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PubMed2000

Correlated oscillations in glucose consumption, oxygen consumption, and intracellular free Ca(2+) in single islets of Langerhans.

Micron-sized sensors were used to monitor glucose and oxygen levels in the extracellular space of single islets of Langerhans in real-time. At 10 mM glucose, oscillations in intraislet glucose concentration were readily detected. Changes in glucose level correspond to changes in glucose consumption by glycolysis balanced by mass transport into the islet. Oscillations had a period of 3.1 +/- 0.2 min and amplitude of 0.8 +/- 0.1 mM glucose (n = 21). Superimposed on these oscillations were faster fluctuations in glucose level during the periods of low glucose consumption. Oxygen level oscillations that were out of phase with the glucose oscillations were also detected. Oscillations in both oxygen and glucose consumption were strongly dependent upon extracellular Ca(2+) and sensitive to nifedipine. Simultaneous measurements of glucose with intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) revealed that decreases in [Ca(2+)](i) preceded increases in glucose consumption by 7.4 +/- 2.1 s during an oscillation (n = 9). Conversely, increases in [Ca(2+)](i) preceded increases in oxygen consumption by 1.5 +/- 0.2 s (n = 4). These results suggest that during oscillations, bursts of glycolysis begin after Ca(2+) has stopped entering the cell. Glycolysis stimulates further Ca(2+) entry, which in turn stimulates increases in respiration. The data during oscillation are in contrast to the time course of events during initial exposure to glucose. Under these conditions, a burst of oxygen consumption precedes the initial rise in [Ca(2+)](i). A model to explain these results is described.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

One-year results from a brief, computer-assisted intervention to decrease consumption of fat and increase consumption of fruits and vegetables.

BACKGROUND: Current cancer prevention recommendations include reducing consumption of fat and increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables. METHODS: Healthy women health maintenance organization members (n = 616) ages 40-70 were randomly assigned to either a nutrition intervention or a control intervention unrelated to diet. Intervention included two 45-min counseling sessions plus two brief follow-up telephone contacts. Counseling sessions included a 20-min, interactive, computer-based intervention using a touch-screen format. Intervention goals were reducing dietary fat and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption. Outcome measures included a food frequency questionnaire and the Fat and Fiber Behavior Questionnaire (FFBQ). Total serum cholesterol was also measured at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS: Twelve-month follow-up data showed improvements on all dietary outcome variables. Compared to the control, intervention participants reported significantly less fat consumption (3.75 points less for percentage of energy from fat), significantly greater consumption of fruit and vegetables combined (0.93 more servings per day), and a significant reduction in a behavioral measure of fat consumption (0.20 point change in the FFBQ). Group differences in total serum cholesterol, while in the desired direction, were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: In appropriate circumstances, moderate-intensity dietary interventions can show significant effects for periods of at least 1 year.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Operationalization of food consumption surveys in Europe: recommendations from the European Food Consumption Survey Methods (EFCOSUM) Project.

BACKGROUND: The EFCOSUM (European Food Consumption Survey Methods) Project aims at harmonizing food consumption surveys in European countries within the perspective of an overall Public Health Monitoring Programme. Harmonization implies the need for a common framework of procedures and tools, that are applicable and feasible in all potentially interested countries. A major element in such a framework is the protocol for the operationalization of a food consumption survey, referring to all practical, logistical and material conditions that need to be fulfilled in order to guarantee a successful implementation of such a survey. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper was to review a number of aspects of operationalization of food consumption surveys in detail. On the basis of the currently available knowledge and experience in Europe, consensus recommendations have been elaborated for an operationalization protocol that would be feasible for all European countries. METHODS: The EFCOSUM recommendations with respect to operationalization of food consumption surveys in Europe are mainly based on three sources of information, which have been discussed at several ad hoc expert meetings: experience from previous collaborative epidemiological studies, literature searches and results of two questionnaires, distributed among representatives from 23 European countries-all experts affiliated with experienced organizations in the fields of nutrition research and related fields. RESULTS: Consensus recommendations have been set up for the following topics: sampling, recruitment, fieldwork, biomarkers, interviewer qualifications and training and quality control. These recommendations have to be considered the best achievable common denominator within Europe at this time. In a number of cases, recommendations are presented in a hierarchical way, with a gradation from first choice options towards acceptable alternatives. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that a high degree of standardization of fieldwork can be achieved within Europe. A number of specific problems and constraints will have to be solved in connection with the conduction of a real survey. These problems include, amongst others, country-specific decisions on, for example, target population, detailed sampling and recruiting procedures, interview setting and support. However, on the whole, these problems can be overcome and the main recommendations presented in this paper are considered feasible for every country in Europe. Application of the EFCOSUM operationalization protocol in European countries will contribute significantly to the quality and comparability of food consumption data across Europe. It is anticipated that the policy supporting and orienting potential of this type of databases-both at the national and at the EU supranational level-will be increased accordingly.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1983

A novel technique for rapid determination of energy consumption in platelets. Demonstration of different energy consumption associated with three secretory responses.

A novel method has been developed for rapid and quantitative determination of the rate of energy consumption in platelets. In platelets suspended in a cyanide-containing medium. ATP resynthesis is abruptly blocked by addition of 2-deoxyglucose and D-glucono-1,5-lactone. We demonstrate that the subsequent changes in the levels of cytoplasmic ATP and ADP reflect the velocity of energy consumption in the platelets immediately before addition of the inhibitors. Despite the arrest in ATP resynthesis the platelets remain responsive to stimulation by thrombin (5 units x ml-1) which triggers the secretion of the contents of dense, alpha- and acid hydrolase granules. Unstimulated platelets were found to consume about 3.5 and 0.5 mumol of ATP equivalents x min-1 x (10(11) cells)-1 at 37 degrees C and 15 degrees C, respectively; the thrombin-treated platelets consumed respectively 16 and 2 mumol of ATP equivalents x min-1 x (10(11) cells)-1 at these temperatures. When the velocity of energy consumption was varied by (a) changing the temperature and (b) preincubation with glyco(geno)lytic inhibitors, it was found to be linearly related to the initial rate of secretion from the three types of granules. The precise nature of this relationship differed between the three types of secretion responses and indicated an increasing requirement for metabolic energy for secretion from the three types of granules in the order: dense granule less than alpha-granule less than acid hydrolase granule. The results obtained with changes in temperature were superimposable on those obtained with the glyco(geno)lytic inhibitors for dense granule secretion and alpha-granule secretion, suggesting an apparent coupling between energy consumption and the rate of these secretion responses. The rate of secretion of acid hydrolase was always higher when energy consumption was varied by temperature changes than when glyco(geno)lytic inhibitors were used, probably as a result of metabolic changes prior to induction of secretion. On the basis of these experiments, we calculated an incremental energy consumption during complete secretion of dense, alpha- and acid hydrolase granule contents of 2.5, 4.2 and 6.7 mumol of ATP equivalents x (10(11) platelets)-1, respectively.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1992

Co-variation between biological markers and self-reported alcohol consumption. A two-year study of the relationship between changes in consumption and changes in the biological markers gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and average volume per erythrocyte (MCV) among problem drinkers.

Co-variations between self-reported alcohol consumption and the biological markers MCV (average volume per erythrocyte) and GGT (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) over a 2-year period were studied in a group of 84 men and 53 women recruited to out-patient treatment by advertisements in the press. Upon admission, the drinking pattern of the participants during the preceding year was registered in detail. The participants were also medically examined, and blood samples taken. All the participants were followed up by new personal interviews, medical examinations and new blood sampling after 3, 9, 25 and 21 months. For the group as a whole, alcohol consumption was significantly lower at the end of the observation period than at admission. GGT was also decreased, but not MCV. Both self-reported consumption and the values for the biological markers showed large inter-individual and intra-individual variations during the observation period. The biological markers seemed to co-vary to a limited degree with changes in reported consumption. Both GGT and MCV seemed to have a low sensitivity but a high specificity to changes in consumption. Both markers also seemed to be somewhat more useful in identifying decreases than increases in consumption. The markers GGT and MCV should be used with caution in connection with therapeutic counselling to individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Health status of the economically active population and drug consumption. II. Analysis of drug consumption].

The authors pay attention to one of the indicators of the health status of the economically active population--to the consumption of drugs. The analysis was based on outpatient records on health and disease in a selected group of 2,080 patients (25.9% of the basic group) in relation to sex, age and work capacity. The drug consumption of persons unable to work was cca 40% of the total drug consumption, whereby a higher consumption was recorded in women. With advancing age the drug consumption in diseases not associated with work incapacity rises markedly. Age practically does not influence the drug consumption on account of diseases causing work incapacity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Ethanol consumption by rat dams during gestation, lactation and weaning increases ethanol consumption by their adolescent young.

In two experiments, we examined effects of ethanol consumption in rat dams during gestation, lactation, and weaning on voluntary ethanol consumption by their adolescent young. We found that exposure to an ethanol-ingesting dam throughout gestation, lactation, and weaning enhanced voluntary ethanol consumption by 26- to 33-day-old adolescents. We systematically examined effects on adolescent ethanol intake or requiring dams to drink ethanol during various periods in their pups' development. We found that exposure to an ethanol-consuming dam during weaning enhanced adolescent ethanol consumption and exposure to a dam drinking ethanol during either gestation or while nursing enhanced adolescents' ethanol consumption only if pups also had access to ethanol during the weaning period.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Lithium effects on adjunctive alcohol consumption. I: Comparison with adjunctive water consumption.

Chronic administration of lithium chloride (20 mEq/l, in drinking water) produced an earlier onset of the adjunctive consumption of both water and alcohol. Terminal consumption levels, however, were unaffected by either lithium or the liquid available for consumption. The rate of increase, once drinking was initiated, was slower for lithium subjects than it was for controls. Under extinction conditions, adjunctive alcohol consumption showed no evidence of decline for either lithium or control subjects. Water consumption by control subjects did decrease considerably as a result of extinction. Subjects receiving lithium, however, maintained their intake of water at terminal adjunctive drinking levels.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

The effect of soy consumption on the urinary 2:16-hydroxyestrone ratio in postmenopausal women depends on equol production status but is not influenced by probiotic consumption.

Some epidemiologic studies reported an association between a low ratio of urinary 2-hydroxyestrogens (2-hydroxyestradiol + 2-hydroxyestrone) to 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (2:16OHE(1)) and increased breast cancer risk. Some studies show that soy consumption increases this ratio, and it is suggested that this effect may reduce breast cancer risk. We hypothesized that consumption of probiotic bacteria would alter fecal bacteria and enzymes involved in soy isoflavone metabolism, thereby increasing isoflavone bioavailability and enhancing the beneficial effects of soy on estrogen metabolism. Breast cancer survivors (n = 20) and controls (n = 20) were given 4 treatments for 6 wk each, separated by 2-wk washout periods, in a randomized, crossover design: soy protein (26.6 +/- 4.5 g protein/d containing 44.4 +/- 7.5 mg isoflavones/d); soy protein + probiotics (10(9) colony-forming units Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS(R)+1 & Bifidobacterium longum, 15-30 mg fructooligosaccharide/d); milk protein (26.6 +/- 4.5 g protein/d); and milk protein + probiotics. Survivors tended to have a lower baseline urine 2:16OHE(1) ratio than controls (P = 0.10). In the group as a whole, soy consumption tended to increase urinary 2-hydroxyestrogens (P = 0.07) and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (P = 0.11) but had no effect on the urinary 2:16OHE(1) ratio. When subjects were divided into groups by plasma concentrations and urinary levels of the daidzein metabolite equol, soy increased urinary 2-hydroxyestrogens (P = 0.01) and the 2:16OHE(1) ratio (P = 0.04) only in subjects with high plasma equol concentrations. None of these results were influenced by probiotic consumption. These results are consistent with studies that found lower urine 2:16OHE(1) ratios in women with breast cancer and suggest that soy consumption increases this ratio only in women who are equol producers.

Bifidobacterium↗
PubMed2005

Variation in health care provider definitions of moderate consumption of alcohol as related to recommendations regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy: results from a Canadian survey.

Women rely on health care providers for general health care and preconception counseling, including advice on alcohol consumption. Definitions of moderate consumption may differ by individual provider, resulting in inconsistency in advice and lack of clarity for patients both before and during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to determine if health care providers' definition of moderate alcohol consumption was associated with advice to pregnant women regarding alcohol use during pregnancy and to describe health care providers' communication regarding alcohol consumption. Between October 2001 and October 2002, a survey was mailed to a national random sample of 3114 Canadian obstetricians and gynecologists, midwives, and family physicians. The main outcome measure was questionnaire responses regarding knowledge and prevention issues related to alcohol and pregnancy as well as provider characteristics. Response rates ranged from 31.1% among family physicians to 63.5% among midwives. Moderate alcohol consumption among nonpregnant women was defined as 1 to 2 drinks per occasion by about 89% of providers and did not relate to recommendations during pregnancy. Those who recommended abstinence during pregnancy were more likely to define moderation as 4 or more occasions per week as compared with those who did not recommend abstinence (P=0.022). Fewer than 50% of providers frequently defined "moderation" for their patients. More family physicians (90.0%) than obstetricians (83.9%) or midwives (81.1%) recommended alcohol abstinence during pregnancy (overall 87.8%, P=0.005). Thus, there is opportunity for providers to appropriately counsel their patients by advising alcohol abstinence during pregnancy and more frequently defining "moderation" for all clients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effect of cigarette price increase on the cigarette consumption in Taiwan: evidence from the National Health Interview Surveys on cigarette consumption.

BACKGROUND: This study uses cigarette price elasticity to evaluate the effect of a new excise tax increase on cigarette consumption and to investigate responses from various types of smokers. METHODS: Our sample consisted of current smokers between 17 and 69 years old interviewed during an annual face-to-face survey conducted by Taiwan National Health Research Institutes between 2000 to 2003. We used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) procedure to estimate double logarithmic function of cigarette demand and cigarette price elasticity. RESULTS: In 2002, after Taiwan had enacted the new tax scheme, cigarette price elasticity in Taiwan was found to be -0.5274. The new tax scheme brought about an average annual 13.27 packs/person (10.5%) reduction in cigarette consumption. Using the cigarette price elasticity estimate from -0.309 in 2003, we calculated that if the Health and Welfare Tax were increased by another NT 3 dollars per pack and cigarette producers shifted this increase to the consumers, cigarette consumption would be reduced by 2.47 packs/person (2.2%). The value of the estimated cigarette price elasticity is smaller than one, meaning that the tax will not only reduce cigarette consumption but it will also generate additional tax revenues. Male smokers who had no income or who smoked light cigarettes were found to be more responsive to changes in cigarette price. CONCLUSIONS: An additional tax added to the cost of cigarettes would bring about a reduction in cigarette consumption and increased tax revenues. It would also help reduce incidents smoking-related illnesses. The additional tax revenues generated by the tax increase could be used to offset the current financial deficiency of Taiwan's National Health Insurance program and provide better public services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Consumption of plant foods and stomach cancer mortality in the seven countries study. Is grain consumption a risk factor? Seven Countries Study Research Group.

Plant foods are generally considered to be beneficial for health. A higher consumption of fruits, and to a lesser extent vegetables, is consistently associated with a lower risk of stomach cancer. Results on the association between stomach cancer and grain consumption are less clear. We associated plant food consumption with 25-year stomach cancer mortality at population level in the Seven Countries Study. Around 1960, > 12,000 men aged 40-59 years from 7 countries and 16 cohorts were enrolled. In each cohort, dietary information was collected in small random samples. Crude and adjusted associations were calculated for a change of 10% of mean intake. Results differed for the plant foods studied: an inverse association was observed for fruits (adjusted rate ratio = 0.96, 95% confidence interval = 0.91-0.99), a positive relation for refined grains (adjusted rate ratio = 1.07, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-1.12), and no association for total plant foods, vegetables, whole grains, and potatoes. A high intake of refined grains was correlated with a low consumption of fruits. In conclusion, high intake of refined grains may increase stomach cancer risk. However, because adjustment could only be limited in this study, high intake of refined grains may just reflect the deleterious effect of a diet low in fruits or other characteristics associated with low fruit consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Detection of the relationship between moderate alcoholic beverage consumption and serum levels of estradiol in normal postmenopausal women: effects of alcohol consumption quantitation methods and sample size adequacy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detectability of an effect of moderate alcoholic beverage consumption on the biologic correlate of postmenopausal estradiol levels. Total weekly consumption and beverage-specific intake were assessed using both self-reported usual consumption information and prospective food record data. In terms of total weekly drinks, discrepancies were observed in 35 of the 101 women who reported alcohol use; no consistent pattern of overreporting/underreporting was seen. Although the two alcohol estimates were highly correlated, the relationship between estradiol levels and total weekly alcohol intake was found to be detectable when alcohol consumption based on the food record data was analyzed, but not when the self-report data were examined in a two-tailed hypothesis-testing situation. Evaluating the association between postmenopausal estradiol levels and the two estimates of alcohol intake in random samples of varying sample sizes generated from the mother population of 128 normal postmenopausal women confirmed the finding that the prospectively obtained alcohol data better predict the relationship. Based on the results of this study, it must be concluded that self-reported usual alcohol consumption data must be used with caution when examining an association between alcohol intake and a biologic effect.

Alcohol Drinking↗