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PubMed1991

Alcohol and drug problems in Czechoslovakia.

The authors describe the current drug and alcohol scene in Czechoslovakia, with references to historical developments. Drug abuse is divided into nine groups: from drugs most frequently abused (opiates and speed) to illegally cultivated hemp (hashish and marijuana). In 1985 there were 9,900 registered drug addicts and 720 are added to this number annually. There are approximately 15 nonregistered drug addicts for every registered one. In the consumption of alcoholic beverages, Czechoslovakia holds 13th place in the world (average annual per capita consumption is in the vicinity of 9.5 litres of 100% alcohol). In 1985 there were 239,385 registered alcoholics (of this number, 18,746 were women). In conclusion the authors describe the Czechoslovak system of treatment of addictions: detoxification departments, outpatient treatment, and institutional care, as well as treatment for prisoners and forced treatment. They also mention the effectiveness of these treatment programs.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1990

The development of air medical services in Czechoslovakia.

The Czechoslovakian system of centralized dispatch of all emergency medical services prevents competition between ground ambulances and air medical services. Although this program is less than two years old, remarkable progress has pushed Czechoslovakia to the forefront of modern-day air medical transport. However, the future of Czechoslovakian air medical transport will require the acquisition of better-performing EMS helicopters and accessibility to medical equipment using Western technology. As with all current United States helicopter EMS systems, Czechoslovakia will face many of the financial considerations required in funding this extensive and elaborate project.

Aircraft↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contribution to the issue of essential drugs in Czechoslovakia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ratio represented by essential drugs (EDs) in the total consumption of drugs in Czechoslovakia in 1989. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the assortment and consumption of EDs in 1989. SETTING: Department of the Organization and Management of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bratislava. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Consumption of drugs and/or pharmacotherapeutic groups, expressed by the number of formulations, number of units, and in financial terms. RESULTS: EDs constitute approximately one-third of the total consumption of drugs in Czechoslovakia (both in terms of volume and finances); almost 60 percent of EDs have dosage forms and concentrations identical to those shown in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Drugs (Sixth List). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicate that there is need for a regular updating of the drug policy within the public health branch of the government to more effectively regulate the production and import of drugs.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1992

Relationship between environment quality and mortality in Czechoslovakia.

"Our paper concentrates on a regional analysis of the relationship between living environment and public health.... We utilized the collected data concerning the relationship between environment and public health and worked out an application of these data to be implemented in Czechoslovakia (CSFR)....Czechoslovakia's extremely disturbed areas usually correspond to regions with high mortality rates. However, the relationship between the two phenomena is not explicit because these ¿disrupted' areas also have different ethnic and social structures. The education standards of their populations are usually lower, in addition to other adverse characteristics which can be described as socio-pathological." (SUMMARY IN CZE)

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1992

Unmarried cohabitation in Czechoslovakia.

Trends in consensual union in Czechoslovakia are discussed using data from two surveys conducted in 1985 and 1990. "Results showed that 31% and 37% of couples contracting their first marriage lived together in 1985 and 1990, respectively. The proportion of cohabitants among couples contracting a second or third marriage was 73% and 77%. Our conclusion is that unmarried cohabitation in Czechoslovakia...is not of a Scandinavian type.... We call it 'engaged cohabitation', which is oriented toward marriage."

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1962

Experience with preparation an laboratory control of oral poliomyelitis vaccine in Czechoslovakia.

Among the many problems connected with the preparation and laboratory control of oral poliomyelitis vaccines, one of the most vexed is that of the presence of undesirable, extraneous viruses of simian origin, particularly the foamy viruses. In Czechoslovakia, as elsewhere, these have been encountered in the production of live poliomyelitis vaccine from Sabin strains. Of 596 single lots of primary monkey kidney cell cultures intended for use in vaccine, only 143 lots successfully passed laboratory control tests, mainly because foamy viruses were found. Comparison tests showed that monkey and rabbit kidney cells were equally sensitive for the detection of foamy viruses but that dog kidney cells were less so and, in addition, in 8% of cases contained endogenous cytopathogenic virus agents. The presence of vacuolating agent was not tested for in the control tests discussed in this paper.All vaccine lots which passed control tests and were administered to children in the course of mass vaccination campaigns in Czechoslovakia in 1960 and 1961 proved safe and effective.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Czechoslovakia's changing health care system.

Before World War II, Czechoslovakia was among the most developed European countries with an excellent health care system. After the Communist coup d'etat in 1948, the country was forced to adapt its existing health care system to the Soviet model. It was planned and managed by the government, financed by general tax money, operated in a highly centralized, bureaucratic fashion, and provided service at no direct charge at the time of service. In recent years, the health care system had been deteriorating as the health of the people had also been declining. Life expectancy, infant mortality rates, and diseases of the circulatory system are higher than in Western European countries. In 1989, political changes occurred in Czechoslovakia that made health care reform possible. Now health services are being decentralized, and the ownership of hospitals is expected to be transferred to communities, municipalities, churches, charitable groups, or private entities. Almost all health leaders, including hospital directors and hospital department heads, have been replaced. Physicians will be paid according to the type and amount of work performed. Perhaps the most important reform is the establishment of an independent General Health Care Insurance Office financed directly by compulsory contributions from workers, employers, and government that will be able to negotiate with hospitals and physicians to determine payment for services.

Communism↗
PubMed1991

[The quality of demographic development in Czechoslovakia from the European viewpoint].

Forty years of a totalitarian regime imply economic, cultural and moral devastation. Statistical analyses reveal, however, also demographic devastation in particular in the sphere of health and social aspects. This means that the basic indicators of the quality of demographic development in Czechoslovakia during the last 25 years are remarkably close to the indicators of the former socialist system and that they deteriorate and lag behind when compared with other countries, in particular developed industrial countries. This trend can be also called "balkanization" because Czechoslovakia which belonged before the war among the eight most highly developed industrial countries dropped at the end of the eighties to the level of demographic indicators of Bulgaria, Jugoslavia, Hungary, Roumania etc. In the submitted investigation the authors demonstrate these facts based on the analysis of selected coefficients of quality of the demographic development such as infant mortality, specific mortality of the male and female population aged 55-59 years and the mean life expectancy of men and women at birth, on the background of the general European demographic situation. For analyses only the latest data published by UNO were used.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Psychosomatic medicine in Czechoslovakia: history, present state and perspectives.

The history and present state of psychosomatic medicine in Czechoslovakia are described in detail. At the present time, a concept of Z.J. Lipowski is spreading. Since the formation of the Section for Study of Psychosomatic Medicine, a part of the Czech Psychiatric Association in 1975, several teams of physicians and clinical psychologists have started work in various fields of psychosomatic medicine. Some inpatient and outpatient psychosomatic wards and units were opened. Pre- and postgraduate training in psychosomatics and behavioral medicine have started. Future developments of psychosomatic health care in Czechoslovakia will require the integration of the psychosomatic approach and the bio-psychosocial model of disease into primary health care and other bio-medical disciplines. Psychosocial theory must be incorporated into prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of all diseases using the method of liaison psychiatry, along with the further institutionalization of psychosomatic care.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1990

[Nosocomial infections in surgical and orthopedic departments in Czechoslovakia].

In both the Czech and Slovak Republic since 1982 several prevalence investigations nosocomial infections were made. In the present work the authors submit an analysis of the most frequent nosocomial infections in surgical and orthopaedic departments in Czechoslovakia. They recorded a 11.7% prevalence of nosocomial infections in surgical departments in Czechoslovakia (14.0% in the Czech Republic and 8.1% in the Slovak Republic) and 8.0% in orthopaedic departments, both in the Czech and Slovak Republic. Almost 7% of the revealed nosocomial infections were wound infections, 13.5% were infections of the urinary pathways and 13.6% respiratory infection. In some 10% of the patients the wounds were suppurative. After a so-celled clean operations the wound was suppurative in 7.3%, in orthopaedic departments in 5.9% of the patients. The incidence of infections of clean surgical wounds above 2.0% should be "the reason for deeper interest in an epidemiological investigation".

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1990

Some epidemiological characteristics of pneumonia in Czechoslovakia and several neighbouring countries from the aspect of mortality rates.

The authors evaluated the dynamics of mortality rates due to pneumonia in Czechoslovakia and several neighbouring countries over the period of 1974 to 1985. The relative risk of death and proportional mortality rates were calculated and epidemiological curves plotted using data provided by the World Health Organization. It is concluded that during the period in question there was no positive change in the dynamics of mortality rates in Czechoslovakia. Particular attention should be paid to persons in the age group of 75 and more years, where the relative risk of death is at least 4 times greater than in the general population.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contribution of clinical pharmacology to a rational use of cardiac glycosides in Czechoslovakia.

In Czechoslovakia, drug utilization studies showed that oral forms of digoxin and lanatoside C are traditionally the most prescribed cardiac glycosides. Our study of the relative bioavailability of the oral form of lanatoside C revealed that the drug has a low and irregular bioavailability making use of this frequently prescribed drug non-rational. The above data definitely contributed to a sharp decrease in the use of the oral form of lanatoside C in our country, which is in agreement with consumption trends in other European countries. However, the use of only drug forms with a good bioavailability is one aspect of new approaches applied in pharmacotherapy with cardiac glycosides resulting in gradual decrease of their consumption as a pharmacological group. Clinical pharmacological evaluation of individual drug forms and postgraduate education in clinical pharmacology of cardiac glycosides contribute significantly--apart from other regulatory measures--to a more rational use of cardiac glycosides in Czechoslovakia.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed1989

Aminoglycoside resistance patterns in clinical isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella sp. from Czechoslovakia and the United States.

Resistance of gram-negative bacilli to aminoglycoside antibiotics differs by region and country. Previous studies have demonstrated predominance of the nucleotidyltransferase ANL(2") as the mechanism of enzymatic resistance to gentamicin in the United States and many European countries (Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, Greece, Turkey) whereas the acetylating enzymes AAC(6') and AAC(3) were the principal causes of resistance to aminoglycosides in Japan and Chile. In the present comparison of 18 drug resistant isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella sp. from Czechoslovakia and the United States, with aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes, ANT(2") characterized the most strains from both countries. In a higher number of isolates from Czechoslovakia however, the aminoglycoside resistance was mediated by AAC(3). In the majority of strains a simultaneous occurrence of two gentamicin-inactivating enzymes i.e. ANT(2"), plus AAC (2'), or AAC(6') or AAC(3) was observed. In amikacin resistant E. coli strains the mechanism of resistance was represented by production of AAC(6') or AAC*--an acetyltransferase with uncommon substrate profile. In all E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains from the United States apart from ANT(2") also AAC(2') was detected. This represents a broadening of the host range of aac(2') gene, the occurrence of which has been limited only to Providencia and Proteus strains.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1989

Trends and patterns in cancer incidence in Czechoslovakia, 1968-1985.

Cancer incidence rates and trends in Czechoslovakia investigated in the present study are based for the first time on valid data derived mainly from population-based cancer registries. All rates were age-adjusted using world standard population as a reference. The results confirmed first of all a real and apparent increase of the whole cancer incidence trends which was more expressed in males. The increase in the overall cancer incidence among males could be attributed to the steadily continuing growth of lung cancer, responsible for one-quarter of all new cases in recent years, and to a lesser extent, also to the rising rates of "other skin", prostatic, colonic and rectal cancer. The rates and trends among females were influenced by increase and dominant position of breast and "other skin" cancer, responsible together for one-third of new cases. Increasing trends were observed for the incidence of the uterine body, ovary, and for the great majority of digestive tract and other cancer sites. A reduction of incidence was seen only for stomach in both sexes, for the uterine cervix among females, and lip cancer among males. The actual rates and trends of cancer incidence in Czechoslovakia could be compared with those observed in other developed countries. The usefulness and unconditional necessity of adequately reliable data on cancer incidence for epidemiological research and administration of cancer control is emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

To the knowledge of the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus Linné, 1758; Rodentia) as host of leptospirosis in Czechoslovakia.

A total of 1288 hamsters (Cricetus cricetus), coming from two regions of Czechoslovakia, were serologically investigated on the presence of leptospirosis. In 1114 hamsters from eastern Slovakia, where an outbreak occurred and local populations lived quite atypically, there was 31.8% positivity, in 174 animals from central Moravia, where the populations were at higher levels but lived normally, the positivity amounted to 17.2%. The serological positivity increases proportionately to the weight, i.e. to the age of the animals. The serovar grippotyphosa was dominant in them (29.6% of examined hamsters), while 6.0% were positive for L. pomona, 1.0% for serovars from the serogroup Sejroe, 0.2% for L. sorex-jalna and L. bataviae respectively, and 0.1% for L. bratislava. The hamsters from central Moravia were positive only for the serovar grippotyphosa. Antibodies in lower titres against L. pomona, having the character of coagglutinations, were simultaneously detected in some hamsters positive for L. grippotyphosa. In Czechoslovakia the common hamster is one of the potential hosts of L. grippotyphosa, its importance increasing during severe outbreaks, when the incidence of infection with L. grippotyphosa in hamster populations increases and the animals inhabit most varied types of biotopes and transfer to synanthropic way of life.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A case of human cryptosporidiosis in Czechoslovakia.

A case of human cryptosporidiosis, the first one reported in Czechoslovakia, is described. The disease was diagnosed by the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the feces. The methods used independently to identify oocysts were the fecal flotation technique employing a saturated solution of sucrose and the microscopic examination of stained fecal smears. The patient was a 4-year-old boy with watery diarrhea of 5 days' duration who was kept on a diet and treated with a suspension of Endiaron N Spofa. Excretion positivity for Cryptosporidium oocysts in the feces was detectable at 3 and 5 days after appearance of first clinical manifestations. Bacteriological examination was repeatedly negative. This finding leaves little doubt as to existence of human cryptosporidiosis in Czechoslovakia, but what remains obscure is its overall contribution to the etiology of diarrheal diseases encountered in the population.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current treatment of varices of the lower extremities in Czechoslovakia].

The author gives original information on the situation in Czechoslovakia regarding the treatment of varicose veins. The prevalence of varicose veins is 20%, the incidence is more than 1% in the adult population. Heredity accounts for 75% of these cases. In one year, only 35 to 129 patients are operated for varicose veins in a department of Clinical Surgery. The serious complications were analysed over a period of 10 years: there were 37 cases of pulmonary embolism and 10 deaths out of 95,000 operations for varices. The long-term results, that is from 5 - 15 years, were considered to be satisfactory in more than 90% of the cases operated. In Czechoslovakia, sclerotherapy is still a complementary method. However, the good results of sclerosing varices have been proven by the statistics issued by the phlebological clinics set up by the Czech Dermatological Association.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1986

Influenza activity in Czechoslovakia and the USSR, 1980-1985.

Between 1980 and 1985, Czechoslovakia had experienced 4 and the USSR 3 major influenza outbreaks. Of the 3 epidemic outbreaks in the USSR, 2 were associated with influenza B virus (in the 1980/81 and 1983/84 seasons) and 1 with influenza A virus of the H3N2 subtype. In the USSR, influenza A (H1N1) virus never predominated as a cause of epidemic during the 5 years period. In Czechoslovakia, 2 epidemics (in the 1980/81 and 1983/84 seasons) were due to influenza A (H1N1) virus. The epidemic in the 1981/82 season had two waves of unequal heights and a mixed type B and subtype A (H3N2) etiology; a two-wave epidemic associated with isolates of influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B viruses was also recorded in the 1983/84 season. The influenza A (H3N2) epidemic in 1983 was of explosive character. All influenza viruses circulating in the two countries between 1980 and 1985 were of the same antigenic profile, but were isolated from the epidemics that occurred in different influenza seasons. The virological surveillance revealed strains of virus closely related to drift variants detected from outbreaks in 1977-1979 and the new variants A/Chile 1/83, A/Philippines 2/82, A/Caen 1/84 and B/USSR 100/83.

Czechoslovakia↗