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Inverted mucoepidermoid papillomas of the epibulbar conjunctiva.

Juxtalimbal epibulbar inverted papillomas that were locally excised without recurrence developed in two women, aged 42 and 51 at the time of initial presentation. There is only one previous report of this unusual conjunctival neoplasm, which documented involvement of the plical, caruncular, or tarsal conjunctiva. The tumor grew by acanthosis of the surface nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium, with invagination into the underlying connective tissue in the absence of inflammation or a tendency toward keratinization. The initial invaginations may be cystic in character, but solid lobules secondarily originated from their walls to push into the connective tissue. Mucus-producing goblet cells were scattered throughout the lesions; highly distinctive eosinophilic globoid bodies, probably reflecting inspissated mucoid material, were found in the walls of the cysts and entrapped within their secretions. Conjunctival inverted papilloma does not exhibit locally aggressive behavior, does not involve extensive segments of the conjunctival epithelium, and does not display diffuse spread or multicentricity. The authors therefore believe that it should be clearly separated from inverted squamous (Schneiderian) papillomas of the nasal cavity and sinuses.

Adult↗

Preoperative brush and impression cytology in ocular surface squamous neoplasms.

OBJECTIVE: Preoperative cytologic diagnoses of ocular surface squamous neoplasms were evaluated and compared with histologic diagnoses. STUDY DESIGN: Impression cytology (Millipore filter paper) and brush cytology were applied to 32 patients who had conjunctival neoplasms. Papanicolaou-stained cytologic preparations and hematoxylin and eosin-stained histologic sections were examined by light microscopy. RESULTS: The brush technique was used on 27 patients; impression cytology was applied in 5 cases. Cytologic and histologic diagnoses were concordant in 26 cases. Squamous cell carcinoma or carcinoma in situ was diagnosed in 18 and dysplasia in 4 cases. Squamous metaplasia and normal-appearing conjunctival epithelial cells were diagnosed cytologically in four cases; of those histologic diagnoses, one was pterygium and three, conjunctival nevus. Four cases revealed discrepancies between the cytologic and histologic preparations. There was one false positive result, and one case was subconjunctival invasion of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid. CONCLUSION: Impression and brush cytology are fast, cost-effective, reliable and noninvasive diagnostic tools for ocular surface squamous neoplasms. However, the brush technique has several advantages over impression cytology.

Adolescent↗

Ocular involvement in congenital leukemia.

Congenital leukemia, a rare disease with distinct features, was diagnosed in a 5-week-old girl. The infant was tachypneic and tachycardic, with intercostal retractions, distended abdomen, and multiple hematomas. Despite aggressive treatment, the child died. Histologic examination of tissue obtained at autopsy disclosed leukemic infiltrates in the ocular muscles, conjunctiva, uveal tract, and optic nerve.

Anterior Eye Segment↗

Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation: a brief review.

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has always been part of the environment of man. UVB is required for the conversion of 7-deoxycholesterol to vitamin D, which is critically important in the maintenance of healthy bones and research is making clear that it has other potential roles in maintenance of human health. Exposure to UVR, whether of solar or artificial origin, also carries potential risks to human health. UVR is a known carcinogen and excessive exposure-at least to solar radiation in sunlight-increases risk of cancer of the lip, basal cell, and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and cutaneous melanoma, particularly in fair skin populations. There is also evidence that solar UVR increases risk of several diseases of the eye, including cortical cataract, some conjunctival neoplasms, and perhaps ocular melanoma. Solar UVR may also be involved in autoimmune and viral diseases although more research is needed in these areas. Artificial UVR from tanning beds, welding torches, and other sources, may contribute to the burden of disease from UVR. This brief review will assess the human evidence for adverse health effects from solar and artificial UVR and will attempt to assign a degree of certainty to the major disease-exposure relationships based on the weight of available scientific evidence.

Comorbidity↗

Monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases of the orbit and orbital adnexae.

AIMS: To describe the value of monoclonal antibodies in the differential diagnosis of orbital lymphoproliferative disorders. METHODS: A total of 200 sequential cases of malignant lymphoma diagnosed at St Bartholomew's Hospital as part of the ocular lymphoma service at Moorfields Eye Hospital and the Institute of Ophthalmology have been examined. Cases were acquired between January 1998 and June 2005. Each case had detailed immunophenotypic analysis using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and was classified using the WHO classification of lymphoma. These cases are discussed in relation to earlier studies of orbital lymphoma reported by our group. RESULTS: Lymphomas fell into three main categories. Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma was the largest group with 151 cases, arising within the orbital soft tissue, conjunctiva and lacrimal gland. Cases arising in the conjunctiva and lacrimal gland showed a higher female predominance than those arising within the deeper soft tissue. A small number of cases were associated with organ specific autoimmunity, including thyroid eye disease complicating Graves' disease. Follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma formed the next two groups, occurring with equal frequency. Many of the follicular lymphomas had evidence of disseminated disease on completion of staging. A miscellaneous group of T-cell and B-cell lymphomas formed a minority of cases during the study period. CONCLUSION: Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma is the most frequent type of primary orbital and orbital adnexal lymphoma. Its major differential diagnosis is with orbital lymphoid hyperplasia, chronic dacryoadenitis, and follicular conjunctivitis. Systemic types of lymphoma may present within the orbit or involve the orbit secondarily.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

[Sturge-Weber syndrome: glaucoma with elevated episcleral venous pressure].

The present report describes clinical findings in 13 patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome, 11 of whom had glaucoma (22-52 mm Hg). The episcleral venous pressure (EVP) was high in all glaucomatous eyes (14-23 mm Hg). Tonography showed a marked decrease in outflow facility. The observations suggest that glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome is caused by a) elevated episcleral venous pressure and b) secondary damage of the trabecular meshwork with reduction of outflow facility. The cause and pathogenesis of these lesions are discussed. In nine patients a diffuse angiomatosis involving most of the choroid (1.5-4.0 mm thick), as well as the episcleral perilimbal plexus, was demonstrated by ultrasonography.

Adolescent↗

[Heterotopic smooth muscle in the choroid].

A histological and ultrastructural description of a case with an area of smooth muscle in the choroid of both eyes in presented. This was a chance finding in the globes of a deceased female patient whose lids (OU) as well as the conjunctiva and sclera of one side were affected by mycosis fungoides. The heterotopic smooth muscle in the choroid is interpreted as being an isolated malformation in otherwise nondysplastic eyes. It is possible that the rare leiomyomas of the choroid occur in such heterotopias, which have not been observed before.

Adult↗

Evaluation of the stability of extemporaneously prepared ophthalmic formulation of mitomycin C.

Mitomycin C (MMC) is a cytostatic agent topically used in conjunctival neoplasms, secondary to glaucoma filtering, pterygium, and strabismus surgery to increase the success rate. The topical formulation of MMC for ocular use is always extemporaneously prepared. Our study evaluated the stability of extemporaneously prepared formulations of MMC at different concentrations (150, 300, & 600 microg/mL) kept at different temperatures (25 degrees , 4 degrees , and -70 degrees C) and at different pH range (6, 7, and 8). Aliquots from the above formulations were subjected for quantification of MMC on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 using high-performance liquid chromatography. MMC stored at 25 degrees C for 6 months was also subjected to flow cytometry and compared to freshly prepared MMC. The results indicated that the degradation of MMC is very high in acidic pH at room temperature. Increasing the pH to 7 or 8 and keeping MMC at low temperatures significantly decreased the degradation of MMC. Interestingly, the flow cytometry data revealed that the 6-month-old MMC showed an antiproliferative effect compared to that of freshly prepared MMC. To conclude, the extemporaneously prepared MMC at pH between 7 and 8 and stored in the refrigerator can increase the duration of its stability. However, the antiproliferative study using flow cytometry revealed that degraded MMC retained its activity even after degradation.

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic↗

Intracranial dermoid cyst in Goldenhar's syndrome. Case report.

A patient with Goldenhar's syndrome and an ipsilateral intracranial dermoid cyst is reported. It is suggested that the combination of both entities may not be coincidental but due to their related embryological origin. This report also reemphasizes the value of computerized tomography in the preoperative diagnosis of intracranial dermoid cysts.

Adult↗

A phase II evaluation of bexarotene (Targretin) capsules in patients with metastatic melanoma.

A phase II study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of Bexarotene in melanoma. Between November 1997 and April 1998, 19 patients were given Bexarotene in single daily oral doses of 450 mg/m2 in capsule form continuously. Nineteen patients, four with choroidal metastatic melanoma, were treated. No responses were seen. Five patients had stable disease, two of the four with choroidal melanoma, had tumor progression. Myelosuppression was mild. Grade 3 myalgia, asthenia, diarrhea, cold hands/feet, and mood changes were seen in one patient each. Changes in serum triglyceride and thyroxine levels were common. Bexarotene, as used in this study, is not effective against melanoma.

Adult↗

Circulating melanoma-associated antigens in ocular melanoma.

A pilot study was performed to test for melanoma-associated antigens (MAAgs) in the sera of patients with localized uveal melanoma, using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Both whole sera and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2.5% serum precipitates from 18 patients with clinically localized uveal melanoma and two patients with localized invasive conjuctival melanoma were analyzed for two human cutaneous MAAgs by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These antigens could not be identified when whole sera were used. However, after PEG precipitation, a MoAb specific for the p210 MAAg reacted with four of 20 patient samples and none of 17 controls. A second MoAb specific for the p97a MAAg reacted with one of 20 patients and none of 17 controls. These findings indicate the existence of antigens common to both uveal and cutaneous melanoma and suggest that the refinement of assays to screen sera with a battey of MoAbs may be of value in diagnosing and/or monitoring patients with uveal melanoma. Circulating immune complexes were detected in the sera of six patients but did not correlate with any clinical features or with the presence or absence of detectable MAAgs.

Adult↗

Ocular melanomas.

The importance of melanomas of the eye and adnexa is that they can be as deadly as the most aggressive cutaneous types, with 15-year mortality rates approaching 50 per cent. Also, treatment may permanently impair the sight. This discussion of melanomas that affect the eye and adnexa commences with the eyelids, proceeds to the conjunctiva, follows with the ocular globe, and includes a consideration of the dysplastic nevus syndrome as it affects the eye.

Choroid Neoplasms↗