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The desaturated panel D-15.

The Desaturated Panel D-15 is analogous in design to the standard Panel D-15 but of lower purity (chroma 2 Munsell); the test is more sensitive to mild and moderate losses in chromatic discrimination ability. Combination of the results of both tests allows recognition of several degrees of chromatic discrimination loss.

Child

Binocular enhancement of color discrimination in a deutan.

A 31-year-old white male deutan produced reliably different profiles when examined binocularly and monocularly with a Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Discrimination in the long wavelengths improved under the binocular conditions. Intensive testing yielded no information to account for the phenomenon.

Adult

[A new sieve-test for testing colour vision (author's transl)].

From our results we can be sure that the colour test disk is at least as reliable for mass testing for colour blindness as the Ishihara isochromatic colour plates. In practice the test disk has the advantage of constancy of testing conditions and easy and quick procedure. If it is necessary to differentiate between protopia and deuteropia the colour test disk is significantly better Ishihara's colour plates.

Color Perception

The Roth 28-hue test.

The Roth 28-hue test, first described in 1966, uses every third color cap from the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue (85-color-cap) test. Protans, deutans, and tritans exhibit slightly different confusion axes on the Roth 28-hue test and the Farnsworth D-15 test. These axes are illustrated on a CIE chromaticity diagram. The little-used Roth 28-hue test may be a good compromise between the D-15 and 100-hue tests, but clinical trials for verification are needed.

Adolescent

Predictive validities of several clinical color vision tests for aviation signal light gun performance.

Scores on the American Optical Company (AOC) test (1965 edition), Dvorine test, Farnsworth Lantern test, Color Threshold Tester, Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test, Farnsworth Panel D-15 test, and Schmidt-Haensch Anomaloscope were obtained from 137 men with color-defective vision and 128 men with normal color vision. The validity of each of these tests in predicting scores on the aviation signal light gun was assessed by using daytime and nighttime administrations of the light gun as the criteria. Two "best sets" of plates from the AOC and Dvorine tests were selected by calculating a multiple regression equation in a stepwise manner with the nighttime and then the daytime administration of the signal light gun test as the criteria. Based on a graphic presentation of the miss and false alarm rates for each test at various possible cut scores, suggestions were made regarding the use of each test and the selection of optimal pass/fail scores.

Aerospace Medicine

Color vision testing in young children: a review.

It is often recommended that children be screened for possible color vision deficiencies as early as possible. This paper examines the validity of commercially-available color vision tests when used with young children (age three to seven years). It is concluded that with the possible exception of the anomaloscope, no test is entirely suited for children, in most cases because the test makes cognitive demands beyond the capability of the young child.

Adult

Lanthony's new color test. II. Clinical evaluation.

The desaturated 15 Hue test is estimated to give about 7% false-positive single protanopic confusions. Confusions between tetartanopic and protanopic directions are not infrequent. The New Color Test findings, in general, reflect the AOH-R-R pathology but, among other things, because of the difference in their size, the classifications of both tests should not be compared. The New Color Test proves to be valuable, and can be easily employed in a routine clinical procedure. An examination scheme is proposed.

Color Perception Tests

[A railway accident a hundred years ago as reason for systematic testing of colour vision (author's transl)].

Holmgren's supposition that colour blindness was one of the causes for the train-disaster which happened on 15th November 1875 near Lagerlunda had been passed on as an established fact. The course of the accident is outlined on the basis of the court records. It shows that not colour blindness, but the fact that the engine-driver and the station-master were acting contrary to regulations resulted in the head-on collision with the opposite train. After this event systematic testing of colour vision in railway-men was instituted and the methods of examination were considerably improved.

Accidents, Traffic

The Davidson and Hemmendinger color rule as a color vision screening test.

The Davidson and Hemmendinger (DH) color rule was evaluated for color vision screening of normal and congenital color-defective subjects. Ninety-eight normal and 14 color-defective subjects were tested on the color rule under Macbeth illumination of 5,400 K. The color-defective subjects were also tested on the Nagel anomaloscope, the Farnsworth D-15, and the H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates. The DH color rule performed as accurately as the anomaloscope and was superior to the other two tests in detecting anomalous trichromats and in discriminating protanomalous subjects. The color rule also discriminated dichromats from anomalous trichromats. For severe color-defective subjects (dichromats, achromats), the color rule was more time-consuming than the other tests and discrimination was less certain. Response patterns on the DH color rule and response variability of the different classifications are reported.

Adolescent

Acquired 'tritan' deficiencies in macular pathology.

14 patients with maculopathy (18 eyes affected, 10 eyes clinically normal) were examined using the HRR plates, the Farnsworth F2 (tritan) plate, the Farnsworth panel D15 test, the Nagel anomaloscope (model I) and on a 'blue-green' equation for 2 degrees and 11 degrees fields on the Moreland anomaloscope. The correlation of tritan-like responses to each test and the differences between the 2 degrees and 11 degrees equations are discussed.

Adult

Colorimetry by a new principle.

A simple and informative method is described for determining the type and extent of color defects. The subjects' responses are registered automatically on a chromaticity diagram that is based on the newtonian model. Color defects are readily identifiable by a skewing of the normal central gray area toward the defectively perceived color. The examination permits independent variation of hue and saturation for each color and requires less than five minutes for the entire procedure. Unlike conventional color tests, the present method indicates exactly what colors are or are not seen at any level of saturation.

Adolescent

Color vision: blue deficiencies in children?

Recent publicized reports based on the use of the Farnsworth Panel D-15 test suggest that a large percentage of young children have a deficiency of blue vision (tritan type). In our study, 413 school children (ages 3 to 10) were tested with both the Farnsworth Panel D-15 test, as well as the A.O. H-R-R plates. None of the children failed either test for blue-yellow vision when traditional scoring instructions were observed. As in previous reports, we find that the children make a number of minor errors which adults rarely make. These errors show marked age-related patterns, being more frequent in younger children. However, further analysis of these errors revealed that the relative frequency with which particular error types were made on the D-15 test was significantly correlated with the existing perceived color difference data for the visually normal adult population. In addition, retesting significantly reduced all error types and reversing the test sequence demonstrated that most of the minor errors were made in the last half of the test regardless of the color vision task. The overall increase in the number of minor test errors seen with young children seems unrelated to color defects. The modified scoring methods in conjunction with the characteristics of the Panel D-15 test design account for the high percentage of errors classified as errors of blue vision.

Age Factors