Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Dandruff”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

A comparison of hair quality and cosmetic acceptance following the use of two anti-dandruff shampoos.

Dandruff is a chronic condition of the scalp requiring vigilant treatment to ameliorate the symptoms of scaling and itching. Frequent shampooing is key to controlling these symptoms while contributing to the cosmetic appearance of the hair. The success of the treatment depends not only on the ability of the shampoo to control the dandruff but also on patient compliance engendered by the cosmetic attributes of the shampoo. This double-blind cross-over study enrolled 40 women with mild to moderate dandruff. Following a 1-wk washout with an unmedicated basic cleansing shampoo, all subjects used each of the two study shampoos for 1 wk. Subjects preferred the 1% pyrithione zinc conditioning shampoo over the 2% ketoconazole shampoo by 75% in terms of overall performance. The dermatologist investigator confirmed the subject preference by noting that hair-combing ease, hair smoothness, and hair frizz/flyaway were statistically significantly better in subjects who used the 1% pyrithione zinc conditioning shampoo for 1 wk. This study suggests that hair condition is an important consideration in the treatment of dandruff due to compliance.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Characterization of extract of dog hair and dandruff from six different dog breeds by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. Identification of allergens by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE).

An extract of mixed dog hair and dandruff from six different dog breeds (alsatian, boxer, collie, poodle, and long-haired and short-haired dachshund) was obtained by mild extraction, centrifugation, dialysis and freeze-drying. Extract of hair and dandruff from the individual dog breeds was obtained in the same way, but the material was not freeze-dried. Examination and characterization of the mixed extract by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed a precipitation pattern composed of 25 antigens, some of which were mutually partially identical, and a high content of dog serum proteins was found. Quantitative and qualitative differences between the individual dog breeds were demonstrated. Partial identity of the antigens of the mixed extract with antigens of serum, antigens of extracts of hair and dandruff from cat, cow, horse and guinea pig, and antigens from extract of house dust was also observed. By means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, using sera from 21 patients who were RAST-positive to dog hair and dandruff extract, the specific IgE-binding to antigens of the mixed extract was examined. On the basis of these results major and minor allergens were identified. Dog albumin was found to be a very important major allergen, but alpha1-antitrypsin and gamma-globulin were also identified. Furthermore, four non-serum proteins were shown to be allergens. No breed-specific allergens could be identified in the extracts from the individual dog breeds.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Demonstration isolation and identification of culturable microfungi and bacteria in horse hair and dandruff. Immunochemical comparison with allergic components.

Horse hiar and dandruff have been investigated for their content of microfungi and bacteria. Inoculation and incubation on V-8 agar containing penicillin and streptomycin, with subsequent colony counting and identification, revealed more than nine and five different genera of microfungi and bacteria respectively, in horse hair and dandruff. Isolation and cultivation of the quantitatively dominating species, and preparation of an extract of these were performed, followed by immunochemical comparison with extract of the horse hair and dandruff using crossed-line immuno-electrophoresis. As no immunochemical identity was demonstrated it was concluded that the identified microorganisms might serve as a guideline to suspected sensitizing substances when patients with a typical case history of horse allergy do not react to extracts of horse hair and dandruff.

Allergens↗
PubMed1984

Antigenic/allergenic composition of Poodle/Alsatian dandruff extract.

Poodle and Alsatian dog dandruff extracts were characterized by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) using sera from 24 individuals clinically sensitive to dogs. By using a system with intermediate gel in immunoelectrophoresis, the content of dander-specific and serum-specific allergens was established. 29 antigens (18 dander-specific and 11 serum-specific) were identified in the mixed breed Poodle/Alsation dandruff extract. Of these, 24 antigens were radiostained in CRIE. 16 allergens were dander specific and the remaining eight were serum specific. Positive dog dander RAST (e5 and Poodle/Alsatian dandruff extract) results were observed in the tested dog hypersensitive subjects. Our results suggest that the mixture of Poodle/Alsatian dandruff extract may be a suitable preparation for the diagnosis and treatment of dog allergy.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A multicenter randomized trial of ketoconazole 2% and zinc pyrithione 1% shampoos in severe dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis.

Ketoconazole (KET) and zinc pyrithione (ZPT) are compounds active against the Malassezia spp. yeasts, which are believed to play a major role in dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. We compared the efficacy and safety of KET 2% and ZPT 1% in shampoo formulations for the alleviation of severe dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. This open randomized, parallel-group trial began with a 2-week run-in phase during which subjects applied a neutral non-antidandruff shampoo. It was followed by a 4-week randomized treatment phase and a subsequent 4-week follow-up phase without treatment. Shampooing during the treatment period was carried out twice weekly for the KET group and at least twice weekly for the ZPT group in accordance with the label instructions. A total of 343 subjects were recruited to enter the trial. Of the 331 eligible volunteers, 171 were randomized to KET 2% and 160 to ZPT 1%. Clinical assessments were performed. Beneficial effects were evidenced for both medicated shampoos, but the effect was significantly better for KET 2%, which achieved a 73% improvement in the total dandruff severity score compared with 67% for ZPT 1% at week 4 (p < 0.02). The recurrence rate of the disease was also significantly lower following KET 2% treatment than following ZPT 1% treatment. As a consequence, the overall clearing of the skin condition at the end of treatment and follow-up phase was in favor of the KET 2% formulation (p = 0.004). Side effects were minimal. It is concluded that after a 4-week treatment, KET 2% shampoo was significantly superior to ZPT 1% shampoo in the treatment of subjects with severe dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp. It is our assumption that this difference is noticeable for the patient and as a consequence relevant. Both formulations were well tolerated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of safety and efficacy of ketoconazole 2% and zinc pyrithione 1% shampoo in patients with moderate to severe dandruff--a postmarketing study.

A postmarketing study was conducted on 236 patients from 23 centres suffering from moderate to severe dandruff with a combination of ketoconazole and zinc pyrithione (1%) for a duration of 4 weeks with 2 weeks further follow-up. Scoring of dandruff was done on a 0-10 scale for each of the 6 regions of scalp at each week up to 6 weeks. The results indicate that there was a consistent improvement in dandruff scores over the treatment period and a reduction of > 90% was seen for all areas of scalp individually as well as collectively as compared to baseline. The treatment also showed significant improvement in other signs and symptoms such as erythema and itching, with a highly favourable adverse event profile. The overall assessment for global improvement by investigators showed good-excellent results with high acceptability amongst the patient population for the treatment. A combination shampoo of ketoconazole (2%) and zinc pyrithione (1%) offers a safe and effective option in the treatment of dandruff.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Modern management of dandruff].

Dandruff is a common complaint and is suffered by as many as 50% of the population at some time during their life and cause significant discomfort. The condition is generally characterized by the presence of flakes on the scalp and in the hair, and by itch. The symptoms can vary, and the severity can range from mild scaling, similar to dry skin, to severe scaling. Its prevalence and severity is greatest in young men, with children and older individuals suffering less frequently. It is commonly aggravated by changes in humidity, trauma (e.g., scratching), seasonal changes, and emotional stress. Dandruff responds to everyday shampooing and a longer period of lathering. Use of hair spray or hair pomades (gels) should be stopped. Salicylic acid, tar, selenium, sulfur, and zinc all are effective in shampoos and may be alternated. Overnight occlusion of salicylic or urea oil may help to soften thick, scalp plaques. The common causative agent is now accepted to be the lipohilic yeasts Malassezia spp. (previously Pityrosporum) which is increased in the scaly epidermis of both dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis sufferers. Selenium sulfide, imidazoles or ciclopirox olamine shampoos may help by reducing Malassezia scalp reservoirs. The wide range of antifungal shampoos available provides safe, effective and flexible treatment options for dandruff.

Dermatitis, Seborrheic↗
PubMed1985

The effects of a shampoo containing zinc pyrithione on the control of dandruff.

Thirty-two subjects who suffered from dandruff participated in a study in which one-half of the head was washed with a shampoo containing 1% zinc pyrithione (ZPT) and the other half was washed with the same shampoo without ZPT. Four groups, eight subjects per group, were shampooed one, three, six or nine times (shampoo frequency twice per week). Clinical dandruff gradings of each half of the head were made 4 days after the last shampoo in each group, when scalp biopsy samples were also taken from each half of the head. Measurements of labelling index (LI), mean epidermal thickness (MET), and assessment of the numbers of PAS- and Gram-positive micro-organisms were made on the biopsy samples. There was a progressive reduction in dandruff on the sides of the head treated with the ZPT shampoo, the differences relative to the placebo-treated areas being statistically significant after three, six and nine washes. There were no significant differences in LI between treatment groups and the MET was shown to vary according to the treatment and the number of washes. There was a significant reduction in the number of PAS-positive micro-organisms (but not Gram-positive micro-organisms) on the ZPT-treated areas.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1995

Successful treatment and prophylaxis of scalp seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff with 2% ketoconazole shampoo: results of a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Pityrosporum ovale appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of seborrhoeic dermatitis. Ketoconazole is an antimycotic agent with a high in vitro and in vivo efficacy against P. ovale. We performed a multicentre study to investigate the efficacy of ketoconazole 2% shampoo in the treatment and prophylaxis of seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff. Five hundred and seventy-five patients presenting with moderate to severe seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff of the scalp were treated with 2% ketoconazole shampoo twice weekly for 2-4 weeks, producing an excellent response in 88%. Of those patients who responded, 312 were included in a prophylactic phase, lasting 6 months. These patients were treated with the active preparation (shampoo containing 2% ketoconazole) once-weekly, once every other week, alternating with placebo (shampoo without ketoconazole), or with placebo only once-weekly. Forty-eight (47%) patients in the placebo group experienced a relapse of seborrhoeic dermatitis, compared with 23 (19%) patients in the active treatment group, and 31 (31%) patients in the active/placebo group. The medication was well tolerated in all three groups. We conclude that ketoconazole 2% shampoo is highly effective, not only in clearing scalp seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff, but also in preventing relapse of the disease when used prophylactically once weekly.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A comparison of miconazole nitrate and selenium disulfide as anti-dandruff agents.

The anti-dandruff efficacy of two shampoos containing 2% miconazole nitrate and 2.5% selenium disulfide was compared in 15 subjects and eight subjects, respectively. The antifungal drug, miconazole nitrate, was found to possess anti-dandruff activity similar to selenium sulfide, a cytostatic compound. For evaluation, techniques of clinical grading and the corneocyte count were used and the latter was found inaccurate. Instead, clinical assessment by grading the severity, supplemented by cytodiagnosis by smear examination was found more helpful. The latter helps to evaluate both the altered pathophysiologic and microbial factors operating in a given case of dandruff, which is a symptom complex brought about by multiple etiologic factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Identification of allergens in extract of horse hair and dandruff by means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis.

Sera from 26 patients and 4 normals were examined for specific IgE binding to antigens of extract of horse hair and dandruff by means of CRIE. 22 of the patients were RAST- and intracutaneous-positive to horse extract. 4 more of the patients were RAST-negative to horse allergens, but showed allergies to extract of allergens from sources other than horse. The remaining four sera from controls were RAST-negative to horse and had no history of allergy. Antigens of horse hair and dandruff showed a significantly higher degree of binding to specific IgE in the sera from the first group of patients than was the case for the two other groups. A linear correlation between specific IgE binding in RAST and in CRIE was found for the first group of patients. On the basis of these results the major allergens of the examined extract of horse hair and dandruff were identified.

Allergens↗
PubMed1991

The control of seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff by antipityrosporal drugs.

For many years the exact nature of the pathophysiology of seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff was in doubt. Different schools of thought debated whether Pityrosporum yeasts were of primary pathogenic significance or a secondary phenomenon, with epidermal hyperproliferation as the primary pathology. Although effective therapy in seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff has for a long time been based on compounds whose only common link was antipityrosporal activity, proof of this relevance was lacking until the introduction of effective antifungal drugs, in particular ketoconazole. This article charts the swing of opinion towards the primary pityrosporal aetiology of seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff, reviews the evidence that antipityrosporal activity is the common link to various compounds which benefit these conditions, and compares the efficacy of these substances in treatment.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2001

[Clinical effectiveness and tolerance of climbazole containing dandruff shampoo in patients with seborrheic scalp eczema].

Pityrosporum ovale appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of dandruff as a symptom of seborrheic dermatitis. Climbazole is an antimycotic agent with a high in vitro and in vivo efficacy against P. ovale. In the presented work we investigated the efficacy and safety of a climbazole 0.65% shampoo on seborrheic dermatitis of 30 volunteers. Subjects were diagnosed as having moderate to severe seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp. After a 1-week washout and a 4-week treatment the clinical evaluation showed a successful reduction of dandruff, skin redness and itching in 80% of the volunteers and a mild improvement in 20% of the volunteers. The cosmetic acceptability was very good by the majority. It is concluded that the formulation tested is effective in the treatment of moderate to severe dandruff.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Enhanced delivery of an anti-dandruff active in a shampoo vehicle.

Formulating a delivery vehicle to enhance activity can potentially give higher activity or allow for adjustment to a lesser percent of active. A study was conducted in which the anti-dandruff active, Octopirox, INCI Piroctone Olamine [1-Hydroxy-4-methyl-6-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone], was incorporated into a simple shampoo base at two levels as well as in the same base with an added amphiphilic surfactant blend (Biobase SMC) at the lower level. A group of thirty (30) male subjects with moderate to severe dandruff were divided into three groups each of which evaluated one of three products for four weeks. Methods of evaluation included gravimetric determination of actual dandruff flakes, fluorescent staining of suspect yeast populations, blind evaluation by trained clinical personnel and panelist self assessment. The study demonstrated that the Octopirox at 0.2% active delivered in the amphiphile blend was superior to the same level in the simple shampoo base and equivalent in activity to a much higher level (0.5%) in the base only. A proposed mechanism postulates the formation of liposome-like association structures that solubilize and entrap the Octopirox and deposit is substantively to the scalp for enhanced longer lasting activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The antifungal action of dandruff shampoos.

The disease commonly known as "dandruff" is caused by numerous host factors in conjunction with the normal flora yeast Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum ovale). Indeed, clinical studies have shown that administration of antifungal agents correlates with an improved clinical condition. Almost all commercially available hair shampoos publicize that they contain some form of antifungal agent(s). However, few studies have been published in which antifungal activity of commercially available hair shampoos have been contrasted experimentally. In this study six commercially available shampoos (in the Philippines) were assessed for antifungal activity against a human (dandruff) isolate of M. furfur: (a) Head & Shoulders (Proctor & Gamble); (b) Gard Violet (Colgate-Palmolive); (c) Nizoral 1% (Janssen); (d) Nizoral 2% (Janssen); (e) Pantene Blue (Proctor & Gamble); and (f) Selsun Blue (Abbott). The results demonstrated that all six of the assayed hair shampoos have some antifungal effect on the test yeast. However, there was consider variation in potency of antifungal activity. Nizoral 1% and Nizoral 2% shampoo preparations were the most effective. The 1% Nizoral shampoo was consistently 10X better at killing yeast cells than the next closest rival shampoo. The 2% Nizoral shampoo was 10X better than the Nizoral 1% product and 100 times better than any of the other products assayed. The study demonstrated that shampoos containing a proven antifungal compound were the most effective in controlling the causative yeast.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2005

The role of sebaceous gland activity and scalp microfloral metabolism in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff.

Most common scalp flaking disorders show a strong correlation with sebaceous gland (SG) activity. Early SG activity in the neonate results in microfloral colonization and cradle cap. After maternal hormonal control subsides, there is little SG activity until puberty, when the SG turns on under sex hormone control. When the SG activity increases, the present but low Malassezia population has a new food source and proliferates, resulting in the scalp itching and flaking common to greater than 50% of adults. Dry scalp flaking, dandruff, and seborrheic dermatitis are chronic scalp manifestations of similar etiology differing only in severity. The common etiology is a convergence of three factors: (1) SG secretions, (2) microfloral metabolism, and (3) individual susceptibility. Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (D/SD) are more than superficial stratum corneum disorders, including alteration of the epidermis with hyperproliferation, excess lipids, interdigitation of the corneal envelope, and parakeratosis. The pathogenic role of Malassezia in D/SD has recently been elucidated, and is focused on their lipid metabolism. Malassezia restricta and M. globosa require lipids. They degrade sebum, free fatty acids from triglycerides, consume specific saturated fatty acids, and leave behind the unsaturates. Penetration of the modified sebaceous secretions results in inflammation, irritation, and scalp flaking.

Dermatitis, Seborrheic↗
PubMed2005

Isolation of llama antibody fragments for prevention of dandruff by phage display in shampoo.

As part of research exploring the feasibility of using antibody fragments to inhibit the growth of organisms implicated in dandruff, we isolated antibody fragments that bind to a cell surface protein of Malassezia furfur in the presence of shampoo. We found that phage display of llama single-domain antibody fragments (VHHs) can be extended to very harsh conditions, such as the presence of shampoo containing nonionic and anionic surfactants. We selected several VHHs that bind to the cell wall protein Malf1 of M. furfur, a fungus implicated in causing dandruff. In addition to high stability in the presence of shampoo, these VHHs are also stable under other denaturing conditions, such as high urea concentrations. Many of the stable VHHs were found to contain arginine at position 44. Replacement of the native amino acid at position 44 with arginine in the most stable VHH that lacked this arginine resulted in a dramatic further increase in the stability. The combination of the unique properties of VHHs together with applied phage display and protein engineering is a powerful method for obtaining highly stable VHHs that can be used in a wide range of applications.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Fast, noninvasive method for molecular detection and differentiation of Malassezia yeast species on human skin and application of the method to dandruff microbiology.

Malassezia fungi have been the suspected cause of dandruff for more than a century. Previously referred to as Pityrosporum ovale, Pityrosporum orbiculare, or Malassezia, these fungi are now known to consist of at least seven Malassezia species. Each species has a specific ecological niche, as well as specific biochemical and genetic characteristics. Malassezia yeasts have fastidious culture conditions and exceedingly different growth rates. Therefore, the results of surveys of Malassezia based on culture methods can be difficult to interpret. We developed a molecular technique, terminal fragment length polymorphism analysis, to more accurately survey the ecology of Malassezia yeasts without bias from culture. This technique involves fluorescent nested PCR of the intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) ITS I and ITS II region ribosomal gene clusters. All known Malassezia species can be differentiated by unique ITS fragment lengths. We have used this technique to directly analyze scalp samples from subjects enrolled in a demographic scalp health study. Results for subjects assigned composite adherent scalp flaking scores (ASFS) <10 were compared to those for subjects assigned composite ASFS >24. Malassezia restricta and M. globosa were found to be the predominant Malassezia species present in both groups. Importantly, we found no evidence of M. furfur in either group, indicating that M. furfur can be eliminated as the causal organism for dandruff. Both groups also showed the presence of non-Malassezia fungi. This method, particularly when it is used in combination with existing fungal ITS databases, is expected to be useful in the diagnosis of multiple other fungal infections.

DNA, Fungal↗