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PubMed1978

Demographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of readmission: a one-year follow-up.

Follows up an earlier investigation in which demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatric patients were used to predict readmission within 3 months of discharge. In the initial study, stepwise multiple regression analysis identified six variables as the optimal set of predictors for readmission within 3 months of discharge: type of discharge, number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations, race, suicide attempt within 1 month of admission, subjective report of depression upon admission, and occupational level (R = .452). In the present study the same sample was followed up at 1 year after discharge, and demographic and clinical variables were used to predict readmission within 1 year of discharge. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified three variables as the optimal set of predictors for readmission within 1 year of discharge: past history of suicidal behavior, subjective report of depression upon admission, and number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations. Changes in predictors as a function of length of follow-up period are considered, and implications of the findings for identifying high-risk readmission candidates are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Relationship among environmental and demographic variables and teacher-rated hyperactivity.

This study assessed the role of environmental and demographic factors in the occurrence of teacher-rated hyperactivity. The subject group consisted of 79 hyperactive and 81 nonhyperactive children ranging from 5 to 12 years of age. Parents of the subjects were interviewed to obtain information regarding the environmental and demographic factors of sex, race, birth order, number of siblings, frequency of change of residence, income level, mother's age, father's age, educational level of mother, educational level of father, parents' marital status, and the method of child discipline used in the home. Comparison between the the hyperactive and nonhyperactive groups suggested nonsignificant differences with the exception of sex (p less than .001), in which the ratio of hyperactive males to hyperactive females was 5:1.

Child↗
PubMed2026

Latent profile analysis of pregnant exercise adherence and the relationship with demographic and socio-psychological factors: a multicentre cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy physical activity (PA) and exercise benefits both mothers and babies, but requires sustained adherence. Many pregnant women fail to meet recommended levels. The reasons for low adherence comprised fluctuating physiological and environmental factors. This study aims to identify discrete profiles of pregnant women based on exercise adherence and to examine differences in demographic and socio-psychological factors across these profiles. METHODS: A survey was conducted among 1,255 pregnant women in three hospitals in Shenzhen, Dongguan, and Shunde, China, using the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS), the Pregnancy Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (P-ESES), and the Pregnancy Physical Activity Social Support Scale (P-PASSS). In the analysis, EARS items were scored higher, indicating a healthier state (e.g., sufficient time and energy). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was employed to classify adherence profiles, and multinomial logistic regression was used to examine differences in demographic, self-efficacy, and social support across four groups. RESULTS: Four profiles of exercise adherence were identified: (1) Profile 1 (16.97%), characterized by deficits in time and energy, (2) Profile 2 (15.22%), a group with sufficient time resources but the lowest self-efficacy, (3) Profile 3 (43.98%), characterized by high adherence despite moderate barriers, and (4) Profile 4 (23.83%), a group with optimal exercise adherence, confidence, and resources. Women with higher P-ESES (OR: 1.14-1.38) and P-PASSS (OR: 1.04-1.06) scores were more likely to be in Profiles 3 and 4. Additionally, women's partners who never or occasionally exercise were significantly more likely to be categorized into Profile 1 (OR = 0.18 for Profile 4 vs. Profile 1). Furthermore, the first trimester emerged as a significant risk period for lower exercise adherence, whereas overweight/obesity was independently associated with higher odds of membership in Profile 4. CONCLUSION: The study identified four distinct profiles of exercise adherence among pregnant women. 32.19% of participants were in the two lower exercise-adherence groups. Pregnant women in Profile 1 were characterized by challenges related to a lack of time and knowledge. Participants in Profile 2 showed the lowest exercise self-efficacy and social support among the four profiles. Furthermore, women in early pregnancy were more likely to have lower adherence profiles. Hence, targeted interventions addressing these specific groups are warranted to improve exercise adherence during pregnancy.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Contrasting demographic patterns of minor psychiatric morbidity in general practice and the community.

The 60-item General Health Questionnaire was completed by 90% of 4798 patients aged 15--69 years who consulted, on one day, the general practitioners of 97% of practices in the Perth Statistical Division. A point prevalence rate of minor psychiatric morbidity in various demographic groups was calculated in terms of the population at risk. The demographic pattern of morbidity was compared with that found in a probability sample of 2324 community residents drawn from the same population at risk, and surveyed at the same time using the same time using the same screening instrument. Widowed persons, British-born men who had recently migrated to Australia, and lower-social-class men with minor psychiatric morbidity were under-represented in general practice. Elderly men and women in upper-class occupations with minor psychiatric morbidity were over-represented in general practice. These differences, unlike others that were found, could not be explained by differing consulting habits or by differing completion rates of the screening instrument.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The genetic and demographic impact of immigrants in a largely endogamous community.

Historical demographic data extending back approximately 300 years were analysed to determine the demographic and genetic impact of in-migrants to an endogamous Swiss Alpine village. In-migrants were involved in only 14% of the marriages recorded in the village. In addition, only slightly more than 50% of the in-migrants were represented in the 1970 gene pool of the village. However, in-migrants accounted for nearly 38% of this gene pool. This seemingly anomalous situation can be explained by the fact that while the fertility of in-migrants and the marriage rate among their children are reduced (accounting for the near 50% "drop-our rate" of in-migrants from the gene pool), the fertility of the children of in-migrants and the marriage rate among the grandchildren of in-migrants are increased relative to village natives (accounting for the high proportion of genes in the gene pool ultimately attributable to in-migrants). Our results clearly demonstrate that although this community forms an endogamous population, it is definitely not a genetic isolate. Other investigators are cautioned against automatic invocation of the simplifying (and, thus, extremely tempting) assumption that endogamy is equivalent to genetic isolation.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMed2025

Persistent Genomic Erosion in Whooping Cranes Despite Demographic Recovery.

Integrating in-situ (wild) and ex-situ (captive) conservation efforts can mitigate genetic diversity loss and help prevent extinction of endangered wild populations. The whooping crane (Grus americana) experienced severe population declines in the 18th century, culminating in a collapse to ~20 individuals by 1944. Legal protections and conservation actions have since increased the census population from a stock of 16 individuals to approximately 840 individuals, yet the impact on genomic diversity remains unclear. We analysed the temporal dynamics of genomic erosion by sequencing a high-quality reference genome, and re-sequencing 16 historical (years 1867-1893) and 37 modern (2007-2020) genomes, including wild individuals and four generations of captive-bred individuals. Genomic demographic reconstructions reveal a steady decline, accelerating over the past 300 years with the European settlement of North America. Temporal genomic analyses show that despite demographic recovery, the species has lost 70% of its historical genetic diversity and has increased its inbreeding. Although the modern population bottleneck reduced the ancestral genetic load, modern populations possess more realised load than masked load, possibly resulting in a chronic loss of fitness. Integrating pedigree and genomic data, we underscore the role of breeding management in reducing recent inbreeding. Yet ongoing heterozygosity loss, load accumulation, and persistent effects of historical inbreeding (i.e., background inbreeding) argue against the species' downlisting from its current Endangered status on the IUCN Red List and the Endangered Species Act. The presence of private genetic variation in wild and captive populations suggests that wild-captive crosses could enhance genetic diversity and reduce the realised load. Our findings emphasise the role of genomics in informing conservation management and policy.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Long-acting reversible contraception, condom use and sexually transmitted infections in developing countries: a multi-country serial cross-sectional analysis using demographic and health surveys.

INTRODUCTION: Unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major public health issues in developing countries. While long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) effectively prevents unintended pregnancy, there is limited evidence from large multinational studies on its association with condom use and STI-related outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the association between LARC use, condom use and STIs among women in developing countries. METHODS: This serial cross-sectional study extracted data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), a series of nationally representative household surveys conducted in developing countries. The analysis included women aged 15 to 49 years, with data on contraceptive methods and demographics. Generalised linear mixed effect models (GLMMs) were used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for condom use and self-reported STI-related outcomes, comparing LARC users with both non-LARC users and oral contraceptive users. Subgroup analyses were conducted at the individual level and at the country level. RESULTS: Data from 2 171 884 women across 31 countries were analysed. Overall, the prevalence of self-reported STI-related outcomes was 7.4%, 3.9% of participants used LARC, and 7.5% of participants reported consistent condom use. LARC users were significantly less likely to use condoms compared with non-LARC users (aPR=0.40, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.53) and compared with oral contraceptive users (aPR=0.61, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.78). LARC use was associated with a higher prevalence of STI-related outcomes compared with non-LARC users (aPR=1.19, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.28) and compared with oral contraceptives users (aPR=1.14, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.24). Associations were stronger in low-Human Development Index (HDI) countries, especially among younger women (15-19 years), but were not significant in high-HDI countries. Country-level heterogeneity was observed. CONCLUSIONS: LARC use is associated with reduced condom use and higher self-reported STI prevalence, particularly among younger women and in lower HDI developing countries. These findings support integrating STI prevention into LARC services and promoting dual-method use to prevent both unintended pregnancies and STIs.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Effects of community mental health services on state hospital admissions: a clinical-demographic study.

In a study to refine the methodology for evaluating the impact of community mental health centers on state hospital admissions, data were gathered on hospital patients' demographic and clinical characteristics as well as on total admission rates. The study covered total inpatients admissions to a Pennsylvania state hospital from two counties for ten time periods, both before and after the establishment of local community mental health services. The authors found few consistent changes on most of the clinical and demographic factors for patients from either county, which indicated that the expansion of community services did not lead to changes in the type of patients admitted to the state hospital. However, the data did suggest that the expanded community services reduced the state hospital admission rates and shortened the length of hospital stay.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Consulting rates of general practitioners by demographic groups in a defined community.

The demographic characteristics were recorded of 4798 patients aged from 15 to 69 years who consulted, for any reason, the general practitioners of 97% of the practices in the Perth Statistical Division on one day in 1971. A consulting rate in terms of the population at risk was calculated for patients of different sex, age, marital status, country of birth, and social class. Certain characteristics of the general practitioners were also related to the demographic characteristics of their patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Several demographic indices of isolated populations in Uzbekistan].

Demographic indices of isolated populations with high level of inbreeding are calculated. Demographic date within each population are given separately both for inbred families and for outbred ones. The data obtained revealed the higher frequency of life-born children in outbred families and significantly higher frequency of still-born in inbred ones, the frequencies of twin births being nearly the same in inbred families and in outbred ones. It should be mentioned that more boys were born in inbred families in comparison with outbred ones. Dimensions of genetic isolates are also calculated for each of above mentioned isolated groups.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed1979

Optometric manpower in Texas--Part I: Demographic characteristics.

The renewed emphasis in health planning within the last few years makes it imperative that optometric manpower be described as comprehensively as possible not only on a national level but also on a state level. This report utilized remittance advice forms completed during the 1978 license renewal cycle of Texas licensed optometrists to complete demographic, educational, and practice characteristics of actively practicing civilian optometrtists in Texas during 1977. Data was examined for the state as a whole and for each Health Service Area (HSA) in the state. A two part paper is presented... Part I, Demographic Characteristics and Part II, Educational and Practice Characteristics (Will appear in August issue).

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Trends in demographic and health survey publications based on a bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program, launched in 1984, provides high-quality population health data that underpins a vast body of global health research. However, the scale and growth patterns of DHS-based publications remain underexplored, particularly as donor funding uncertainties threaten program sustainability. OBJECTIVE: We examine temporal trends in DHS-based research output from 1984 to 2025, quantifying growth patterns and publication delays to inform understanding of the program's global research expansion. METHODS: A systematic bibliometric review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Dimensions, Wiley, and CINAHL. Eligible peer-reviewed articles using DHS data between 1984 and 2025 were identified. Annual publication counts were analyzed, segmented regression identified growth inflection points, and timeliness was assessed by calculating lag between survey completion and publication. RESULTS: Over 10,000 DHS-based publications were identified. Annual output rose from isolated studies in the 1980s to several hundred annually by the 2010s. Segmentation analysis revealed two rapid growth phases: a 56-publications/year increase from 2004-2012, and a 71-publications/year increase from 2012 to 2024. Despite this growth, median lag from survey completion to publication remained approximately 5 years, with only a modest recent improvement (Kendall's &#x3c4;&#x2009;=&#x2009; -0.623, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). CONCLUSION: DHS data have fueled exponential growth in global health research over four decades, confirming their vital role in evidence generation. However, persistent publication delays highlight the need to shorten the pathway from data collection to dissemination through strengthened research capacity in low- and middle-income countries. Sustained funding is essential to maintain this critical evidence source.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2026

Adaptation to seasonal drought in Arabis alpina is linked to the demographic history and climatic changes since the last glacial maximum.

Understanding how species adapt to new environments is a central goal in evolutionary biology, and a topical question in climate change research. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 426 individuals of the perennial, Arctic-alpine herb Arabis alpina to study demography and adaptation, with a focus on populations in Northern Spain, that experience warm and dry summers. Our inference supports a scenario in which A. alpina colonized Northern Spain in a range expansion event that started near the Alps around 216 thousand years ago (kya). During the last glacial episode (115 to 12 kya), this expansion proceeded westward, and effective population sizes were large across Europe, likely due to a larger suitable habitat for A. alpina. These ancient demographic events gave rise to a highly diverged genetic lineage in Northern Spain. In the present interglacial (between 12 kya and present), populations became increasingly fragmented, and lost genetic diversity across Europe. Furthermore, we detected signatures of selection at genes associated with responses to abiotic stress, including drought stress, and regulation of growth, for instance at SC5D and NAC055, which reflects the climatic changes since the last glacial period. Notably, an ancient polymorphism at the gene FRL1 emerged as a candidate for conferring variation in flowering behavior, and for contributing to adaptation to drought. Our study suggests that the combination of ancestral variation in flowering behavior, and positive selection on new mutations involved in drought responses, underlies the evolution of a new trait syndrome, and adaptation to climate change.

Droughts↗
PubMed2025

Habitat Specialisation Impacts Clownfish Demographic Resilience to Pleistocene Sea-Level Fluctuations.

Habitat fragmentation and loss are key threats to biodiversity, yet their impacts on marine species remain poorly understood. Clownfishes, which rely on sea anemones for shelter and reproduction, provide an interesting model to explore how ecological specialisation mediates species responses to habitat perturbations. We used whole-genome data from 382 individuals across 10 species with varying host specialisations to reconstruct demographic histories and infer spatial genetic structure to assess the impact of Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations. Generalist species, associated with multiple hosts, maintained stable effective population sizes () and population connectivity during habitat fragmentation, reflecting resilience to environmental instability. In contrast, specialists experienced severedeclines and genetic structuring, driven by their dependence on specific hosts, without signs of population recovery following habitat reconnection. Spatial genomic analyses identified the Indonesian Through-Flow as a key dispersal corridor and the Coral Triangle as a critical hub of genetic diversity, while continental shelves and extensive open ocean regions appeared as barriers to gene flow. Our findings reveal how host specialisation shapes clownfish population dynamics, emphasising the importance of incorporating ecological dependencies into conservation assessments and deepening our understanding of species responses to ecological constraints and environmental changes over evolutionary timescales.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Demographic growth and health needs in Latin America.

The net effect of the rapid population growth in Latin American countries is an increase in the needs for health services. Nevertheless, the demographic factor is not the only nor the most important consideration in determining how to satisfy these demands in the region. The main contradiction lies between the magnitude of needs for services generated by the adverse living conditions prevalling among the majority of the population, together with a restricted supply of health services, the availability of which varies according to social class. The problem of the increasing demand for medical care, generated by the rapid population growth, should be recognized as originating in the socioeconomic structural conditions prevailing in Latin American countries today which determine, simultaneously, low health levels, deficiencies in the provision of health services, and rapid population growth.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1977

Some observations concerning the demographic and geographic incidence of carcinoma of the lip and buccal cavity.

The geographic and demographic data obtained during the Third National Cancer Survey have provided a perspective on etiologic factors and incidence trends for cancers of low frequency. The incidence of cancer of the lip, oral cavity and skin from this survey was compared to similar studies in 1947 and intra-regional patterns in one area of the Third National Cancer Survey (Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan SMSA) were evaluated. The average age-adjusted annual incidence of cancer of the lip in white men in this latter area was 11.5 per 100,000 (based on 1950 population standard), 2-fold greater than that geographic area with the second highest incidence and approximately 3-fold greater than in all the other areas. The incidence in white women was only 8% that seen in white men. Intra-regional differences of similar populations were seen with the incidence in Fort Worth men being 50% greater than in a similar population in Dallas. Incidence trends over the past 2 decades reveal a significant decline in the incidence of oral cavity cancer and a slight decrease in lip cancer. Comparisons of the incidence of lip cancer did not correlate with the incidence of skin cancer nor with geographic latitude in the other survey areas. The studies fail to support the classical implication of actinic radiation as the primary etiologic factor in lip cancer incidence.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Demographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of length of hospitalization and readmission.

The present study investigated demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatric patients in relation to the two criterion variables of length of hospitalization and readmission within 3 months of discharge. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified five variables as the optimal set of predictors for length of hospitalization: age, history of commitment, number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations, recent employment history, and past history of suicidal behavior (R = .451). Regression analysis also identified six variables as the optimal set of predictors for readmission within 3 months of discharge: type of discharge, number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations, race, suicide attempt within 1 month prior to admission, subjective report of depression upon admission, and occupational level (R = .452). Implications of the findings for identifying short-term treatment candidates and factors related to readmission are discussed.

Adult↗