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PubMed2006

The complex relationship between dependency and domestic violence: converging psychological factors and social forces.

Research indicates that economic dependency in women and emotional dependency in men independently contribute to domestic-partner abuse risk and that high levels of emotional dependency in an abused partner may reduce the likelihood that the victimized person will terminate the relationship. An analysis of psychological factors and social forces that contribute to domestic violence suggests that multimodal intervention strategies are needed to combat this complex problem.

Codependency, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Narcissism: shame, rage and addiction.

This paper employs perspectives from Self psychology to illuminate our understanding of narcissism. Striving for complete independence and autonomy, a goal of classical psychoanalysis, encourages the disavowal of narcissism. Instead, narcissism is viewed as necessary for the survival of a sense of self and not on the same continuum with object love. The concepts of self-object and self-object functions are defined. Shame and rage are explained as byproducts of self-object failure. It is postulated that shame emerges out of self-depletion and that narcissistic rage emerges out of self-fragmentation. Countertransference and treatment implications are discussed. Following Lichtenberg, addictions are viewed as deriving from the quest for self-object experience, regardless of the long-term detriment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exploring mutuality within the nurse-patient relationship.

This article explores the concept of boundaries within the nurse-patient relationship. Drawing on child development theories the authors explore the difficulties of boundary maintenance and link this to the professional aspects of therapeutic alliance. The ability to establish clear boundaries between ourselves and others is closely related to the capacity to function as a healthy adult and as such may be said to play an important role in the development of mental health difficulties. However, it is generally accepted by psychological theorists that a certain amount of projection and transference are likely to occur in every two-person relationship and as a result boundary confusion is likely to be experienced by both parties to a greater or lesser extent in the nurse-patient relationship. If, as is currently asserted by the nursing profession, the nurse-patient relationship is based on the principle of equality then it follows that both the nurse and the patient carry equal responsibility for maintaining the boundaries within which their interactions take place. The authors argue that it may be more appropriate to think in terms of a relationship founded on the concept of 'mutuality'. Such a position enables the concept of therapeutic reciprocity to be embraced alongside the reality that ultimately it is the nurse who carries the responsibility for 'holding' the boundaries within which the relationship is 'acted out.'

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Parental antecedents of adult codependency.

Two aspects of codependency were investigated among 442 undergraduates. First, parental antecedents were examined by subjects completing measures of codependency, perceived parental dysfunctions (compulsivity, chemical dependency, and codependency), and parental styles (coercion, control, and non-nurturance). As expected, correlations between adult codependency and parental coercion, control, non-nurturance, and maternal compulsivity were significant. However, correlations between codependency and parental chemical dependency were not significant. A multiple regression analysis identified parental codependency and maternal coercion as significant predictors of subject codependency. To examine the second aspect of codependency, which assumes that codependency was identified over 40 years ago by Karen Horney, subjects completed a loss of self measure which correlated highly with codependency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Codependency as a mediator between stressful events and eating disorders.

This study examined the role of codependency in the relationship between stressful events and the development of eating disorders. Ninety-five undergraduate women completed the Codependency Assessment, the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, the Differentiation of Self Scale, and an open-ended questionnaire asking about stressful experiences, including relationships with alcoholic family members. Results supported the hypothesis that women who reported experience with an alcoholic significant other or a chronic stressful situation exhibited higher levels of eating disordered behavior. However, a family history of parental alcohol abuse alone did not result in differences in eating disorder symptoms. Further, women who exhibited more characteristics of codependency (e.g., caretaking, needs for control) also evidenced more eating disorder symptoms. The findings suggest a developmental sequence, whereby codependency mediates the relationship between excessive stress and the development of an eating disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Codependency: predictors and psychometric issues.

This study examined the relationships between codependency and age, gender, self-confidence, autonomy, and succorance, which is the quality of soliciting emotional support from others. The study also tested the validity of the Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale (Fischer, Spann, & Crawford, 1991). Ninety-five undergraduates completed a demographic sheet, the Adjective Check List (Gough & Heilbrun, 1983), the Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale, the Co-Dependents Anonymous Checklist (Whitfield, 1991), and a questionnaire developed for this study based on the work of Hemfelt, Minirth, and Meier (1989). As predicted, codependency was negatively related to self-confidence and positively related to succorance. However, contrary to expectation, a negative relationship between codependency and autonomy was not found. In addition, low self-confidence was the strongest predictor of codependency. Finally, all three measures of codependency were strongly related, attesting to the convergent validity of the Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale. Future studies should further investigate the role of emotional autonomy and codependency and should begin to utilize an experimental approach, making predictions regarding the behavior of codependent and noncodependent persons in experimental situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Codependency: a disorder separate from chemical dependency.

This study examined the relationship between codependency (an excessive preoccupation with the lives, feelings, and problems of others), chemical dependency of a significant other, and depression. The Significant Others' Drug Use Survey (SODS) determined whether the subject was in a relationship with a significant other at risk of being chemically dependent. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess depression. Two hypotheses were tested: first, that codependency exists independently of chemical dependency and, second, that codependent people tend to be more depressed than non-codependents. Results supported the first hypothesis, but not the second. A significant correlation between depression and having a significant other likely to be chemically dependent was observed. The usefulness of the concept of codependency is discussed with proposals for subsequent research.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Codependence, narcissism, and childhood trauma.

Codependence has been held to be a product of living in a household with an alcoholic parent or, more generally, an outcome of childhood abuse. Codependent traits also have been proposed to have a complementary developmental relationship with narcissism. Australian adults (N = 190) were administered the Codependency Inventory, the Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Narcissistic Personality Disorder scale, the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test, and the Survey of Traumatic Childhood Events. Results indicated that codependence is not predictable by childhood trauma, and although a relationship between codependence and narcissism was established, it was rather more complex than that anticipated by the literature. These findings substantially weaken the theoretical underpinnings of the concept of codependency, and due caution should be exercised in psychotherapeutic applications of the concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Alcoholism, a contagious disease. A contribution towards an anthropological definition of contagion.

The goal of this article is to show, from the discourses of drinkers' spouses, members of a "cured-drinkers" movement in France very different from the AA, what the idea of the contagious character of alcoholism means in the subjects' representations and by extension, what the idea of contagion may contain when seen from an anthropological perspective. This work rests on the observation that many people consider that their spouse's alcoholism makes them sick, and tend to identify with the sick person by finding effects of alcoholism on their own bodies. The notion of contagion qualifies here the perception of the impact of the other's sickness on oneself, by physical and social proximity to the drinker, insofar as the conditions for contagion to be possible include not only sharing the same physical (domestic) space, but also the existence of a social bond.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Codependency explored: a social movement in search of definition and treatment.

This article will explore why so many women, and most recently men, have been diagnosing themselves as codependent. It will be suggested that defining codependency as learned helplessness can provide the needed conceptual base to empower those codependents who are also seeking treatment. Empowerment is needed by those women and men who grew up in the types of dysfunctional families that offer them little protection from dysfunctional family rules. The alcoholic family will be explored as one of the family systems which generates large numbers of those feeling that they are codependent. Treatment guidelines will be offered for working with codependents who also decide on a course of psychotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Personality and the inheritance of smoking behavior: a genetic perspective.

In contrast to the extensive research effort to understand the genetic contribution to alcoholism risk, there has been little research directed at understanding genetic influences on smoking behavior. Data from large twin studies in Scandinavia and Australia are consistent with a major genetic influence on the probability that an individual will become a smoker ("initiation") and will persist in the smoking habit once smoking has started ("persistence"). We use data from the 1988/1989 follow-up survey of the Australian NH&MRC twin panel to determine to what degree personality measures (Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire--Revised) and attitudinal and sociodemographic variables (social and political conservatism, education, religious involvement) might account for genetic or environmental influences on smoking. While we find significant phenotypic associations between these variables and smoking, these are too modest to account for much of the genetic variance. Possible mechanisms by which this genetic variance may arise are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Death and dying from old people's point of view. A literature review.

Providing high-quality end-of-life care to older people is a requirement especially for countries with a high proportion of old and very old people. This calls for an understanding of older people's view of death and dying, and one way forward is to investigate the current knowledge base. This study aimed at reviewing the literature of empirical studies about older people's view of death and dying, whether in a terminal phase of life or not. A total of 33 publications were included, identified in a stepwise literature search done in Medline, CINAHL and PsychInfo, using the terms "death", "attitude to death", "death" and "dying" in combination with "aged". Very few studies focused solely on the oldest old. The designs were mainly cross-sectional, quantitative or qualitative, using personal interviews. Some common themes of importance for further research were revealed, such as older people's readiness to talk about death and dying, conceptions of death, after-death and dying, and were seemingly related to anxiety about death, the impact on and of those close by, having both negative and positive connotations, especially related to balancing closeness, being a burden and dependency, death anxiety and its possible antecedents, the fine line between natural sadness and suffering from depression, and worry about the end-of-life phase. The lack of studies dealing with older people's view of death and dying, and the heterogeneity with regard to research questions and samples implies that findings may serve mainly as inspiration for further research.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The co-dependency concept: does it offer a solution for the spouses of alcoholics?

The popularity of the co-dependency concept has grown rapidly in the alcoholism treatment field. At the same time, empirical findings gained through scientific research have raised questions concerning the validity of the concept. This paper discusses some of the problems that are created by the disease model of co-dependency and highlights some alternative views that may be more appropriate. It is argued that the field's understanding of the alcoholic/spouse relationship and its ability to help the spouse are limited unless other conceptualizations are seriously considered.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2006

Randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of cobedding on weight gain and physiologic regulation in preterm twins in the NICU.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences in growth and physiologic regulation in cobedded preterm twins versus individually bedded preterm twins while in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). SUBJECTS: Infants born between 28 to 34 weeks gestation in a Level III NICU were eligible for enrollment into the study. Forty-nine sets of twins were enrolled in the study and 41 sets were ultimately analyzed. There were 21 twin sets (42 infants) in the experimental group and 20 sets (40 infants) in the control group. DESIGN: A prospective randomized design was used. METHODS: Parents of twins in a level III NICU were approached for consent to participate in the study. Twins were randomized using sealed envelopes that designated placement in either the control or experimental group. Twin sets who were randomized to the control group received routine care in separate beds. Twin sets in the experimental group received routine care in the same bed. Guidelines for positioning of cobedded twins were utilized. Treatment and data collection started when infants met the inclusion criteria for the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements of weekly weight gain and episodes of apnea/bradycardia/desaturation (A/B/D) were collected for each group. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: After adjusting for baseline weight in an analysis of covariance model, the cobedded group demonstrated a significantly higher mean weight compared to the control group at week 1 (1,644 vs. 1,572 grams, respectively, F = 11.6, P = 0.001) and at week 2 (1,755 vs. 1,693 grams, respectively, F = 5.7, P = 0.02). There was no difference in the median number of total combined A/B/D episodes between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: A greater increase in mean weight gain was noted in the cobedded group compared to the control group.

Beds↗
PubMed2004

Chronic exposure to low doses bisphenol A interferes with pair-bonding and exploration in female Mongolian gerbils.

Estrogenic endocrine disruptors, synthetic or naturally occurring substances found in the environment, can interfere with the vertebrate endocrine system and, mimicking estrogens, interact with the neuroendocrine substrates of behavior. Since species vary in their sensitivity to steroids, it is of great interest to widen the range of species included in the researches on neurobehavioral effects of estrogenic endocrine disruptors. We examined socio-sexual and exploratory behavior of Mongolian gerbil females (Meriones unguiculatus), a monogamous rodent, in response to chronic exposure to the estrogenic endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. Paired females were daily administered with one of the following treatments: bisphenol A (2 or 20 microg/kg body weight/day); 17alpha-ethynil estradiol (0.04 microg/kg body weight/day 17alphaE); oil (vehicle). Females were treated for 3 weeks after pairing. Starting on day of pairing, social interactions within pairs were daily recorded. Three weeks after pairing, females were individually tested in a free exploratory paradigm. Bisphenol A and 17alphaE affected male-female social interactions by increasing social investigation. Bisphenol A reduced several exploratory parameters, indicating a decreased exploratory propensity of females. These results highlight the sensitivity of adult female gerbils to bisphenol A during the hormonally sensitive period of pair formation, also considering that the bisphenol A doses tested are well below the suggested human tolerable daily intake.

Analysis of Variance↗