite resin. Enamel was not beveled, nor was any mechanical retention placed. The restorations were evaluated at baseline, and at 6 and 18 months after placement using modified USPHS criteria. RESULTS: Cumulative 18-month retention rates were 93.6% for OptiBond Solo and 98.0% for Prime & Bond 2.1. The difference in retention rates was not statistically significant. For OptiBond Solo, the only notable problems were interfacial staining and marginal adaptation, both of which were less than ideal in 9% of restorations. Marginal problems were slightly less frequent for Prime & Bond 2.1 restorations, but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Both adhesives provided Class V retention rates exceeding the 18-month, full acceptance guidelines set by the American Dental Association. Any additional benefit provided by the use of a filled adhesive was not detected in this 18-month clinical trial.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2003

In vitro evaluation of marginal and internal adaptation after occlusal stressing of indirect class II composite restorations with different resinous bases.

Composite inlays are indicated for large cavities, which frequently extend cervically into dentin. The purpose of this study was to compare in vitro the marginal and internal adaptation of class II fine hybrid composite inlays (Herculite, Kerr) made with or without composite bases, having different physical properties. Freshly extracted human molars were used for this study. The base extended up to the cervical margins on both sides and was made from Revolution (Kerr), Tetric flow (Vivadent), Dyract (Detrey-Dentsply) or Prodigy (Kerr), respectively. Before, during and after mechanical loading (1 million cycles, with a force varying from 50 to 100 N), the proximal margins of the inlay were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Experimental data were analysed using non-parametric tests. The final percentages of marginal tooth fracture varied from 30.7% (no base) to 37.6% (Dyract). In dentin, percentages of marginal opening varied from 9.2% (Tetric Flow) to 30.1% (Prodigy), however, without significant difference between base products. Mean values of opened internal interface with dentin varied from 11.06% (Tetric Flow) to 28.15% (Prodigy). The present results regarding dentin adaptation confirmed that the physical properties of a base can influence composite inlay adaptation and that the medium-rigid flowable composite Tetric Flow is a potential material to displace, in a coronal position, proximal margins underneath composite inlays.

Compomers↗
PubMed2001

Posterior composite restorations in primary molars: an in vivo comparison of three restorative techniques.

This in vivo study evaluated the clinical performance of class II restorations, in primary molars after 12 months. Three restorative techniques were used: filling the cavities in bulk; filling with three horizontal increments and placement in three horizontal increments using pre-polymerized composite inserts. The composite resin used was Prisma TP.H (Caulk-Dentsply) with the adhesive system ScotchbondMultipurpose (3M). Initially 90 class II restorations were placed in 27 patients from 8 to 10 years of age and followed-up for 12 months. After this period 55 restorations were evaluated for anatomic form, color alterations at the margins, presence of decay and marginal adaptation. The results showed that all groups presented similar rates of wear, the bulk insertion technique showed better results for marginal adaptation, color alterations of the margins and less presence of caries at occlusal margins, and that composite resin TP.H could be used in class II restorations in primary molars.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1999

Marginal adaptation of compomers in Class I and V cavities in primary molars.

PURPOSES: To evaluate in primary molars (1) the adaptation of three compomers in Class I and V cavities at the cavosurface margins and inside the cavity, and (2) the effect of cavity etching on such adaptation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The three compomers used were Compoglass, Dyract and Hytac. Sixty exfoliated primary molars were divided for the three compomers, which were subdivided into Class I and V (10 each) and subdivided again into etched and non-etched (5 each). Standard Class I and Class V cavities with the gingival margins at cementum were prepared. The cavities were restored with the three compomers used with or without etching the cavity. The restored cavities were finished and polished. The cavosurface margins were inspected under the light microscope. Then the restored teeth were sectioned into two halves. The cut halves were fixed in glutaraldehyde and the cut surfaces smoothed, polished and inspected under the light microscope for adaptation of the restorative material inside the cavities. One halve of each molar was prepared for SEM. RESULTS: The three compomers showed good adaptation at the cavosurface margin except the non-etched Class V cavities restored with Dyract. Compoglass and Dyract were well adapted inside the cavity better than Hytac. Cavity angles were common sites for adhesive pooling for all materials. SEM examination showed good adaptation of the restorative at enamel and cementum interface especially in etched cavities. The dentin-restorative interface showed consistent hybrid layer with resin tags in the etched cavities. However this layer was inconsistent in the non-etched cavities.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2005

Marginal fit of leucite-glass pressable ceramic restorations and ceramic-pressed-to-metal restorations.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Fabricating a feldspathic porcelain margin on a metal-ceramic restoration with a clinically acceptable marginal fit has proven to be a technique-sensitive procedure. Pressable ceramics are advocated to solve this problem. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the marginal adaptation of a pressable ceramic system when used with both all-ceramic and metal-ceramic crowns, with a traditional metal-ceramic restoration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 1.5-mm, 360-degree chamfer margin was prepared on a typodont maxillary central incisor. Polyether impressions were made and poured in a Type IV dental stone, and the following crowns were fabricated on individual dies: 15 metal ceramic restorations (MCR) (Ceramco II, Ceramco, and Argelite 60), 15 pressed-to-metal restorations (PTM) (CPC-MK, and Argelite 60), and 15 pressed ceramic restorations (PCR) (CPC-MK). The marginal fit of the crowns was evaluated every 90 degrees around the crown margin circumference under a microscope at original magnification x 45. A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare data (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The mean marginal discrepancy for MCRs was 94 +/- 41 microm, for PTMs, 88 +/- 29 microm, and for PCRs, 81 +/- 25 microm. The 1-way ANOVA showed no significant difference between groups ( P =.568). CONCLUSION: The marginal fit of pressed-to-metal (PTMs) and pressed all-ceramic crowns (PCRs) was similar to that of traditional metal-ceramic crowns (MCRs).

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2005

Clinical performance of a self-etching adhesive at 18 months.

PURPOSE: To test the null hypothesis that beveling and/or etching enamel would not affect the 18-month clinical performance of the self-etching adhesive Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB) in noncarious cervical lesions (NCCL). METHODS: With Institutional Review Board approval, 34 patients were enrolled in this study. A total of 120 NCCL was selected and assigned to four groups: (1) CSEB was applied without any cavity preparation; (2) CSEB was applied after beveling enamel; (3) CSEB was applied after etching enamel for 15 seconds with 35% phosphoric acid; (4) CSEB was applied after beveling and etching enamel. A microfilled composite resin was used for all restorations. RESULTS: At 6 months after initial placement, 120 restorations (a 100% recall rate) were evaluated. At 18 months, 87 restorations (a 72.5% recall rate) were available for evaluation. A survival rate of 100% was measured for all groups at both 6 and 18 months. Sensitivity to air decreased significantly only for Group 3 (no bevel+acid etch) from baseline to 18 months without statistical changes from 6 months to 18 months. None of the other parameters resulted in significant differences for any of the four groups. However, when data were pooled, both the overall marginal discoloration and the overall marginal adaptation were significantly worse at 18 months than at baseline, while sensitivity to air decreased significantly from baseline to 18 months. The 18-month survival rate of the self-etching adhesive Clearfil SE Bond was not improved by enamel bevel or by enamel etching. Both overall marginal adaptation and overall marginal discoloration were worse at 18 months than at baseline. .

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2002

Microleakage and wall adaptation of conservative restorations.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the microleakage and wall adaptation of different restorative materials in sealed and unsealed conservative restorations after storage in an acid environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 conservative cavity preparations were prepared in the occlusal surface of 50 non-carious, extracted human permanent molar teeth. The teeth were divided into 5 groups and restored with either flowable compomer, compomer, amalgam, resin-based composite or non-bonded resin-based composite (control). One half of the restorations in each group was sealed with a light cured unfilled sealant material, while the other half was left unsealed. The teeth were placed in artificial saliva for 30 days, radiographed, thermocycled 500 times, placed in an artificial caries solution, immersed in dye, sectioned three times, and recorded at x60 magnification. Three independent examiners assessed each of the 300 recorded sections for leakage and assessed each radiograph for wall adaptation using a slide projector. Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney nonparametric tests were used to analyze the results. RESULTS: Sealed restorations showed significantly less leakage than unsealed (P < 0.001). Of the sealed groups, amalgam showed less leakage than flowable compomer (P = 0.027). Of the unsealed groups, flowable compomer showed less leakage than both composite groups (P = 0.032 and P = 0.045). Radiographically, the two compomer groups and the amalgam group had fewer adaptation voids than both composite groups (P < 0.001).

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microleakage and marginal hybrid layer formation of compomer restorations.

The tested hypotheses of this study were that dentin enamel bonding agents (DBAs) proposed for compomers create a hybrid layer (HL) that seals the margins of Class V restorations and HL is free from voids or gaps on both enamel and dentin margins. For purposes of this study, Class V restorations (n = 70) were made in vitro at the CEJ in extracted third molars. Different systems (bonding agent + compomer) were selected. After finishing with discs, each margin was polished with diamond polishing paste for one minute, treated with a 2.5% NaOCl gel for 10 seconds and washed with deionized water to remove polishing debris and non-infiltrated collagen. All restorations were immersed in dye solution for 24 hours, then inspected along the margins. SEM analysis was used to evaluate the morphology of the marginal HL and microleakage tests to evaluate their ability to seal the margins of restorations. Marginal leakage was observed along the dentin and enamel margin. A thin marginal HL (0.5-1.2 microm) was detected only along the dentin margin of several bonding systems but not along the enamel margin. Porosities and gaps were detected along margins when no HL was observed. The results demonstrated that the tested bonding agents for compomers produced a thin marginal hybrid layer, especially along the dentin margin. Microleakage had a relationship with the morphology (gap, porosities and thickness) of this hybrid smear layer. In conclusion, the DBAs tested specifically developed for compomers did not ensure an intimate interfacial adaptation, because microleakage was detected along the enamel and dentin interfaces and the marginal hybrid layer was only partially homogeneous.

Adult↗