The Devil's Elixirs, Jung's "theology," and the dissolution of Freud's "poisoning complex".
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Dreams↗
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Levinsonian studies of women's adult development.
We reviewed four unpublished dissertations that used Levinson's theory to study women's adult development. The 39 biographies presented in these studies suggested that the women progressed through the same developmental periods as had men in Levinson's study and at roughly the same ages. Although the timing of the periods and the nature of the developmental tasks appeared to be similar, the ways of working on these tasks as well as the outcomes achieved were different. These differences are understood in part as consequences of the greater complexity of women's dreams and the problems encountered in living them out.
Adult↗
New frontiers in psychotherapy.
The author examines new frontiers in psychotherapy from the perspective of four major movements in clinical psychiatry today: (1) the science of psychotherapy, (2) time-limited and tailored treatment, (3) governmental guidelines and public policy-making, and (4) conceptual and clinical rapprochement. Attempts to standardize psychotherapy are evidenced by more refined diagnostic and statistical instruments, operationalized training and treatment manuals, and use of the computer in human simulation. The second movement is manifested by innovative short-term therapies, particularly tailored to depressed populations. The third direction is more extrinsic as cost-effectiveness increasingly becomes the guiding criterion of mental health care. The final frontier reflects attempts to weld various polarities in the field, not only by drawing on a vast psychological armamentarium but by providing new neurobiologic models for complex "psychological" phenomena, from dreams to dependency.
Forecasting↗
[Daily experiences of a health care team. Case report].
The authors present daily experience report of a health staff, based in some aspects of microsociology in which the human being manifests all of its "theatrical behavior". Daily life is revealed in a closer look by the health field professionals. Daily life is the "stage" where the plot of life takes place in all of its complexity, the joy, the dreams, the conflicts and the suffering of each day, of each human being. This report analysis some aspects of the "underground centralization of actions", which determines human existence. It has been observed that the power category represented by the "game" had outstanding relevance in the work social relations of the staff. The "theatrical behavior" was the other element found in the analysis made.
Humans↗
Deconstructing the manifest dream.
A major part of the analyst's task is to discover the basis for the patient's misidentification of his present life situation with significant but threatening events of his earlier life, now repressed and inaccessible to conscious recall. Reconstructing the patient's history is a crucial step in this process of discovery, but the dynamic relation between the present and the past must be reconstructed as well. The structure of the manifest dream contains the key to this relation. The imagery of the dream is a composite of experimental materials drawn from important drive-related events of the present and the past. The complex formed by the manifest dream and the patient's associations provides the analyst with data about both of these distinct sets of drive-related experiences. As Freud's discussion of his M elusine dream illustrates, one associative thread can be traced to an experience that incorporates a conflicted current wish. Another thread will lead to an experience in which a repressed wish of childhood has been expressed. Where the two associative threads converge, in the composite imagery of the dream, the basis for the identification between the wishes of the present and the past will be exposed. An understanding of the structure of the manifest dream helps to clarify some of the important theoretical issues left unresolved in Freud's writings. These include: the function of the day residue and the mechanism through which it is formed, the relation of the screen memory to the associative process, and the differing roles of condensation and displacement in dream construction and free association. A simple procedure is described for enhancing the recovery of the significant childhood memories whose details have been incorporated into the composite imagery of the manifest dream.
Adult↗
Mater and Nannie: Freud's two mothers and the discovery of the Oedipus Complex.
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Austria↗
Humans' perceptions of animal mentality: ascriptions of thinking.
On rating scales, 294 students indicated whether it was reasonable to say that a dog, cat, bird, fish, and school-age child had the capacity for 12 commonplace human mental operations or experiences. Factor analysis of responses identified 2 levels of attributions, simple thinking and complex thinking. The child and all animals were credited with simple thinking, but respondents were much more likely to ascribe complex thinking to the child. (A pilot study with 8 animal-behavior professionals generally replicated these results.) Certain mental categories (e.g., emotion) were judged by students to be simple for all target types; others (e.g., conservation) were judged to be universally complex. Further factoring revealed articulate ascriptions for key mental categories. Play and imagine was seen as simple in the animals but complex for the child, but enumeration and sorting and dream were seen as simple in the child but complex for the animals.
Adult↗
Castrating the phallic mother: the influence of Freud's repressed developmental experiences on the conceptualization of the castration complex.
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Anxiety, Castration↗
The use of dreams as a psychotherapeutic technique with brain injured patients.
Reports of dreams elicited from brain-injured patients at the Loewenstein Rehabilitation Hospital in Israel were incorporated into the psychotherapeutic process. Our experience indicated that: It is possible to increase and enrich dream activity in quantity and in substance in the course of the treatment; This approach can affect all of the components of the personality which have been in regression after injury; Dream analysis does not require complex cognitive abilities and surmounts the special difficulty these patients have in using language and abstract concepts; It is possible to bring to the surface inner and subconscious contents residing in the patient that were ignored before; and The residual content of the premorbid personality is also expressed, thus facilitating the patient's inner contact between his former identity and his new one. This permits a renewed consolidation of the personality while making use of the psychic forces and parts which remained intact.
Adult↗
Physician acceptance of new medical information systems: the field of dreams.
Physicians often fail to embrace a complex information system, may not see its relevance to their practices, and are characteristically reluctant to invest the time and energy to be trained in its use. Why is widespread physician buy-in so difficult to achieve? From physicians overwhelmed with change to failing to begin with an adequate physician base of support, this article explores some of the reasons that physicians demonstrate little buy-in to this process and offers suggestions to help create a more successful implementation. Ways to build acceptance include acknowledging the importance of physicians as customers and training them early and often.
Attitude to Computers↗
Human regional cerebral blood flow during rapid-eye-movement sleep.
Owing to the coupling between CBF and neuronal activity, regional CBF is a reflection of neural activity in different brain regions. In this study we measured regional CBF during polysomnographically well-defined rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep by the use of single photon emission computerized tomography and the new tracer 99mTc-dl-hexamethylpropyleneamine. Eleven healthy volunteers aged between 22 and 27 years were studied. CBF was measured on separate nights during REM sleep and during EEG-verified wakefulness. On awakening from REM sleep, all subjects reported visual dreams. During REM sleep CBF increased by 4% (p less than 0.01) in the associative visual area, while it decreased by 9% (p less than 0.01) in the inferior frontal cortex. The CBF increase in the associative visual area suggests that activation of cerebral structures processing complex visual material is correlated to visual dream experiences. On the other hand, the reduced involvement of the inferior frontal cortex observed during REM sleep might explain the poor temporal organization and bizarreness often experienced in dreams.
Adult↗
One possible function of sleep: to produce dreams.
Among the various functions of sleep, one is particularly significant for our mental life: that of producing dreams. This specifically human experience, which takes place only during sleep, is closely related with neurophysiological events. The coincidence between mental and biological events raises a complex epistemological question concerning the close relationship between dreams, viewed as a subjective experience and sleep, viewed as a vegetative experience which is possible to define from a behavioural, electrical, neurochemical and neurobiological viewpoint. In this presentation, the author criticizes Hobson and McCarley's internal generator theory, according to which the pons activates the limbic structures responsible for the recovery of memory in dreams, on account of physiological and psychological reasons. The author puts forward a cognitive hypothesis, which considers dreams as a symbolic process of elaborating, interpreting and reorganizing in narrative sequences all the material accumulated in the memory during waking hours. The author proposes, therefore, a psychoanalytical model of dreaming, in which dreams constitute a way of representing the individual's inner world with internal objects related with one another and with the Self.
Animals↗
The use of dreams in couples therapy.
Spouses and family members communicate in complex, highly developed patterns which are largely out of awareness (Wynne 1961; Martin 1976; Cavenar 1979; Satir 1964). The therapist's grasp of these patterns of unconscious relatedness is essential to effective couples therapy or family therapy. This becomes a basis for interventions designed to help change those patterns destructive to a mutually satisfying relationship. A dream which one member of a couple presents in the setting of conjoint therapy is an important moment in which unconscious communication becomes manifest. Awareness and effectiveness can be enhanced when a therapist emphasizes the interpersonal dimension of the dream rather than treating it as a purely intrapsychic event. We examine meanings and uses of dreams shared in the context of couples psychotherapy, via literature review, clinical examples, and discussion. We suggest an approach which highlights interpersonal dimensions of dream-sharing and incorporates a concept of unconscious resonance.
Adult↗
Erik Erikson's dream specimen paper. A classic revisited.
This paper offers an overview of Erik Erikson's contribution to psychoanalysis, contrasting the humanistic perspective from which he viewed psychoanalysis with the biological perspective adopted by Heinz Hartmann. The vehicle for this comparison and for the explication of Erikson's extension of the work of Freud and Hartmann is Erikson's analysis of Freud's Irma dream, as presented in his Dream Specimen paper. I hope to show that: (1) Erikson's analysis of Freud's Irma dream provides a masterful illustration of the richness and complexity of past and current life themes and conflicts that inform the dreamer's construction of the manifest surface of the dream. (2) Erikson's examination of the relationship between the manifest content of the dream and the current life context of the dreamer leads him to propose a connection between trauma and the origins of the dream. This view complements Freud's discovery of the instinctual motivation for dreaming and anticipates subsequent discoveries concerning the role of dreams and REM sleep in defensive ego functioning and adaptation. (3) The Dream Specimen paper presents readers with a humanistic ego psychology that rests upon--but is subtly different from--the work of Hartmann and the other biologically oriented analysts of his day. In this sense, Erikson's paper is an elegant "specimen" of ego psychology carried to its most creative heights.
Dreams↗
In the last analysis: archetypal themes in the analysis of an elderly patient with early disintegrative trauma.
Aspects of the analysis of an elderly patient with early disintegrative experiences are described: separation anxiety, an internalized attack upon vitality, and the fear of dependency were prominent features of the transference/countertransference relationship, while the search for meaning as death drew nearer continued to be the central theme. The patient's many dreams reveal a wealth of images whose complex interlinkings provided evidence of a heightened and energized individuation process aiming at the integrity of personality.
Aged↗
Progressive disruption of the circadian rhythm of melatonin in fatal familial insomnia.
Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a disease characterized by loss of sleep activity due to selective thalamic degeneration. To assess the secretory pattern of melatonin (MT) in FFI, we studied two cases of overt disease under standardized conditions and polysomnographic control. Each patient underwent repeated 24-h study sessions, and MT was assayed at 30-min intervals. Six healthy volunteers were used as controls. Slow wave sleep was never recorded, whereas occasional episodes of enacted dreaming accompanied by rapid ocular movements and complex muscular activities were documented, with no detectable rhythm. Plasma MT concentrations gradually decreased as the disease progressed. A significant circadian rhythm was detected in the earlier recordings, with decreasing amplitudes with disease progression. Complete rhythm obliteration was achieved in the most advanced stage. Normally placed nocturnal acrophases were detected in the earlier stages, but then a shift toward the daytime hours was observed. Thalamic lesions of FFI appear to determine a progressive disruption of the sleep/wake cycle accompanied by decreased circulating levels of MT, with progressive alterations in the circadian rhythm of this hormone. On the other hand, decreased secretion of MT may contribute to the sleep disturbances of FFI.
Adult↗
[Artificial blood in 1990: from a lifelong dream to today's reality].
Human blood is a very complex tissue. Therefore the idea of rediscovery its different cellular and plasmatic constituents would seem to be utopic. To be efficient the oxygen carrier, be it natural or by synthesis, must be stripped of antigenicity, be easily stockable and transportable. Thus these properties permit its use in urgent circumstances (accidents, natural disasters, war...), in those countries where there is a non existent or limited transfusional structure. This, under certain conditions, during very specific pathologies (localised ischemia for example). Among several hypotheses, they are two main lines of research that of "hemoglobin solutions" the oldest and the most physiological. This will be developed here in more lengthy terms due to our personal work on the subject. The second line of research concerns fluorocarbons, the most modern and artificial and without doubt better known to doctors and the public. 1. HEMOGLOBIN SOLUTIONS. Other than nephrotoxicity, which has proved affordable, research han revealed four large limitations with hemoglobin solutions (a high affinity for oxygen due to absence or loss of 2.3 DPG, a short half life due to vascular loss, rapid dimerisation and elimination of urine, insufficient concentration of prepared solutions (70 g/L) with as a result a weak oncotic pressure and oxygen supply, oxidation in methemoglobin). In order to overcome the two inconveniences, proposals were made to modify hemoglobin chemically, the idea coming from the putting into operation of potential analogues to or substitutes for 2.3 DPG which it is advisable to bring or to keep--by covalent bonding--near to the fixation site of the natural ligand. Thus our group has already deposed several patents and is now working on a complex hemoglobin-dextran benzine tetracarboxylate which appears promising. Today, due to the quality and reproduction of the results obtained on animals with chemically modified hemoglobin preparations clinical assays should be carried out soon. 2. FLUOROCARBONS. In this very different approach which uses totally synthetic compounds oxygen carrying can only be realised in dissolved form. Due to this fluorocarbons, even though they are remarkable solvents of gas, do not reach their full efficiency unless the patient breathes in a very rich oxygen atmosphere. This is therefore a considerable limiting factor. The other big problem is the insolubility of these compounds and therefore the need to emulsify them, but unfortunately these emulsions are difficult, if not impossible to stabilise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Blood Substitutes↗
DREAMS illuminates spatial DNA and RNA modification landscapes.
DNA and RNA modifications regulate gene expression and RNA processing, but their spatial organization in complex tissues remains elusive. Here we developed DNA RNA Elements Areal Mass Spectrometry (DREAMS), a mass spectrometry imaging platform that spatially maps diverse nucleic acid modifications simultaneously. Applying DREAMS to TET-deficient mouse brains (Tet1Δ/Δ and triple Tet1/2/3Δ/Δ), we uncover TET1's unexpected role in modulating N1-methyladenosine (m1A), a pivotal RNA modification. While DREAMS reveals broad modification landscapes altered across TET knockouts, we identify TET1-mediated changes in m1A that correlate with transcriptome alterations. Our work establishes DREAMS as a transformative tool for spatial epigenomics/epitranscriptomics and suggests that TET enzymes could influence multiple DNA and RNA modifications with potential gatekeeping roles in nucleic acid regulation.
Animals↗