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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Ammonia and 1-octen-3-ol as attractants for Haematopota pluvialis, Hybomitra expollicata (Diptera: Tabanidae), and Morellia spp. (Diptera: Muscidae).

1-Octen-3-ol with and without ammonia were evaluated as attractants in canopy traps for Haematopota pluvialis L., Hybomitra expollicata Pand., and Morellia spp. Baited traps collected significantly more Tabanidae and female Morellia spp. than unbaited traps. 1-Octen-3-ol or 1-octen-3-ol with ammonia, increased catch by 4.2- and 4.3-fold for H. pluvialis, 5.9- and 8.6-fold for H. expollicata, and 1.2- and 1.6-fold for female Morellia spp., respectively.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2006

The effects of host physiology on the attraction of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) and Stomoxys (Diptera: Muscidae) to cattle.

In Zimbabwe, studies were made of the numbers of tsetse (Glossina spp.) and stable flies (Stomoxys spp.) attracted to cattle of different nutritional status, age and sex. Host odours were analysed to determine the physiological basis of these differences and improved methods are described for measuring rates of production of kairomones. Seasonal fluctuations in host weight, related to changes in pasture quality, had no significant effect on attraction of tsetse or Stomoxys. However, both attraction to different individuals and carbon dioxide production by these individuals were strongly correlated with weight, suggesting a possible link. Attraction to the odour from different types of cattle decreased in the order ox>cow>heifer>calf, and oxen were twice as attractive as calves of less than 12 months old. Lactation did not alter the relative attractiveness of cows. Calves less than six months old produced lower levels of carbon dioxide, acetone, octenol and phenols than oxen, but for older calves and cows, levels of production of known kairomones and repellents were similar to those of an ox. Carbon dioxide produced by cattle varied according to time of day and the animal's weight; cattle weighing 500 kg produced carbon dioxide at a mean rate of 2.0 l min(-1) in the morning and 2.8 l min(-1) in the afternoon compared to respective rates of 1.1 and 1.9 l min(-1) for cattle weighing 250 kg. Artificially adjusting the doses of carbon dioxide produced by individual cattle to make them equivalent did not remove significant differences in attractiveness for tsetse but did for Stomoxys. Increasing the dose of carbon dioxide from 1 to 4 l min(-1) in a synthetic blend of identified kairomones simulating those produced by a single ox, increased attractiveness to tsetse but not to the level of an ox. The results suggest that the main sources of differences in the attractiveness of individual cattle are likely to be variation in the production of carbon dioxide and, for tsetse, other unidentified kairomone(s). The biological and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Acetone↗
PubMed1989

Field and laboratory efficacy studies of erythrosin B for Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) and Drosophila robusta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) control.

A 1.0% liquid bait formulation of erythrosin B was tested for house fly, Musca domestica L., control in one room of an environmentally controlled caged-layer poultry facility. Reduced fly numbers were recorded between day 14 and day 17 in the room treated with erythrosin B, after 17 d populations increased significantly in treatment and control rooms. Increasing the light intensity to 188 or 386 lm/m squared for 8 h a day or increasing bait stations from one station per 87 m3 to one station per 70 m2 had no effect on developing house fly populations. Annoying levels of a vinegar fly, Drosophila robusta group, developed in the poultry facility during the study. Populations increased to greater than 400 adults/m2 of wall surface by day 15, then declined in the treatment room to less than 1 adult/m2 by day 33. Mortality of house flies that had ingested a 1.0% liquid formulation of erythrosin B was recorded under laboratory light intensities of 51, 532, and 1,030 lm/m2. All three intensities resulted in mortality significantly higher than the control, but mortality among the light intensity treatments did not differ significantly. When house flies were supplied water with erythrosin B, mortality did not differ significantly from that of the control.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Laboratory evaluation of repellents against four anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and two phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae).

Deet, the lactone CIC-4, and the piperidine compounds A13-37220 and A13-35765 were evaluated for initial repellency against laboratory-reared Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, An. freeborni Aitken, An. gambiae Giles, An. stephensi Liston, and Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) using a dose-response testing procedure on human volunteers. In addition, deet and CIC-4 were tested against Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva). In general, the repellency of A13-37220, A13-35765, and CIC-4 was not markedly different from that of deet against each species tested; however, the different species varied greatly in response to the repellents. Overall, An. stephensi, L. longipalpis, and P. papatasi were the most sensitive, and An. albimanus the most tolerant species. The four repellents subsequently were tested against An. stephensi and An. albimanus to determine the duration of repellency. AI3-37220 provided effective (> 90%) protection against An. stephensi bites for 7 h, whereas deet, AI3-35765, and CIC-4 provided 6, 5, and 3 h of protection, respectively. Each of the four compounds provided < 1 h of protection against An. albimanus bites.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of plant tissue feeding by sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

Plant tissue feeding by Culex pipiens molestus (Forskål) was determined by identification of plant residues, differentially stained with Calcofluor, in dissected mosquito guts. Such residues were found in 42.3% of 286 field-caught mosquitoes. A method for determination of plant tissue feeding from specific sources is described. Before feeding branches were suffused with Calcofluor stain which binds to plant cell walls; stained residues of this tissue in the insect gut are indicative of feeding. Laboratory experiments with Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) and C. p. molestus verified that feeding on labeled and untreated branches was similar. These experiments quantified the frequency of feeding by sand flies on 15 plant species and by the mosquitoes on 6 plant species. Labeled branches of plants that were fed upon frequently in the laboratory were used as baits in field tests. In the laboratory, the percentage of P. papatasi feeding on Prosopis farcta (Macbride) was 75.8% and on Ricinus communis (L.) 67.2%, whereas 29.4 and 17.9% of the sand flies caught in the field near labeled plants were marked, respectively. Similarly, 84.8% of the C. p. molestus fed on Ochradenus baccatus (Delile) in the laboratory and 11.0% of the mosquitoes caught near labeled baits were marked. These experiments show that plant tissue is common in the diet of C. p. molestus in the Jordan Valley, and that the plants tested in the field are natural sources of this diet for either sand flies or mosquitoes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of developmental asynchrony between Aedes triseriatus (Diptera:Culicidae) and its predator Toxorhynchites rutilus (Diptera:Culicidae).

Newly hatched Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillet) were added to experimental populations of Aedes triseriatus (Say) at varying days after prey hatch to test the hypothesis that a developmental asynchrony of Ae. triseriatus and Tx. rutilus leads to escape from predation by Ae. triseriatus in small water bodies. Presence of Tx. rutilus significantly affected prey survivorship. Regression of survivorship [log10 (x + 1) transformed] versus days head start for prey yielded a small, but significant positive slope, indicating that survivorship increased slightly with an increasing number of days head start. For females, mean weight at emergence was not significantly affected by treatments; however, median days to emergence differed significantly between the treatments, with females taking significantly longer to emerge with Tx. rutilus absent than when the predator was present. For males, neither mean mass nor median days to emergence was significantly affected by treatments. Treatments had no significant effect on the frequency of deaths or on mean weight of Tx. rutilus. Thus, a developmental asynchrony between Tx. rutilus and Ae. Triseriatus appears to have no effects on the predator, but does have a weak effect on prey performance at high hatch densities.

Aedes↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of bait cattle and carbon dioxide-baited suction traps for collecting Culicoides variipennis sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Carbon dioxide-baited suction trap collections were related to simultaneous bait cattle collections of Culicoides variipennis sonorensis Wirth & Jones. Trap collections varied directly with numbers taken from each of 3 calves. More (3.4x) C. v. sonorensis were taken in a trap with 1,000 ml CO2/min versus a trap baited with approximately 300 ml/min (matched to calves by weight). Numbers of insects taken from three individual calves relative to their equivalent CO2 output did not differ, but engorgement of C. v. sonorensis was higher on 1 calf compared with the other 2 calves. Up to 281 C. v. sonorensis fed on a calf exposed for 10 min. More male (7.7x) and female (6.1x) C. v. sonorensis were collected from the calf relative to its equivalent amount of CO2. Under conditions described here, female C. v. sonorensis caught by a suction trap multiplied by 7.2 approximates numbers expected to be caught near a calf. Engorgement of C. v. sonorensis on individual calves declined as abundance increased. Culex quinquefasciatus Say was collected in equal numbers from the calves and their equivalent CO2 output, and none fed on the cattle. Most (85%) C. v. sonorensis in the vicinity of the CO2-baited suction trap were collected in the catch bag, compared with 26% of Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Vector competence of Aedes notoscriptus (Diptera: Culicidae) for Barmah Forest virus and of this species and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) for dengue 1-4 viruses in Queensland, Australia.

Aedes notoscriptus (Skuse) mosquitoes colonized from Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, were fed on blood suspensions containing either Barmah Forest (BF) virus, dengue virus type 1 (DEN-1), dengue virus type 2 (DEN-2), dengue virus type 3 (DEN-3), or dengue virus type 4 (DEN-4). Ae. notoscriptus was shown to be moderately susceptible to oral infection with BF virus, ID50 = 10(3.3) CCID50 per mosquito, with titers in infected mosquitoes peaking 10 d after infection. BF virus transmission occurred between days 5 and 12, with an average rate of 45% (range, 40-50%). For DEN 1-4, Ae. notoscriptus showed low level susceptibility to oral infection, with maximum head and thorax squash infection rates of 8, 5, 13, and 3%, respectively. Rates of infection were notably higher in a north Queensland strain of Aedes aegypti (L.) used as a positive control, with maximum thorax squash infection rates of 58, 68, 78, and 60% for DEN 1-4, respectively. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that Ae. notoscriptus could act as an efficient vector of BF in urban environments, but it is unlikely to be an important vector of DEN.

Aedes↗
PubMed2006

Prevention of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from entering simulated aircraft with commercial air curtain units.

Commercially available air curtain units were used to create air barriers to prevent mosquitoes and house flies from entering a simulated aircraft doorway together with passengers. Two assemblies of simulated passenger bridge and aircraft were constructed, and airflow measurements were recorded to confirm airflow characteristics for several combinations of commercial units. Three mosquito species were selected for different host-seeking characteristics, and house flies were selected to represent a large, strong-flying insect. Batches of 20 or 200 insects of four species were released into the passenger bridge just before 25 persons passed through the assembly, then insects that entered the aircraft cabin were recovered. Results showed that horizontal plus vertical or vertical-mounted air curtain units with the airflow directed at a 45 degrees angle into the passenger bridge excluded 95-99% of the mosquitoes and 95-100% of the house flies, respectively. Airflows were measured and estimated to be effective if the mean was > 4 m/s in the critical area in the center of the converging airflows. The study validates the concept that air barriers can effectively prevent the passage of flying insects into an aircraft.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2000

Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae) and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) salivary gland hyaluronidase activity.

Hyaluronidase activity in the salivary gland homogenates of Simulium vittatum (Zetterstedt) is described, and its optimal pH determined. Salivary activity was reduced significantly after a blood meal, indicating that it was secreted after blood feeding. Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) also exhibited salivary hyaluronidase activity. These results indicate that hematophagous pool-feeding insects may secrete this enzyme to help the spread of salivary antihemostatic agents in the vicinity of the feeding lesion, and perhaps to increase the size of the feeding lesion itself. Additionally, this enzyme may affect local host immune reactions and promote arboviral transmission.

Aedes↗
PubMed2000

Field evaluation of deet and a piperidine repellent against Aedes communis (Diptera: Culicidae) and Simulium venustum (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Adirondack Mountains of New York.

Repellent efficacy of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide (deet), the piperidine, 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine (AI3-37220), and a 1:1 ratio of deet + AI3-37220 were evaluated topically (0.25 mg/cm2 applied in ethanol solution) on human volunteers against the mosquito Aedes communis (DeGeer) and the black fly Simulium venustum Say. The average repellency of all three formulations was > 95% at 4 h. For both mosquitoes and black flies, deet alone provided < 90% protection at 6 h, whereas AI3-37220 provided > 95% protection. Although repellent treatments were not significantly different overall, the contrasts between AI3-3720 versus deet were significant at 6 and 8 h. The 95% confidence interval on percent repellency at 6 h ranged from 90.1 to 98.9% for AI3-37220 versus 64.3 to 82.2% for deet, and at 8 h ranged 76.1 to 88.5% for AI3-37220 versus 47.8 to 64.0% for deet. Similarly, the confidence interval for protection against black flies at 6 h by (AI3-37220 ranged from 86.3 to 99.5% and did not overlap with the confidence interval provided by deet alone (51.2 to 78.8%). There was no evidence of synergistic repellency from a combination of the two compounds; i.e., protection from combined compounds was no better than either repellent used alone.

Aedes↗