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PubMed1992

Early life stage survival of striped bass in the Delaware River, USA.

Four 96-h in situ bioassays were conducted on or near the striped bass spawning grounds in the Delaware River within the States of Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA during 1989 to determine if water quality was sufficient to support larval survival. Tests were accomplished by holding 500 striped bass yolk-sac larvae in each of two 75 L chambers at four locations in the river ranging from north of Philadelphia, PA to Salem, NJ and at one location in the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Survival varied significantly among stations; highest survival was in the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, where it averaged more than 50%. Lowest survival occurred at the station near Salem, NJ, approximately 30 km downriver of the primary spawning grounds, where less than 1% of the larvae survived in any of the tests. Survival at stations closest to the primary spawning grounds was weather-dependent; survival was over 47% during periods of little rainfall, but only 11% following periods of higher than average rainfall.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Decreased sperm survivability in subfertile Delaware roosters as indicated by comparative and competitive fertilization.

Duration of fertility following intravaginal and intramagnal insemination of hens with viable spermatozoa from subfertile Delaware roosters was compared with that obtained with spermatozoa from fertile Leghorns and subfertile Wyandotte roosters. In contrast to results with Leghorn and Wyandotte birds, duration of fertility was not increased following intramagnal insemination of spermatozoa from Delaware birds. Competitive fertilization also demonstrated that duration of fertility was less than expected in the spermatozoa from Delaware birds. Heritable subfertility in Wyandotte and Delaware roosters therefore appears to be attributable to distinct sperm defects.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparative metabolism of spermatozoa from subfertile Delaware and Wyandotte roosters.

Sperm metabolism was determined via reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to formazan. When the reaction mixture contained cyanide, which blocks cytochrome oxidase and thus maximizes intermediate electron transfer to INT, and calcium which stimulates fowl sperm motility, the metabolic capacity of spermatozoa from subfertile Delaware and Wyandotte roosters was 90 and 63% of that of spermatozoa from fertile Leghorn roosters. When the assay was performed at 40 degrees C without calcium or cyanide, no difference in metabolism was observed between Delaware and Leghorn spermatozoa (P greater than 0.05). However, the metabolism of Wyandotte spermatozoa was 66% of that observed with Delaware or Leghorn spermatozoa. These results provide further evidence that heritable subfertility in Delaware and Wyandotte roosters is attributable to distinct sperm defects.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Organochlorine and metal contaminant exposure and effects in hatching black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) in Delaware Bay.

Pea Patch Island in Delaware Bay is the site of the largest heronry north of Florida. From 1989-93, the population of nine species of wading birds numbered approximately 12,000 pairs, but has recently declined to about 7,000 pairs. Because Delaware Bay is a major shipping channel and receives anthropogenic releases of toxic substances from agricultural, industrial, and municipal point and nonpoint sources, contaminant exposure and effects to the heronry have been an ongoing concern. In 1997, pipping (early hatching stage) black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) were collected from separate nests at Pea Patch Island and from a coastal reference site, Middle Island in Rehoboth Bay, Delaware. There was no evidence of malformations or hepatic histopathological lesions in embryos, and their body and liver weights did not differ between sites. Biomarkers of petroleum hydrocarbons, polyhalogenated contaminant, and metal exposure (cytochrome P450 induction and oxidative stress responses) did not differ (p > 0.05) between sites, although activities of benzyloxy-O-dealkylase and ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase were somewhat elevated in 3 of the 15 embryos collected from Pea Patch Island. Concentrations of 21 organochlorine pesticides and metabolites were relatively low at both sites, with p,p'-DDE values well below the threshold associated with eggshell thinning. Although total PCB concentration was modestly elevated (p < 0.05) in Pea Patch Island heron embryos, levels of arylhydrocarbon receptor-active PCB congeners, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, and toxic equivalents were low and did not differ between sites. Concentrations of Cd and Mn in pipping embryos from Pea Patch Island were slightly greater (p < 0.05) than values observed in Middle Island embryos, but levels of these and the other metals and metalloids (e.g., Hg and Se) were below values associated with toxicity. In conclusion, it seems unlikely that chlorinated hydrocarbon and metal contaminant exposure constitutes a direct threat to the reproductive success of black-crowned night herons at Pea Patch Island. However, low-level exposure to these contaminants may constitute one of many stressors that in combination could adversely affect the stability of the wading bird population at this large heronry.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Pseudo-outbreak of tuberculosis in poultry plant workers, Sussex County, Delaware.

Delaware is a leading US poultry-producing state, and foreign-born workers make up a significant percentage of those employed by Delaware's poultry plants. In Sussex County, Delaware, a high percentage of the poultry workers are from two countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB), Mexico and Guatemala, and thus are at risk for TB infection and disease. Furthermore, their risk of TB may be increased because many of these workers live in crowded conditions and lack access to medical care.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Domestic violence: a resource manual for healthcare providers for the State of Delaware. Part 2: Legal issues.

The Medical Subcommittee of the Delaware Domestic Violence Coordinating Council (DVCC) has worked on and completed Domestic Violence: A Resource Manual for Healthcare Providers for the State of Delaware. It is both an educational tool and a handy resource for documentation and reference, with many examples of clinical guidelines screening questions and checklists for safety screening. It is intended for all healthcare providers, not just physicians. The Delaware Medical Journal will be reprinting three very important chapters from this manual: Understanding Domestic Violence (October 2000), Legal Issues, and Health Care Provider's Response.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Domestic violence: a Resource Manual for Healthcare Providers for the State of Delaware. Part 3: Health Care Provider's Response.

The Medical Subcommittee of the Delaware Domestic Violence Coordinating Council (DVCC) has worked on and completed Domestic Violence: A Resource Manual for Healthcare Providers for the State of Delaware. It is both an educational tool and a handy resource for documentation and reference, with many examples of clinical guidelines, screening questions and checklists for safety screening. It is intended for all healthcare providers, not just physicians. The Delaware Medical Journal will be reprinting three very important chapters from this manual: Understanding Domestic Violence (October 2000), Legal issues (November 2000), and Health Care Provider's Response.

Delaware↗
PubMed2001

Delaware's medicolegal investigation of death. Part 1.

In 1194, the coroner system was formally established in England with the original interest in death to protect the financial interest of the crown. This coroner system was brought to the United States during the early 1600s where the first recorded autopsy was performed in Massachusetts in 1647. Significant changes were made to improve upon the coroner system. In 1877, the first medical examiner system was established in the state of Massachusetts requiring that the coroner be supplanted by a physician known as a medical examiner. Using the system established in Massachusetts as a model, New York City developed an improved medical examiner system in 1915. The improvements made by New York City, under the leadership of men such as Drs. Charles Norris and Alex Gettler, essentially laid down the foundation for medical examiner systems and forensic toxicology throughout the country. Part II of this series will begin in Maryland. Maryland soon followed in New York City's footsteps and in 1939 developed the first statewide medical examiner system in the U.S. Influenced by systems such as Maryland's and New York City's, Delaware established a medical examiner system in 1955 to work alongside of the pre-existing coroner system. It was not until about a decade later in 1964 that the system became successful under the leadership of Dr. All Z. Hamell. In 1970, after 15 years of uphill battles with supporters of the antiquated coroner system, it was abolished, resulting in a statewide medical examiner system. Today, Delaware's medical examiner system has one of the best medicolegal investigative facilities in the country, complete with its own forensic sciences laboratory under the jurisdiction of a Chief Medical Examiner. Delaware's Office of Chief Medical Examiner will try to continue its tradition to serve as a model for other states and possibly other countries to follow.

Coroners and Medical Examiners↗
PubMed2001

Delaware's medicolegal investigation of death. Part 2.

Part 1 of this series began in 1194, when the coroner system was formally established in England with the original interest in death to protect the financial interest of the crown. This coroner system was brought to the United States during the early 1600s where the first recorded autopsy was performed in Massachusetts in 1647. Significant changes were made to improve upon the coroner system. In 1877, the first medical examiner system was established in the state of Massachusetts, requiring that the coroner be supplanted by a physician known as a medical examiner. Using the system established in Massachusetts as a model, New York City developed an improved medical examiner system in 1915. The improvements made by New York City, under the leadership of men such as Drs. Charles Norris and Alex Gettler, essentially laid down the foundation for medical examiner systems and forensic toxicology throughout the country. Part 2 of this series begins in Maryland. Maryland soon followed in New York City's footsteps and in 1939 developed the first statewide medical examiner system in the U.S. Influenced by systems such as Maryland's and New York City's, Delaware established a medical examiner system in 1955 to work alongside of the pre-existing coroner system. It was not until about a decade later, in 1964, that the system became successful under the leadership of Dr. Ali Z. Hameli. In 1970, after 15 years of uphill battles with supporters of the antiquated coroner system, it was abolished, resulting in a statewide medical examiner system. Today, Delaware's medical examiner system has one of the best medicolegal investigative facilities in the country, complete with its own forensic sciences laboratory under the jurisdiction of a Chief Medical Examiner. Delaware's Office of Chief Medical Examiner will try to continue its tradition to serve as a model for other states and possibly other countries to follow.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2002

100 years of graduate medical education in Wilmington, Delaware.

In July 1902, Dr. William R. Bready, Jr., began a one-year internship at the Delaware Hospital. In the ensuing 100 years, Delaware Hospital, Wilmington General Hospital, Memorial (formerly Homeopathic) Hospital, and its successors have educated nearly 2,800 physicians. In June of 2002, Christiana Care Health System will graduate 53 physicians in the fields of Emergency Medicine, Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Radiology, and Surgery, continuing a tradition that has been unbroken for these 100 years. This article recounts parts of that history and celebrates this century of medical education in Delaware.

Delaware↗
PubMed2004

SES discrepancies and Delaware cancer death rates.

Cancer can be monitored fairly effectively by using cancer registry data for site, stage, age, sex, and race. Adding to this the patient's years of education, now only found on death certificates, should not be difficult since it is an easily measured major SES factor. Most comorbidities should also be easy to obtain since hospitals usually code them. Capturing all treatment and response data remains a challenge as more and more cancer diagnosis and management is done in outpatient settings. Current efforts to establish electronic medical records in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) may be a blessing if adequate software can be standardized and used similar to that already present in the VA hospital in Delaware. Such information would aid efforts to reduce Delaware's high cancer incidence and mortality rates. A proposed state cancer plan should stimulate improved integration of the state's health resources to focus on the quality of individual health care and to use cost-effective measures to improve the public's health. A plan should (1) stimulate a public awareness to reduce risk factors for all major chronic diseases with a special focus on cancer deaths; (2) use medical office settings to provide simple screens to improve the early detection of a number of chronic diseases depending on such risks as age and sex (such studies might include weight, height, blood pressure, sugar, cholesterol, PSAs, exams of skin, oral cavities, breasts, abdomen, rectum, and vagina with pap smears, all of which can be accomplished in a cost-effective fashion); and (3) offer equitable access to a state's health care system for information, screening, and treatment. Current evidence shows that it is less expensive to manage patients with early cancers than those with advanced cases, which often occur because of ignorance and lack of access to health services, and by socioeconomic, educational, and cultural barriers. Implementing the recommendations in the Governor's Advisory Council's report should go a long way toward reducing both Delaware's cancer incidence and death rates. An increase in taxes on tobacco (one of the Council's recommendations) could provide resources to explore relationships between the environment, occupation, and cancer, and provide early access to competent cancer care for those at risk because of limited education, income, and health insurance.

Delaware↗
PubMed2004

Is infant mortality in Delaware truly increasing? Evidence for increasing illness severity and shift to fetal deaths and previable births.

The infant mortality rate, considered an important proxy for societal health, has been recently rising in Delaware. In fact, in 2001, Delaware's infant mortality rate (10.1/1,000 births) was the highest in the country. In this review, potential factors leading to increasing infant mortality in Delaware are discussed. Evidence for increasing illness severity in infants with birth weights less than 1,500 grams and an increasing number of live, yet previable, births is presented.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community outreach. Gift of Life campaign in Delaware targets potential organ donors.

The Gift of Life Donor Program in Philadelphia is a long-established organ donor organization working with 150 hospitals in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. This campaign by Aloysius Butler Clark of Wilmington, DE, is designed to inform drivers in the state of Delaware about a new online program that enables them to pledge as organ donors. It is scheduled for launch at the end of September by Delaware Governor Ruth Ann Minner.

Advertising↗
PubMed1990

A review of animal bites in Delaware--1989 to 1990.

Rabies, a disease associated with aggression in animals, has been endemic in terrestrial wildlife in New Castle County, Delaware, since November 1987. There have been four documented deaths in humans in Delaware since 1919, although the last case originated in Maryland and was hospitalized in Delaware in 1975. Because of the potential association of pet animals with wild animals and the subsequent contact with humans, emphasis is placed on preventive medicine (vaccinations) and prevention of animal bites. People are bitten more often by dogs than any other domestic animal, causing injury, pain and sometimes death.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Establishing the multidisciplinary care of patients with cancer in the state of Delaware.

Delaware has the fifth highest cancer death rate in the U.S. As part of a comprehensive program to decrease the cancer mortality and incidence in the state, an infrastructure to establish the multidisciplinary care of patients with cancer was established. In May 2002, Christiana Care Health Services opened the Helen F. Graham Cancer Center to meet the specific need for coordinated and centralized comprehensive cancer care. This effort took the cooperation of many individuals in a community-based teaching hospital, the largest of six acute care hospitals in the state. These efforts have led to a 13% accrual rate to the Community Clinical Oncology Program funded by the National Cancer Institute. The effort also led to the establishment of multidisciplinary disease site centers with representation from the three major physician disciplines of surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology. In addition, translational research projects, a tissue procurement center, and genetic counseling and testing with the establishment of a high-risk family cancer registry and collaborative efforts with hospitals across the state were established. The current article reviewed the continued success of this program in the state of Delaware in the effort to reduce the cancer incidence and mortality.

Cancer Care Facilities↗
PubMed2003

Metals in horseshoe crabs from Delaware Bay.

We examined the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in the eggs, leg muscle, and apodeme (carapace musculature) in horseshoe crabs ( Limulus polyphemus) from eight places on the New Jersey and Delaware sides of Delaware Bay to determine whether there were locational differences. Although there were locational differences, the differences were not great. Further, contaminant levels were generally low. The levels of contaminants found in horseshoe crabs were well below those known to cause adverse effects in the crabs themselves or in organisms that consume them or their eggs. Contaminant levels have generally declined in the eggs of horseshoe crabs from 1993 to 2001, suggesting that contaminants are not likely to be a problem for secondary consumers or a cause of their decline.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Habitat conditions and correlations of sediment quality triad indicators in Delaware Bay.

This paper summarizes sampling results from NOAA's National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program for marine environmental quality in Delaware Bay. A stratified-random design was used to determine the spatial extent of sediment contamination and toxicity in Delaware Bay from offshore stations in the coastal zone, the lower estuary, the upper estuary, the fresh/salt mixing zone, and tidal fresh areas. Sediment samples were taken for chemical analyses of major classes of environmental contaminants, a suite of toxicity bioassays, and benthic macrofaunal community assessment to identify patterns of resident species. The tidal-fresh areas and portions of the mixing zone of the study area were heavily contaminated. Contaminant concentrations were frequently above the 90th percentile of EMAP Virginian Province levels. PAHs in the sediment were higher than previously documented, with a major component of PAHs being pyrogenic in origin. Bioassay results were highly variable. Toxicity and contaminant levels were correlated when aggregated into indices, but were only marginally correlated with benthic community impacts. High and low abundance stations were found in all zones. Most of the tidal fresh stations were dominated by pollution tolerant species. Species diversity and abundance were generally lowest in the fresh/salt mixing zone.

Amphipoda↗
PubMed2006

Direct and indirect atmospheric deposition of PCBs to the Delaware River watershed.

Atmospheric deposition can be an important source of PCBs to aquatic ecosystems. To develop the total maximum daily load (TMDL) for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for the tidal Delaware River (water-quality Zones 2-5), estimates of the loading of PCBs to the river from atmospheric deposition were generated from seven air-monitoring sites along the river. This paper presents the atmospheric PCB data from these sites, estimates direct atmospheric deposition fluxes, and assesses the importance of atmospheric deposition relative to other sources of PCBs to the river. Also, the relationship between indirect atmospheric deposition and PCB loads from minor tributaries to the Delaware River is discussed. Data from these sites revealed high atmospheric PCB concentrations in the Philadelphia/Camden urban area and lower regional background concentrations in the more remote areas. Wet, dry particle, and gaseous absorption deposition are estimated to contribute about 0.6, 1.8, and 6.5 kg year-(-1) sigmaPCBs to the River, respectively, exceeding the TMDL of 0.139 kg year(-1) by more than an order of magnitude. Penta-PCB watershed fluxes were obtained by dividing the tributary loads by the watershed area. The lowest of these watershed fluxes are less than approximately 1 ng m(-2) day(-1) for penta-PCB and probably indicates pristine watersheds in which PCB loads are dominated by atmospheric deposition. In these watersheds, the pass-through efficiency of PCBs is estimated to be on the order of 1%.

Air Pollutants↗