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PubMed1994

Flow cytometric DNA content analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue derived from cervical carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Flow cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content analysis has been shown to be of prognostic importance in some cancers. There have been recent reports of a prognostic importance for DNA content analysis in cervical carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We retrospectively reviewed the hospital and radiation oncology records of cervical carcinoma patients who presented between 1984-1990. RESULTS: A total of 101 archival paraffin-embedded blocks were processed, of which 77 were of technical quality for analysis. Thirty-five percent were found to be DNA content aneuploid (DNA-A) and 65% DNA content diploid (DNA-D). No statistical difference was found between the two groups in age at diagnosis, % S-phase, coefficient of variation (CV), or proliferative index (PI). A statistical difference was noted in the G2M phase between the two groups (p = 0.004). The median % S-phase was 8.4% in the DNA-D group. A statistical difference (p = 0.017) in survival was noted between the low and high % S-phase DNA-D groups. In patients who received radiation alone, high-PI patients had improved survival compared to low-PI patients. No statistical difference in survival was noted in the high % S-phase DNA-D group and DNA-A group (p = 0.28). Proportional Hazard (Cox) Regression found clinical stage the only independent prognostic indicator for survival. CONCLUSION: Flow cytometric DNA content analysis is being used more frequently in the management of different malignant tumors. Our study shows that DNA content analysis is useful in determining the prognosis and survival outcomes in cervical carcinomas and may aid in predicting outcome to certain types of treatment regimens.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed2003

The first breastfeed: a content analysis of midwifery textbooks.

This paper reviews content related to the first breastfeed in textbooks commonly used in midwifery education programs in Australia. Few scholars have critically examined the adequacy of such information for evidence-based midwifery practice. Five midwifery textbooks were chosen for content analysis specifically related to: skin-to-skin contact for newborn adaptation; orientation and coordination; suckling for effective breastfeeding; instructions to facilitate breastfeeding initiation; breast structure and function; and breastfeeding promotion. A score was calculated with the maximum possible total of 105. The content analysis scores ranged from 35 to 54, with two texts (Lowdermilk, Perry & Bobak 2000; Sweet 1997) scoring 54. Skin-to-skin contact to facilitate breastfeeding initiation is not well promoted in popular midwifery textbooks. Further research to promote midwives access to evidence-based research for effective midwifery practice in relation to breastfeeding initiation is required.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Content analysis: an approach to evaluating nutritional care.

A research panel utilized content analysis techniques for quantifying the content of nutritional care plans developed by senior level dietetic students. The content was organized into six subject matter categories relevant to sociocultural and physical factors: cultural, economic, physical, psychological, religious, and social. The average score of six coders was used in determining the content. Content analysis proved to be an effective method of evaluating the content of nutritional care plans and could be further utilized in dietetic education to help dietetic students apply the theories learned in the classroom to actual patient care.

Diet↗
PubMed1985

Content analysis scales measuring psychosocial maturity in the elderly.

Content analysis scales measuring the constructs used to deal with the tasks of Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development have been devised. The scoring categories for these 16 Content Analysis Scales of Psychosocial Maturity (CASPM) are summarized. Percentile norms are provided. Evidence for the reliability and validity of the scales is examined. The CASPM percentile profiles of two elderly people are considered, as are the practical advantages of employing the scales with elderly clients.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studying the news on public health: how content analysis supports media advocacy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe how content analysis of the news assists media advocates. METHODS: A description of how findings from the Berkeley Media Studies Group's research on how 2 public health issues have been portrayed in the news has informed media advocacy. RESULTS: For media advocates, the research suggests they make themselves available to reporters, prepare spokespeople representing key stakeholders, and make data available. For reporters, the research suggests they expand sources beyond the "usual suspects," provide context in regular reporting, increase enterprise and investigative reporting, and ask better questions based on epidemiology and risk factors. CONCLUSION: Content analysis can help media advocates pinpoint areas for creating news to advance policy.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness.

Qualitative content analysis as described in published literature shows conflicting opinions and unsolved issues regarding meaning and use of concepts, procedures and interpretation. This paper provides an overview of important concepts (manifest and latent content, unit of analysis, meaning unit, condensation, abstraction, content area, code, category and theme) related to qualitative content analysis; illustrates the use of concepts related to the research procedure; and proposes measures to achieve trustworthiness (credibility, dependability and transferability) throughout the steps of the research procedure. Interpretation in qualitative content analysis is discussed in light of Watzlawick et al.'s [Pragmatics of Human Communication. A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies and Paradoxes. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London] theory of communication.

Concept Formation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

U.S. federally funded television public service announcements (PSAs) to prevent HIV/AIDS: a content analysis.

This article reports a content analysis of 56 English-language public service announcements (PSAs) for HIV/AIDS prevention produced since 1987 by the U.S. federal government for television broadcast. These PSAs do not lead target audiences through a logical sequence from awareness to motivation, skill building, and maintenance. The PSAs underutilize a strategy of "strategic ambiguity" to craft individual PSAs that can address the needs of and appeal to multiple target audiences, thereby directing information not only to heterosexuals, the primary target of these PSAs, but also to homosexuals and bisexuals. The PSAs largely ignore issues related to injection drug use and needle sharing. What drug-related portrayals there are focus on African American street junkies, which perpetuates racial stereotypes and fails to address occasional injection drug use. The PSAs exploit fear of HIV/AIDS to discourage drug use but do not offer drug treatment or counseling information. PSAs produced by the Clinton administration to promote condom use do not fully address key reasons why people fail to use condoms: concern about sexual pleasure, embarrassment about obtaining condoms, and lack of skills to negotiate condom use with sexual partners. Implications of these conclusions for the future of U.S. HIV/AIDS prevention are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

A methodological note on content analysis: estimates of reliability.

The reliability of measurements obtained from a dictionary-based form of content analysis was investigated in this experiment by tape-recording subjects as they spoke about a predetermined topic in two separate sessions 1 week apart. Subjects were randomly assigned to speak in one of two contexts. The content of transcripts of these sessions was analyzed using adaptations of the Harvard III Psychosociological Dictionary and the General Inquirer content analysis program (Stone, Dunphy, Smith, & Ogilvie, 1966). Reliability was high over time, both within and between sessions, and there were few differences observed between contexts. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the use of content analysis in personality research.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Distinguishing thinking-feeling preferences through the content analysis of natural language.

This article investigates the relationship between natural language and personality characteristics. In particular, an effort was made to determine whether "thinkers" and "feelers," as defined by Jung's typologies, differ in terms of the language they use to express themselves. First, a linguistic content analysis scale was developed. Next, 5-min verbal samples were obtained from subjects and content analyzed. Content analysis scores were correlated with subjects' self-evaluations and their scores on the Thinking-Feeling scale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Gender differences relating to thinking-feeling preferences were also investigated. Significant correlations between content analysis and MBTI scores were obtained, suggesting that valid information regarding individual preferences for thinking versus feeling may be obtained through the analysis of natural language. Males and females differed significantly in terms of their MBTI scores and self-evaluations, but not in their content analysis scores.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Content analysis: review of methods and their applications in nutrition education.

Content analysis is a set of qualitative and quantitative methods for collecting and analyzing data from verbal, print, or electronic communication with numerous applications in nutrition education research. Textual information from interviews, focus groups, and open-ended survey questions can be evaluated using content analysis. Selection of method(s) depends on the type(s) and length of material to be analyzed, results desired, and researchers' preferences and technological capabilities. This article reviews options available to content analysts--from manual to fully computerized. Overcoming the challenges inherent in using these methodologies is recommended because of their usefulness in the information-based messaging discipline of nutrition education.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computerized neuropsychiatric assessment of geriatric subjects by content analysis of brief samples of their speech.

The life expectancy of people living in the United States is increasing. Are very elderly individuals compromised mentally and physically in comparison to much younger persons? The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a computerized program applicable to the content analysis of 5-minute speech samples obtained from a group of individuals 90 years of age and older and to compare the results with those previously obtained in younger people with respect to their mental capacities in terms of a set of diverse neuropsychiatric dimensions. After obtaining informed consent from 26 elderly people, recorded verbal samples were elicited from each individual in response to purposely ambiguous instructions to talk for 5 minutes about any interesting or dramatic personal life experiences. The transcripts of their speech samples were digitized on a computer diskette and processed on the computer program. The computer program compared the scores obtained on each verbal sample with norms obtained on 15 previously validated content-analysis scales from individuals ranging in age from 5 to 80. The norms on these content-analysis scales are different for children (aged 5-10) and adults (aged 11-80). The computerized content-analysis scores obtained from this elderly cohort reveal plausible deviations from the norms for younger people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A content analysis of written behavior management programs.

A method is described for assessing the elements of individual behavior management programs. The content analysis, consisting of 24 items covering the general categories of behavior specification, objectives, program procedures, data collection, and quality assurance, was applied to 141 written behavior programs of two large institutions from different regions of the United States. These data can be utilized readily to establish a data base for program evaluation at both the individual and institutional levels. In addition, to provide a measure of validity, the items included in the content analysis were rated by experts in the treatment of severe behavior disorders. General strengths and weaknesses of the programs, and of the content analysis itself, are discussed in light of their implications for program implementation and evaluation.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2006

Accuracy and self correction of information received from an internet breast cancer list: content analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of false or misleading statements in messages posted by internet cancer support groups and whether these statements were identified as false or misleading and corrected by other participants in subsequent postings. DESIGN: Analysis of content of postings. SETTING: Internet cancer support group Breast Cancer Mailing List. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of false or misleading statements posted from 1 January to 23 April 2005 and whether these were identified and corrected by participants in subsequent postings. RESULTS: 10 of 4600 postings (0.22%) were found to be false or misleading. Of these, seven were identified as false or misleading by other participants and corrected within an average of four hours and 33 minutes (maximum, nine hours and nine minutes). CONCLUSIONS: Most posted information on breast cancer was accurate. Most false or misleading statements were rapidly corrected by participants in subsequent postings.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Computerized content analysis of speech plus speech recognition in the measurement of neuropsychiatric dimensions.

The Psychiatric Content Analysis and Diagnosis (PCAD) program performs automated content analysis of machine-readable transcriptions of speech samples to measure the magnitude of neuropsychiatric states and traits. Technological advances provided by computerized speech recognition may offer a possible alternative to labor-intensive manual transcription for preparation of samples for PCAD processing. To test this hypothesis, 25 digitally recorded verbal samples were transcribed both manually and by a commercially available speech recognition software package, and the transcriptions scored by PCAD. The inter-correlations between scores derived from the two different methods of transcriptions offer mixed results, with values ranging from a high of 0.920 to a low of -0.119.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1988

Chiropractic in the yellow pages: a content analysis study.

This paper presents a content analysis of advertisements by chiropractors in the yellow pages. Information was gathered from 13 cities in the United States for the years 1985 and 1986. Results were categorized by size, number and content of the ads. Estimated expenditures for each city were calculated and a total cost for advertising for the entire chiropractic profession was estimated. Of the 5456 chiropractors listed in the yellow pages in this study, 14.7% bought additional space in the regular listing section, and 11.6% purchased large display advertisements. The remaining 73.7% listed only their name and telephone number. Of those who bought additional space, 10.8% advertised techniques, 11.6% symptoms, 14.7% injuries, 3% professional affiliations and 4% advertised free services. The average annual expenditure for the chiropractor was $2474.00. Future research needs to address the attitudes of the profession and patients toward advertising, and the cost-effectiveness of advertising. The value of the distribution of resources for advertising by chiropractors is questioned.

Advertising↗
PubMed1975

Evaluation of a content-analysis system for therapeutic interviews.

The Zimmer and Cowles system for content analysis was tried out on psychotherapeutic sessions and on interviews with disturbed patients. It was found that the system indeed did seem to pick up improvement in psychotherapy, and to a lesser degree, differences in speech behavior between patients with radically differing pathologies. It also was concluded that the computer program for the content analysis system is not easily portable, but a SNOBOL equivalent is made available.

Aggression↗
PubMed1979

Preliminary validation of a set of content analysis scales applicable to verbal samples for measuring the magnitude of psychological states in children.

Scores on 17 psychological dimensions of the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis scales were obtained from 5-minute speech samples of 37 white children hospitalized on the psychiatric service of a general hospital. These content analysis scores were compared to identical scores obtained from a normative sample of 109 white children. Groups of children were classified by the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) system as having Healthy Responses (N = 2), Personality Disorders (N = 17), Reactive Disorders (N = 9), Psychoneurotic Disorders (N = 7), and Developmental Deviations (N = 2), and by DSM-III as having Parent-Child Problems (N = 2), Conduct Disorders (N = 26), Anxiety Disorders (N = 7), and Special Developmental Disorders (N = 2). By either classification, these groups of children showed salient differences in their scores in certain psychological dimensions from the same types of scores occurring with the normative group. These findings provide initial construct validation of the Gottshalk-Gleser content analysis scales when applied to speech samples obtained for children. Moreover, the profiles of children's psychological characteristics obtained by this method provide, in themselves, an objective descriptive and dynamic classification.

Adolescent↗