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PubMed1992

CD-ROM source data uploaded to the operating and storage devices of an IBM 3090 mainframe through a PC terminal.

A powerful method of processing MEDLINE and CINAHL source data uploaded to the IBM 3090 mainframe computer through an IBM/PC is described. Data are first downloaded from the CD-ROM's PC devices to floppy disks. These disks then are uploaded to the mainframe computer through an IBM/PC equipped with WordPerfect text editor and computer network connection (SONNGATE). Before downloading, keywords specifying the information to be accessed are typed at the FIND prompt of the CD-ROM station. The resulting abstracts are downloaded into a file called DOWNLOAD.DOC. The floppy disks containing the information are simply carried to an IBM/PC which has a terminal emulation (TELNET) connection to the university-wide computer network (SONNET) at the Ohio State University Academic Computing Services (OSU ACS). The WordPerfect (5.1) processes and saves the text into DOS format. Using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP, 130,000 bytes/s) of SONNET, the entire text containing the information obtained through the MEDLINE and CINAHL search is transferred to the remote mainframe computer for further processing. At this point, abstracts in the specified area are ready for immediate access and multiple retrieval by any PC having network switch or dial-in connection after the USER ID, PASSWORD and ACCOUNT NUMBER are specified by the user. The system provides the user an on-line, very powerful and quick method of searching for words specifying: diseases, agents, experimental methods, animals, authors, and journals in the research area downloaded. The user can also copy the TItles, AUthors and SOurce with optional parts of abstracts into papers under edition. This arrangement serves the special demands of a research laboratory by handling MEDLINE and CINAHL source data resulting after a search is performed with keywords specified for ongoing projects. Since the Ohio State University has a centrally founded mainframe system, the data upload, storage and mainframe operations are free.

CD-ROM↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Data transmission through the telephone network: protocols, pitfalls, and some examples.

Invariably, the situation arises where it is desirable to transfer data from one computer to another, especially from small laboratory systems, word processors, or home computers to large mainframe computers. In many of these cases, there are no common storage media; home computers do not have 9-track tape drives and large mainframes do not have 5 1/4 in. floppy disk drives. Transmission of data through the telephone network is a viable method for data transfer, which is paradoxically both easier than many believe and more difficult than some may claim. One of the keys to successful data transmission is an understanding of telecommunications protocols, i.e., the rules governing intersystem communication through the telephone network. Some of the most common protocols allow exchanging ASCII-coded data at either 300 or 1200 baud. A variety of computer systems can be used, including IBM and DEC mainframes, a Wang word processor, an IBM PC-compatible microcomputer, and the Atari 800 microcomputer. A specific example is the use of the Atari 800 as an APL terminal, complete with the custom character set, standard ASCII text, and data transfer.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1986

Assessment of an on-line computerized perinatal data collection and information system.

An on-line maternity data collection system has been designed to provide the information required for perinatal audit and to allow many of the letters and forms required for effective communication in pregnancy to be produced automatically. The system meets the requirements of the Korner Committee on Health Services Information and has been approved by the Computer Policy Committee. Pregnancy is followed prospectively from the first antenatal clinic visit until the file is closed 28 days after delivery. Data are entered by midwives and secretaries onto a network of microcomputers placed at convenient points in the maternity unit. The system has been fully operational with no significant problems since the beginning of 1984 and has led to improved communication between hospital and the community. Analysis of 253 consecutive case notes showed a high level of accuracy of the data recorded on computer. Reports and clinical audit are readily available both from the system locally, from standard programmes on the regional mainframe computer and via a mainframe computer at London University.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1996

Integrating pharmacokinetics into point-of-care information systems.

Computer-based patient care information systems (PCIS) have emerged as an integral component of healthcare organisations. Currently, 4 models of PCIS exist: the centralised model, the hub-and-spoke model, the network model, and the distributed model. The centralised model has the advantage of a central patient database; however, a major disadvantage of this model is the inability to easily interface with other software packages. The hub-and-spoke model links satellite or feeder systems into a mainframe computer; thus, each satellite has the ability to work independently. This system is limited by the ability to interface satellite systems with the mainframe computer. The network model works via a local area network (LAN) using client server technology which allows for high speed data access and transfer. The network model does not provide an integrated view of patient information and can access only 1 host system at a time. The distributed model is similar to the network model in design but provides for data and system integration via relational databases. This allows for the creation of a central data repository and support for decision-support tools. Computer-assisted decision support has the potential to significantly improve clinical decision-making. Six types of computer-assisted decision-support have been defined: alerting, interpreting, assisting, critiquing, diagnosing and managing. Software representing each type of decision-support software has been incorporated into clinical practice; however, with the exception of drug interaction programs, widespread incorporation of decision-support software into PCIS is uncommon. Clinical pharmacokinetic programs are a category of pharmacy-related decision-support software, and current clinical pharmacokinetic software systems can be categorised as interpreting, assisting or critiquing decision-support. Despite the potential for significant clinical contributions, the integration of clinical pharmacokinetic software into PCIS is uncommon. Most packages are available only as stand alone programs or as a module of a pharmacy information system. These packages usually maintain their own centralised database and require special file transfer protocols for integration. Although PCIS are becoming more commonplace, the integration of commercial clinical pharmacokinetic packages into PCIS is limited. New technology using standardised and relational databases should allow for easier integration in the future.

Computers, Mainframe↗
PubMed1991

Computerised vascular data management: a flexible modular registry suitable for the evaluation of long-term results in patients subjected to multiple interventions.

We have designed a computerised vascular registry (CVR) combining storage of complete patient histories in minute detail, including reoperations and long-term follow-up, with clinical applicability. The basic concept of this registry is the storage of data in a structure of cycles (one cycle per treatment episode), modules (clusters of logistically correlated data) and data-chapters (clusters of clinically correlated data). The registry was designed to minimally interfere with routine clinical practice, for instance by collecting the data step-by-step at the wards and out-patient clinics, quite similar to traditional record keeping. The CVR enables production of inventories of all stored data. More importantly, and in addition to other registries, the structure of our registry adequately enables analyses of data of patients with multiple interventions and patients with long-term follow-up. A microcomputer was used for the input of data, which were stored in a structure enabling effortless transportation of the data to a mainframe computer. Standard software programs were used. Simple inventories and analyses were performed on a microcomputer, and a mainframe computer was used for more complex analyses. The performance and applicability of the newly designed CVR was thoroughly tested in comprehensive retrospective studies. On the basis of these experiences several adjustments were carried out after which the CVR was introduced into clinical practice.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1990

Nucleic acid sequence analysis software for microcomputers.

It is clear that a computer-aided data control system is required for even small laboratories generating nucleic acid data. While the molecular biologist at many universities and large research institutions has access to mainframe computers and nucleic acid sequence analysis software, many find it more convenient to perform sequence analysis on microcomputers that are typically located within the investigator's laboratory and totally dedicated to sequence storage and analysis, in essence giving the investigator more personal control of analysis activities than is sometimes possible with shared mini- or mainframe computers. New programs are being written and released at an increasing rate to perform increasingly more complex and specialized analyses using small computer-based systems. This trend will undoubtedly continue, fueled by the need to manage the ever increasing quantity of sequence data.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Computer analysis of radioligand data: advantages, problems, and pitfalls.

Mathematical modeling combined with nonlinear least-squares curve fitting provides a systematic, objective, reproducible, and consistent method to aid the interpretation of ligand-binding data. It forces the experimentalist to formulate hypotheses in an unambiguous manner and to consider alternative, closely related models as plausible counter-hypotheses. Modeling provides estimates of the "goodness-of-fit" of the theory to the data and estimates of the minimal uncertainty of the parameters. With the availability of many programs for micro- and mini-computers, as well as mainframe computers, these methods are now becoming widely used. Accordingly, we must emphasize a number of potential problems and limitations, based on our experience. Interpretation of results of modeling study should be made, in light of the following points: no amount of computer analysis will compensate for "bad" or insufficient data, or for poor experimental design; the interpretation of the computer analysis is subject to the caveat that all underlying assumptions must be satisfied; one must examine the data graphically in several coordinate systems (e.g., "raw data," as well as standardized residuals); one must continuously search for possible systematic biases or artifacts; one must closely examine the reproducibility of results between multiple experiments; and one must recognize that all of the "test tubes" in an experiment are not necessarily "independent observations" in a statistical sense. In view of these potential problems and limitations, one should always seek to corroborate results and interpretations of "modeling" studies of ligand binding by independent biochemical, biophysical, or structural evidence. In this context, ligand-binding studies, appropriately analyzed, can play a useful and constructive role.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Remote site treatment planning.

Remote site treatment planning was one of the earliest methods of digital computer dose planning. Using batch-oriented or time-sharing mainframe computer systems, researchers in the late 1950s and early 1960s developed many of the basic algorithms used later in stand-alone systems. Although time-shared systems have continued in use, most of the emphasis on treatment planning in the last decade has been on using dedicated mini- and micro-computer systems. Recent developments in the computer industry, such as the use of networks and distributed computer processing, may lead to a resurgence of interest in remote computer systems for treatment planning.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1993

An automatized computer-method utilizing Procomm Plus and DataEase (4.2) PC and SAS (6.06) mainframe software for isolated, perfused guinea-pig heart studies.

A powerful, time sharing and automatized method of a comprehensive data analysis for isolated, perfused guinea-pig heart studies is described. Data are collected using DataEase PC software (version 4.2) into forms with data fields specified for vital parameters consistently recorded in isolated, perfused heart studies (HR, CBF, PEAKPRESSURE, DPDT, MVO2). After running, DataEase reports the data and information is uploaded to an IBM 3081D mainframe computer on each day of heart experiment and data collection. The uploading process, the data archival and the statistical analyses are automatized by Procomm Plus commands written in Aspect Source Program (.ASP) Files for logging, data transforming and file management procedures. The ASPCOMP.EXE compiler compiles these .ASP files into Aspect Script eXecutable (.ASX) programs, which run on the PC in our laboratory and activate WYLBUR (IBM 3081D Batch-job service and Command file processor) edited files in the mainframe's electronic devices then upload, backup and save data into these files. SAS EXE files containing program instructions for the data analyzing system are then forced by Procomm Plus to operate over the data just uploaded. SAS reads the DATA files by its INFILE facility and performs comprehensive statistical analyses and produces hard output including graphics and JOB reports of dose-response- and logaritmic scale curves for delivery to team members. This computerized and automatized method developed for isolated, perfused guinea-pig heart studies is capable of performing multiple file transfer, sophisticated statistical analyses and graphic procedures after one keystroke on the PC (Alt-F5 in Procomm Plus section) and also facilitates a consistent and convenient method for planning, controlling and standardizing experiments. The method is based on an interactive computer conversation between the PC in the laboratory and the remote's WYLBUR editor. No human presence is needed; however, in case of failure, Procomm Plus gives one of the team members supervising the system a phone call in order to get human help.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

GOFCOX: a computer program for the goodness-of-fit analysis of the Cox proportional hazards model.

GOFCOX is a user-friendly FORTRAN program for assessing the adequacy of the Cox proportional hazards model. The underlying methodology is based on the comparison of the maximum partial likelihood estimator and a weighted parameter estimator. The latter is the root to an estimation equation that assigns varying weights to the individual contributions to the partial likelihood score function. The weighted and unweighted parameter estimators have the same expectation under the Cox model, but tend to differ when the model is inappropriate. The GOFCOX program computes a rich class of weighted parameter estimators and corresponding goodness-of-fit test statistics. The program runs on both mainframe computers and microcomputers. The running time is minimal even for large data sets. A simple example is provided to illustrate the features of the program.

Computers, Mainframe↗
PubMed1995

Determination of optimally resolving gel concentration and migration time (path) in gel electrophoresis.

The notion of a mathematically defined optimally resolving gel concentration for components of a pair of molecular species of any given size was developed by Rodbard et al. (Electrophoresis and Isoelectric Focusing on Polyacrylamide Gel, pp. 28-62, de Gruyter, Berlin, 1974) 21 years ago. The mathematical treatment was incorporated into a computer program (T-OPT) for mainframe computers which upon input of the slope and intercept on the mobility axis of the Ferguson plots of the two components, electrophoresis time and temperature, yielded plots of resolution vs gel concentration. The same algorithms were later incorporated into the program ELPHOFIT for personal computers. Ideality of diffusion spreading and zero initial zone width were assumed along with a Gaussian peak distribution and an equal area for both components. Moreover, these programs failed to respond to the practical question of the migration time (or path) required for the resolution at the optimal gel concentration, although an independent program predicting the course of resolution under the assumption of free diffusion band spreading in gels (DAR-001) had been devised by Rodbard for application in preparative elution-PAGE. The present work advances the technology for predicting resolving conditions by presenting a computer program which allows the user (i) to predict the gel concentration which is optimal for obtaining the desired degree of resolution at any migration time, (ii) to prescribe the minimal degree of resolution between two band distributions one wishes to achieve, and (iii) to predict the migration time (or path) required at the optimal gel concentration for the resolution of the two components. The program is written in MATLAB and can be used by any computer that supports MATLAB language.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Validation of a computer software program for statistical analysis of accelerated stability studies on biological standards.

Long-term stability is an essential requirement for biological measurement standards and it has been evaluated by applying the Arrhenius model to the data obtained from accelerated thermostability studies. A computer program DEGTEST suited to a mainframe computer has been used for evaluating the stability of biological standards for more than a decade. This paper describes the validation of a computer program executable in a personal computer Microsoft Windows XP environment for the analysis of accelerated thermostability study data.

Biological Products↗
PubMed1993

The computer in the radiologist's office.

Today, the radiologist is able to equip his or her office with a powerful personal computer system equivalent to the large mainframe computers of just a few years ago. If funds permit, purchase of a 486 equivalent system with 200-300 Mbytes of hard-disk storage, 16 Mbytes of random access memory (RAM), a high-resolution color video card and monitor, and a laser printer is recommended. The practical uses for such a system are almost limitless and include word processing, spreadsheet and data-base management, telecommunications, multimedia presentations, business applications, teleradiology, resident and medical student education, and research applications. No matter how much one becomes involved in computer applications, it is essential to establish good habits for backing up critical data files and programs. Becoming familiar with computer technology is not easy at first. Finding a good computer buddy, taking simple night school courses, and reading computer articles and magazines are good ways to get started. Computers are wonderful devices. The day is fast approaching when they will become a necessary tool for every radiologist.

Microcomputers↗
PubMed1989

Computer awareness.

Computer awareness begins with recognizing the common concerns and possible fears individuals may experience upon their initial encounters with this rapidly expanding technology. Awareness is also dependent upon an individual's specific knowledge of computer hardware (including micro, mini and mainframe computers, and peripheral devices) and applications (such as information processing and information sharing). Increasing your knowledge and skills in these areas can be accomplished through various training resources. With training and experience, your overall acceptance and appreciation of computerization will continue to rise. Soon your skills will also increase, and you can then begin to experience the benefits of rapid communication and information processing.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed1984

CEPHS--a system for computer analysis of cephalometric radiographs.

A system developed for computer-aided analysis of cephalometric radiographs is described. Capabilities of the system include a method to digitize the radiographs using a personal computer and to upload the data to mainframe computer. Extensive cephalometric analysis measurements are performed, and superimposition of plots a series of radiographs is also possible. In addition, the system is capable of generating normal measurement values for various patient groupings, and of producing plots of normal radiographs for these groupings.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1987

ARAMIS today: moving toward internationally distributed databank systems for follow-up studies.

The American Rheumatism Association Medical Information System (ARAMIS) is a consortium of North American rheumatic disease data banks. Founded in 1974, it has grown to include more than 16 centers, 22,000 patients, 140,000 patient encounters, and 80,000,000 observations. Traditionally, data storage and computer programs have resided on the IBM "2"-370 system at Stanford University. Distant peripheral centers have entered and retrieved data and performed analyses using proprietary long distance telephone networks. With growth, ARAMIS has placed strong emphasis on data quality and epidemiological soundness. "Core" groups at Stanford specifically address issues of quality control, biostatistics, health care economics, outcome assessment, study design, and administration. Advances in microcomputers and software has led ARAMIS to begin a migration from mainframe computing to distributed systems using IBM PC/XT/AT type computers and the Medlog software system. Substantial cost savings have been noted with distributed processing. The ability to easily transfer data and software forms a groundwork for international data banks and data exchange, but common vocabulary and common quality control procedures are essential for effective international cooperation and exchange.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of two systems for documenting pharmacist interventions in patient care.

Manual and computerized systems for documenting interventions by pharmacists at a large university teaching hospital are compared. The manual system allows patient data and pharmacist interventions to be quickly documented on written profiles. Completed forms are entered into a personal computer for analysis. The computerized system is a direct-entry version of the manual intervention log. Five screens allow pharmacists to enter information into a mainframe computer from any terminal. Data can be downloaded from the mainframe into a personal computer. During the first part of the study, nine pharmacists used the manual system for seven days. After a two-week pause, the same pharmacists used the computerized system for seven days. The systems were evaluated by using time-and-motion analysis and a questionnaire. Also, the number of interventions documented and the characteristics of each were compared. The mean +/- S.D. time required to document an intervention was significantly less with the computerized system (81.8 +/- 24.9 seconds) than with the manual system (100.7 +/- 37.3 seconds). Administrative time for analysis and report generation was also less with the computerized system. The pharmacists rated the computerized system more highly in terms of ease of use, accessibility, time efficiency, and acceptability. The number of interventions documented did not differ between the systems. A computerized system for documenting pharmacist interventions compared favorably with a manual system.

Chicago↗