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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Cytogenetic diagnosis of cancer: abnormalities of chromosomes and polyploid levels in the bone marrow of patients with small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung.

The chromosomes of metastatic cells and polyploid levels in the bone marrow of 26 patients with small cell anaplastic carcinoma were studied by direct bone marrow preparation and trypsin-Giemsa banding. Eighteen of these patients had received no tumor therapy and 8 had had chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy; 18 patients, including 5 who had received therapy, had karyotypic abnormalities with or without elevation of the polyploid level. Modal numbers and chromosome abnormalities were highly variable in treated and untreated patients. Modes ranged from hypodiploid to polyploid, but polyploid modes were the most frequently observed abnormal modes. Polyploid modes were not seen, however, in post-therapy patients with the exception of one who had received radiation therapy to the mediastinum for only 4 days prior to withdrawal of the specimen for chromosome analysis. Ten patients had elevated polyploid levels that ranged from 4.24 to 44.8% and always occurred in conjunction with karyotypic abnormalities. Both aneusomy (abnormal number) of normal chromosomes and structural aberrations (markers) occurred frequently. Some markers were consistent within an individual, but other variable aberrations were also typically present. Very few markers were common to 2 or more patients. The no. 1 chromosome participated in marker formation in 14 of the 18 patients with karyotypic abnormalities. Of the 26 patients, 5 were negative for metastasis to the marrow by pathologic examination but positive by cytogenetic diagnosis, whereas none were positive by pathologic examination and negative by cytogenetic diagnosis; this demonstrated that cytogenetics may be used as a rapid adjunct diagnostic procedure for the detection of metastasis in the marrow.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of viral transformation and cytogenetic changes in viral oncogenesis.

A wide variety of DNA viruses and a more restricted family of RNA viruses can transform normal cells in vitro. Transformation means either immortalization and/or the appearance of certain phenotypic changes. Although it has been often inferred that in vitro transformation can be essentially equated with malignant transformation, increasing evidence indicates that the latter, reflected by tumorigenicity in vivo, requires additional cytogenetic changes. The evidence will be reviewed for EB virus-associated human malignancy (Burkitt's lymphoma) and the role of the 14q + translocation marker in human B-cell neoplasia. These findings point to an initiating role of viral transformation, reflected by in vitro immortalization, followed by a cytogenetic evolution where chromosome 14-associated changes are essential for the liberation of B lymphocytes from super-imposed controls. The contrast of tissue-associated, specific chromosomal changes that bring about malignant transformation after the initiating impact of different agents will be illustrated experimentally for murine T-cell lymphoma. Here, X-ray, DMBA and different virus (RadLV, Gross virus)-induced T lymphomas show the same chromosomal change: trisomy 15. It may be questioned whether viral transformation can ever lead to neoplasia in the absence of subsequent cytogenetic changes.

Burkitt Lymphoma↗
PubMed1975

Biochemical and cytogenetic studies on the nucleolus organizing regions (NOR) of man. II. A family with the 15/21 translocation.

The amount of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was determined quantitatively by RNA-DNA hybridization in the genomes of a mother and her daughter, both with the karyotype 45,XX,t(15q21q). The saturation values found were 0.030% (mother), 0.023% (daughter), and 0.022% for the husband and father of the daughter. A detailed cytogenetic analysis of the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes of these probands allowed the biochemical results to be interpreted in terms of the size of the individual set of nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) present in each proband. The correlation existing between the biochemical and the cytogenetic findings shows that the amount of rDNA in the human genome is not primarily a function of the number of acrocentric chromosomes, but depends on the individual combination of variant NORs occurring in the human genome.

Cell Nucleolus↗
PubMed1978

A critique of the collaborative cytogenetics study to measure and minimize interlaboratory variation.

A statistical reanalysis was performed on the data fecently reported on a 6-laboratory, collaborative cytogenetic study to measure and minimize interlaboratory variation. Three of the laboratories had mean values significantly different from the others on most of the 6 indexes of chemically-induced aberration; one laboratory with values higher and two with values lower. Furthermore, relative variability of the values around the means was consistently lower in one of the 6 participating laborabories. The results of the reanalysis of this collaborative study demonstrates that significant interlaboratory differences exist and that these should be adjusted or diminished before rat cytogenetic analysis can be an effective test system for evaluation of a compound for mutagenic potential.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Collaborative studies on cytogenetic and dominant lethal assays.

Two in vivo cytogenetic studies and one dominant lethal study were jointly conducted by members of government, academic, industrial, and independent commercial laboratories between 1970 and 1975 to determine the validity and reproducibility of the techniques. The cytogenetic studies consisted of preparations and analyses of bone marrow cells from male rats for chromosome abnormalities. In the first study, participants from 4 laboratories jointly prepared slides at a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) laboratory according to a prescribed procedure and independently analyzed the slides in their own laboratories. In the second study involving 6 laboratories, a workshop was held at Dow Chemical Co. to reduce scoring differences and to develop a joint protocol. All participants then independently performed the exact procedure in their own laboratories, using animals from a common source. In the dominant lethal study involving 6 laboratories, a workshop was held at the FDA to discuss protocol and to practice the technique. All participants then independently conducted the study in their own laboratories using rats and test chemicals from common sources. In all 3 studies, significant interlaboratory variability existed, and the differences varied with the parameters analyzed.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Evolution of human cytogenetics: an encyclopedic essay. III. The second decade after 1956: banding techiques.

Unequivocal establishment of the correct diploid chromosome number in 1956 started the modern era of human cytogenetics. The next impetus came when the peripheral blood leukocyte culture technique for the chromosome preparation was described in 1960. Discovery of special staining procedures - banding techniques - in early seventies not only saved it from early senescence but played decisive roles in broadening the horizons of modern human cytogenetics.

Acridines↗
PubMed1977

Cytogenetics of juvenile type chronic granulocytic leukemia.

Cytogenetic examination of bone marrow cells from three patients with juvenile chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) showed 46,XX,3p-,11p+ ,t(11p:3p) in one case, 45XY,-E in another, and 45X(X),-C/47,XX,+G in the third. The case with the translocated chromosome originally presented like an acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). TAn overt clinical picture of juvenile CGL emerged two and a half years later. Serial study of this case revealed no cytogenetic abnormalities until two years after the diagnosis of ALL, when the translocated chromosome was first observed. Unlike the Ph1 chromosome in adult type CGL, chromosomal abnormalities in juvenile CGL lack specificity, resembling ALL in this respect.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1979

Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloproliferative syndrome following radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: cytogenetic studies.

Seven cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and one of malignant myeloproliferative syndrome were identified from a pool of 189 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and CLL treated primarily with extensive radiotherapy at the Clinical Center, the National Institutes of Health. Four patients also received chemotherapy, two for only short periods. The median time interval from the diagnosis of the primary malignancy to the development of leukemia was 61 months (range 33 to 98 months) and the median survival after the diagnosis of leukemia was two months (0 to 9 months). All eight patients were cytogenetically abnormal and serial chromosome studies revealed that hypodiploidy was the most commonly observed chromosomal abnormality. Abnormalities of chromosome no. 7 were seen in all five patients analyzed by the chromosome banding technique; four of them had monosomy 7. The next most frequently involved chromosome was no. 5. The complexity, extensive nature, and long duration of the cytogenetic abnormalities prior to the diagnosis of leukemia in these patients may be characteristic of secondary leukemia in radiation-treated lymphoma and the presence of such anomalies may predict leukemic transformation.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

In vivo leukemic transformation: cytogenetic evidence of in vivo leukemic transformation of engrafted marrow cells.

A 4-year-old girl with acute myeloblastic leukemia was treated with 50 mg/kg cyclophosphamide daily for 4 days before being given 1.7 X 10(8) bone marrow cells/kg from her HL-A identical, MLC nonreactive, cytogenetically normal brother. The patient died 92 weeks after the marrow graft. Postmortem examination showed increased myeloblasts and promyelocytes. Cytogenetic studies before transplantation showed that all sex determination metaphases had an XX pattern, and 41% of the hyperdiploid metaphases had an additional 19-20(F) chromosome. At autopsy all hyperdiploid metaphases with XY pattern and 43% of the hyperdiploid metaphases with an XX pattern had an additional F chromosome. Occasional metaphases with 47, XX, + F or 47, XY, + F were seen during the follow-up studies. These findings indicated that an acute leukemia had developed in the XY cell line of this artifically induced sex chimeric child. This suggests that a leukemic stimulus other than that proposed to be induced by total-body irradiation existed in this patient and transformed the engrafted cells.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1976

Clonal derivatives of a herpes type 2 transformed hamster cell line (333-8-9): cytogenetic analysis, tumorigenicity and virus sequence detection.

The characteristics of the Syrian hamster cell line (333-8-9), putatively transformed by herpes virus type 2 (HSV-2), strain 333, have been examined. The line has been cloned and the clones characterized cytogenetically and morphologically. The original line and the clones have been assayed for tumorigenicity and for the presence of herpes-virus-specific nucleic acid sequences using in situ hybridization with 125I HSV-2 DNA. The line 333-8-9 is hyperdiploid with a mode of 49 chromosomes and contains a spectrum of cytogenetic marker chromosomes present in varying frequencies. The clones demonstrate a segregation of these marker chromosomes and other abnormal chromosomes. Cloned lines have distinct stem-cell types with the characteristic abnormal chromosomes present in a high percentage of cells. Some of the marker chromosomes have been identified by Giemsa banding techniques. All the clones have distinctive, persistent in vitro morphologies, ranging from purely epithelial to purely fibroblastic. They differ from the line 333-8-9 and between themselves in tumorigenicity, varying from highly tumorigenic to entirely non-tumorigenic. Herpes virus 2 specific sequences have been detected in the original cell line and in all but two of the clones. There does not appear to be any obvious correlation between the three parameters of: (1) detection of HSV-2 information; (2) marker chromosome occurrence; and (3) tumorigenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Comparative cytogenetic and histologic studies on early malignant transformation in mesothelial tumors of the ovary.

Comparative cytogenetic and histologic studies on 18 mesothelial ovarian tumors revealed a normal chromosome complement in benign lesions, and the well-known cytogenetic pattern in cystadenocarcinomas. But all borderline tumors of the series evidenced an abnormal stem line and a more or less marked tendency to polyploidization. Serous papillary cystadenomas of this group showed in five out of six cases a stem line with the karyotype 47,XX+C10 (identified by Q-banding), present in both sides of bilateral lesions. It is evidenced that malignant change on the chromosomal level precedes histologically detectable features of malignancy. Histologic equivalents appeared, when the abnormal cell line was established. The initiation of malignant transformation therefore may be signalized by karyotype abnormalities before structural changes can be detected in the corresponding histologic specimens. The results discussed include the concepts of multicentric origin and clonal evolution of malignancy.

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic↗
PubMed1977

Evidence for monoclonal proliferation in prolymphocytic leukemia of T-cell orgin. A cytogenetic and Quantitative immunoautoradiographic analysis.

B- and T-cell markers were studied in a patient with prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Thymus-derived features were identified on the membrane of the neoplastic lymphocytes using the following cellsurface markers: Heterologous T-cell antigen, sheep erythrocyte receptor, surface immunoglobulin, complement receptor, Fc receptor and mouse erythrocyte receptor. Cytogenetic studies of leukemic cells from unstimulated and mitogen-stimulated cultures revealed a consistent karyotype characterized by marker chromosomes and a decreased chromosome number, whereas chromosomal analysis of hair root cells yielded a normal karyotype. A uniform expression of T-cell antigens measured on single leukemic cells by quantitative microphotometric immunoautoradiography correlated with the cytogenetic findings which are compatible with a descent from one progenitor cell.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Endosulfan: lack of cytogenetic effects in male rats.

Cytogenetic effects of endosulfan (Thiodan) a member of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide was tested in male albino rats. The insecticide was administered orally to rats at 0, 11.00, 22.00, 36.60 and 55.00 mg/kg daily for 5 days. The highest doses were associated with clinical signs of insecticide poisoning and death. Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells and spermatogenial cells did not reveal any significant effect of the insecticides on chromosomes. The ratio of mitotic index and frequency of chromatid break in the two cell types had no correlation with the doses tested and was not very different from those of the control group.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Cytogenetics of acute and chronic myelofibrosis.

In myelofibrosis, acute or chronic, as well as in other myeloproliferative disorders which carry an increased risk of developing leukemia, a clone of hemic cells with a chromosome abnormality is a relatively common occurrence. To date, however, the presence or absence of a cytogenetic alteration has not been of prognostic value with respect to subsequent clinical course. No particular karyotypic change is specific for myelofibrosis, but many of the same non-random abnormalities occur as in other leukemic and preleukemic states. Both cytogenetic and isoenzyme data indicate that the fibrous tissue in the marrow is not part of the myeloproliferative clone.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Cytogenetics of chronic T cell leukemia, including two patients with a 14q+ translocation.

Chromosome studies were done on 7 patients with chronic T cell leukemia. Their lymphocytes responded in culture to one or more T cell mitogens: PHA, Con A, or the calcium ionophore A23187. Clones of cytogenetically-abnormal cells were present in all seven patients, but on occasion the frequency of such cells varied greatly in cultures stimulated with different mitogens. There was no consistent chromosome change, but alterations of chromosome 2 were noted in four individuals and of chromosome 14 in three. In two patients, there was a translocation to the long arm of chromosome 14, producing a 14q+, with the break point in the terminal portion, an abnormality previously observed in B cell lymphomas. One of these patients also showed evidence of clonal evolution in sequential cytogenetic studies, but more data are needed to determine whether such investigations are of prognostic value with respect to the clinical course of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The cytogenetic effect of bleomycin on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo.

The cytogenetic effect of bleomycin (BLM) in human lymphocytes was studied after exposure to different doses during the G0 and G2 phases. BLM produced a marked specific effect on the cell cycle. The main aberration types after exposure in tg0 were dicentrics and deletions; and after exposure in G2, open chromatid breaks. A linear dose--response was calculated for all these aberration types as well as for the number of aberrant cells. In the G2 experiments, partially and totally pulverized cells also increased linearly with dose. The intercellular distributions of the most frequent aberration types after exposure in G0 and G2--the dicentrics and chromatid breaks, respectively--showed over-dispersion. These results show that the cytogenetic effect of BLM may be compared with that of densely ionizing irradiation. Preliminary results of chromosome analysis of three cancer patients in the course of BLM therapy showed effects similar to those in the G0 experiments.

Bleomycin↗
PubMed1975

Acute cytogenetic effect of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide (AF-2, a food preservative) on rat bone marrow cells in vivo.

The cytogenetic effects of 2(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide (AF-2), a food preservative used in Japan, on rat bone marrow cells in vivo were studied. The aberrant metaphase cells in the bone marrow increased and reached the peak level 6 h after intraperitoneal injection of 240 mg/kg body weight of AF-2 and returned to the normal level within 24 h. A dose-response relationship was obtained using 4-240 mg/kg of AF-2. Chromosome aberrations were also induced after oral administration of 30-240 mg/kg. The aberrations were mostly chromatid breaks and the distribution among and within chromosomes was similar to those induced by a carcinogen, 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The present results provide the first evidence of in vivo cytogenetic effects of AF-2 on mammalian cells and, together with the evidence of mutagenicity already proved in other organisms, warn of the possible genetic hazards to cells exposed to this compounds.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1979

The impact of severely damaged cells in cytogenetic research.

In a large multilaboratory cytogenetic study of interlaboratory variations using 4 dose levels of triethylenemelamine and a control, a severely damaged cell was operationally defined as a cell which contained at least 10 aberrations of any type. A review of this study suggested that the use of this definition introduced a bias in the measurement and interpretation of results for the other cytogenetic categories studied. As a result, the original severely damaged cells were carefully reanalyzed to investigate the characteristics of this bias and to seek procedures to minimize or eliminate it. Results characterize this bias and demonstrate that when a severely damaged cell is defined as one containing at least 20 aberrations and those aberrations in the remaining non-severely damaged cells are classified by specific type, the bias is significantly reduced and chromosome analysis can be improved as a test system.

Chromosome Aberrations↗