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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Variations in nasopharyngeal cancer incidence among specific Chinese communities (dialect groups) in Singapore.

A total of 729 cases of NPC (93.6% confirmed histologically) were diagnosed among the Singapore Chinese population during a five-year period (1968--1972). Age-standardized incidence rates for the total Chinese population were 18.4 per 100,000 per year for males and 7.0 for females; the respective rates for the specific Chinese communities were 14.1 and 4.7 for Hokkien, 18.3 and 6.2 for Teochew, 29.1 and 11.0 for Cantonese, 14.2 and 3.3 for Hainanese, 12.6 and 4.8 for Hakka and 12.2 and 6.0 for the other dialect groups. It is evident that all of the Chinese communities in Singapore have high risks for NPC; only the Cantonese have risks significantly higher than that for the rest of the Chinese population. NPC incidence rates for males and females of the other major racial groups in Singapore were 4.7 and 0.6 for Malays and 0.9 and 0.0 for Indians, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The development of Chinese herbal medicine and the Pen-ts'ao.

Chinese medicine employs complex mixtures of remedies and does not appreciate the advantage or effectiveness of a single drug entity. Chinese herbal remedies are derived from animal, mineral, as well as arboreous and herbaceous sources. At least 1,500 different herbal drugs have been tested, analysed, and used in Chinese medicine; this is well documented in more than 50 different or revised editions of Pen-ts'ao. Both Sheng-nung Pen-ts'ao Ching, the earliest Chinese materia medica book, and the latest Pen-ts'ao Kang-mu are well-known and valuable compendia of herbal drugs.

China↗
PubMed1979

The chemistry of Chinese drugs.

Some herbal drugs commonly used in Chinese medicine have been studied chemically in correlation with their biological activities. In many cases it has been recognized that some characteristic chemical constituents could represent the therapeutical actions of the drugs. It is noted that elucidation of their chemical structures in view of the structure-activity relationship provides scientific evidence for the beneficial uses of traditional drugs in health care and, furthermore, promotes the discovering of new therapeutics from them. The principles of Chinese drugs are distributed widely among almost all the chemical groups of natural products, for example, simple phenolics, lignan, flavonoid, quinonoid, lower terpenes, triterpenoid, steroid, true alkaloid, protoalkaloid or amines and simple and polymolecular carbohydrates. In the present article, the chemical principles of some important Chinese drugs currently used are discussed mainly on the basis of our own investigations, and we refer to other works for a general understanding of the present status on the chemical approach to studies of Chinese drugs and medicine.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1976

Immunity to antigens associated with a cell line derived from nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) in non-Chinese NPC patients.

Delayed hypersensibility to antigens derived from four lymphoid cell lines was measured in 27 non-Chinese patients with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and 63 non-NPC cancer patients. Of the NPC patients, 17/27 (63%) had a positive skin test response to antigens derived from HKLY-28, a lymphoid cell line which was developed from an NPC biopsy. Only 10/51 (20%) and 1/13 (8%) patients with solid tumors and hematopoietic malignancies, respectively, had positive skin test responses to HKLY-28. Positive skin tests were found less frequently when extracts from cell lines derived from normal individuals or lymphoma patients were utilized, although NPC patients were more reactive to two of the non-NPC derived cell lines than the controls. The NPC patients in this study also had significantly elevated antibody titers to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), capsid antigen (VCA) and early antigen (EA). Titers were highest in the patients with more anaplastic nasopharyngeal carcinomas. The skin test and serologic data are consistent with studies in Chinese patients, indicating that NPC in non-Chinese and Chinese patients is biologically similar.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effects of cis-platinum(II) diamminedichloride on survival and the rate of DNA synthesis in synchronously growing Chinese hamster V79-379A cells in the absence and presence of caffeine inhibited post-replication repair; evidence for an inducible repair mechanism.

The mechanism by which cis-Platinum(II)diamminedichloride, (cis-Pt(II)), inhibited DNA synthesis was investigated using synchronously growing Chinese hamster V79-379A cells. The progression of G1 phase treated cells into S phase was not inhibited. However the rate of DNA synthesis throughout the S phase was depressed in a dose dependent manner compared to a control. The peak rate of DNA synthesis was delayed and the duration of the S phase was extended resulting in a dose dependent delay in the timing of mitosis in the first cell cycle after treatment. The delay in the timing of mitosis after the second S phase in treated cells was comparable to the delay observed after the first cycle. Post treatment incubation of cells in the presence of a non toxic concentration of caffeine resulted in an alteration in the pattern of DNA synthesis, leading to a reversal of the dose dependent delay in the timing of the peak rate of DNA synthesis to a position corresponding to the control. Caffeine potentiated the toxicity of cis-Pt(II) only if it was added during the first cell cycle after treatment. The patterns of DNA synthesis in synchronous cultures of Chinese hamster V79-379A cells after cis-Pt(II) treatment appeared to be similar to those previously demonstrated for difunctional alkylating agents. The results were discussed in relation to an existing model in which it was postulated that a DNA replication dependent repair mechanism enables cells to replicate DNA using a cis-Pt(II) damaged DNA template. This mechanism has been shown in Chinese hamster V79-379A cells to be sensitive to non toxic concentrations of caffeine resulting in an inhibition of the rate of ligation of nascent DNA which is followed by an increase in chromosome aberrations and cell death. The results presented support the proposed model and emphasise the importance of this replication repair mechanism in enabling cells to tolerate unexcised damage to their genome. In addition we propose that cis-Pt(II) damage stimulates the induction of a system which is involved in enhancing so called post replication repair in Chinese hamster V79 cells and that this induction might be inhibited by the presence of caffeine.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Amosite, chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos are mutagenic in Chinese hamster lung cells.

Chinese hamster lung cells cultured in the presence of amosite, chrysotile or crocidolite displayed inhibition of cell growth. Phagocytosis of asbestos by cells was observed. Amosite and chrysotile appeared to be twice as toxic as crocidolite based on an equal weight/volume basis. Induction of 6-thioguanine resistance was studied. After treatment at 10 microgram/cm2 for 24 h, and with a 48-h expression time, numerically the cells did not change significantly from 6-thioguanine-sensitive to 6-thioguanine-resistant for each pair of control and experimental mutation frequencies. When all data points were considered as a whole, use of Student's t-test on paired samples showed that all 3 types of asbestos were mutagenic in Chinese hamster lung cells. It was reported that benzo[a]anthracene was an organic contaminant of abestos. Used as a positive control compound, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was metabolized by rat-liver microsomes and was found mutagenic in Chinese hamster lung cells. Microsome activation did not increase the mutagenic potential of asbestos. These findings point to the weak mutagenic potential of asbestos. Chinese hamster lung cells phagocytize particles and are ideal materials to study mutagenesis of environmental agents that exist in a particulate form.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Distribution of ABO and Rhesus blood groups in G6PD deficient Chinese and Malay newborns.

The distribution of ABO blood groups was studied in 459 Chinese and 65 Malay newborns with deficiency of G6PD, and in 1181 Chinese and 535 Malay newborns with normal levels of the enzyme. Similarly, the distribution of Rhesus blood groups was studied in 248 G6PD deficient Chinese newborns and in 255 normal subjects. No association between the ABO blood groups and G6PD deficiency was observed in either Chinese or Malays. For the Rhesus system there was found to be a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of genotypes containing the complex R1, in G6PD deficient subjects compared with that in normal subjects.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1977

Simian virus 40-Chinese hamster kidney cell interaction. IV. Enhanced virus replication in infected cells upon treatment with mitomycin C.

Chinese hamster kidney cells are semi-permissive to simian virus 40 (SV40). Exposure to mitomycin C (MC) of Chinese hamster kidney cells infected with SV40 DNA enhanced the yield of infectious virus 10- to 100-fold. This stimulation occurred whether the treatment was performed before or after infection. A simultaneous increase in the number of V antigen-synthesizing cells and virus-producing cells, as well as the virus burst size, was observed upon MC pretreatment, whereas the proportion of T antigen-synthesizing cells remained unchanged. MC pretreatment clearly stimulated virus DNA replication in SV40 virus-infected cells. Cells treated with MC exhibited an unbalanced growth pattern, with continuing protein synthesis in the absence of cell division and a markedly reduced ability to replicate the cellular DNA. These results suggest that MC enhances the permissiveness of Chinese hamster kidney cells by inducing the synthesis of a specific cellular factor(s) required for SV40 reproduction in Chinese hamster kidney cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

HL-A antigens in a Chinese population.

The HL-A antigens of a Chinese population now living on the island of Taiwan have been investigated with reagents obtained from and characterized in Caucasian populations and with antisera obtained from Chinese multiparous women. Both HL-A2, the most frequent specificity found, and HL-A9 appear highly heterogeneous in this Chinese population since groups of antisera used to define HL-A2 or 9 in Caucasians gave discordant reactions. Moreover, new associations were found using chi-square and cluster analyses, further demonstrating the complexity of HL-A in this Taiwanese population. Fourteen % of 1183 Chinese multipara sera and 237 sera from multiple tranfused individuals were lymphocytotoxic and could be placed by cluster analysis into three major groups.

Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic↗
PubMed1979

Dental caries status of Chinese children in Johannesburg, South Africa.

The purpose of this study was to determine the dental health status of a representative sample of Johannesburg Chinese schoolchildren, all 250 attending the only Chinese school in the city. In 18 preschoolchildren, 3--5 years old, 16.7% were caries-free, mean dmft was 7.1 +/- 5.8 and labial caries was present in 33.3%. In 165 primary schoolchildren aged 5--16 years, the mean dmft was 590 +/- 3.2 with 20% of the primary dentition caries-free and the mean DMFT was 2.4 +/- 1.9 4.8% of the primary schoolchildren were caries-free. In 67 high school pupils of 11--17 years, 4.5% were caries-free and the mean DMFT score was 7.1 +/- 3.9. Caries prevalences among the Chinese were similar to corresponding groups of children of Chinese immigrants in the United Kingdom and Malaysia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Adaptive Evolution of the PFK Gene Family in Chinese Longsnout Catfish, Leiocassis longirostris.

The Chinese longsnout catfish is a typical carnivorous fish with a relatively weak ability to utilize glucose. However, the genomic basis for its glucose metabolic adaptation remains unclear. In this study, we used comparative genomics methods to systematically analyze the evolutionary characteristics of glucose metabolism-related genes in the Chinese longsnout catfish, focusing on gene family evolution, patterns of expansion and contraction, and selective pressures. The results indicate that glucose metabolism-related genes have undergone significant reshaping during evolution. Genes involved in glucose digestion, absorption, and insulin signaling pathways demonstrate a tendency toward contraction, while those associated with protein and lipid metabolism exhibit expansion. This pattern is consistent with the species' long-term adaptation to a high-protein, high-fat diet. Comparative analysis further revealed that, compared to fish with different dietary habits, certain key genes involved in glycolysis in the Chinese longsnout catfish exhibit a reduction in copy number. Molecular evolutionary analysis showed that key genes involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (including hexokinase 2 (hk2), phosphofructokinase, muscle/platelet (pfkm/p)) exhibit signs of accelerated evolution or positive selection. Notably, the PFK gene family exhibits complex evolutionary characteristics resulting from the combined effects of gene contraction, rapid evolution, and positive selection. In summary, this study reveals the genomic evolutionary basis for the glucose metabolic adaptation of the Chinese longsnout catfish and identifies the PFK gene family as a key candidate for elucidating its unique glucose metabolic characteristics.

Leiocassis longirostris↗
PubMed1977

Objectivity of food-symptomatology surveys. Questionnaire on the "Chinese restaurant syndrome".

The Chinese restaurant syndrome consists of a characteristic symptom complex, with limited times of onset and duration after eating in a Chinese restaurant. There is widespread belief that the C.R.S. is due to monosodium glutamate used in preparing food in Chinese restaurants and that as many as 25 per cent of the general population may be susceptible to the syndrome. Questionnaires were developed to determine the unpleasant symptoms which 530 subjects associated with specific foods, eating places, and "ethnic" styles of preparing food. Over 90 per cent of respondents associated unpleasant symptoms with specific foods, but only 6.6 per cent experienced an event which would "possibly" represent the characteristic C.R.S. Nevertheless, when the phrase "Chinese restaurant syndrome" was introduced in a second questionnaire, 31 per cent of respondents believed that they were personally susceptible to it. Many people do experience unpleasant symptoms after eating, and particularly after eating food associated with a different culture. Although the responses to food symptomatology questionnaires represent an important aspect of the sociology of eating behavior, this procedure should not be considered an objective data collecting system.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Isolation and identification of a highly oncogenic subgroup J avian leukosis virus strain from Chinese black chickens.

Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), an oncogenic retrovirus, is a highly contagious pathogen that induces myelocytomas, hemangiomas, and other neoplastic diseases in chickens. Recently, ALV-J infection in Chinese local chicken breeds has increased, with enhanced pathogenicity, posing a severe threat to the local poultry industry. In March 2024, a tumor outbreak occurred on a Chinese black chicken farm in Heze City, China, causing lethargy, emaciation, and tumorigenesis in the eyes and legs of affected chickens. Necropsy revealed extensive yellow-white neoplasms disseminated across the sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and visceral organs. Pathological examinations revealed multiple tumor types, including myelocytomas, hemangiomas, fibromas, and reticulosarcomas in the affected chickens. In this study, nine ALV-J isolates were isolated and designated HZ0319-1 to HZ0319-9. All isolates possessed an identical full-genome length of 7,687 bp and exhibited high nucleotide sequence similarity, ranging from 99.8% to 99.9%, suggesting that they were closely related variants from the same outbreak. Nucleotide sequence analysis identified unique deletions and mutations in the gag, pol, and gp85 genes, leading to predicted conformational changes in the P2, P10, and SU proteins. In addition, HZ0319 showed deletions in the r-TM region and a large 125-nt deletion in the E element of the 3' untranslated region, leaving only a short conserved fragment. The representative isolate HZ0319-1 showed stronger replication capacity than the reference strain NX0101 in DF-1 cells. In experimentally infected chicks, HZ0319-1 induced myelocytomas and hemangiomas and produced high viral load in multiple tissues. Notably, viral load analysis revealed that the liver showed the highest viral load at 1 day of age, whereas most other tissues reached peak viral load at 21 days of age, suggesting early hepatic replication followed by systemic dissemination. Furthermore, HZ0319-1infection significantly upregulated tumor-related host genes, including p53, c-Myc, c-Fos, and ZIC1, in tumor-associated tissues. These results demonstrate that the HZ0319-1 isolate has enhanced tumorigenicity and replication ability. Nucleotide mutations and deletions in both coding and non-coding regions of the viral genome may alter the viral tissue tropism and oncogenic potential. This study provides novel insights into the molecular characteristics and pathogenicity of ALV-J in local Chinese chickens, and provides a foundation for the prevention and eradication of ALV-J in the local poultry industry.

Avian leukosis virus subgroup J↗
PubMed2025

Time-course transcriptome and proteomic dynamics during the de novo shoot organogenesis in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata).

De novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) enables plants to regenerate shoots from various explants, offering valuable opportunities for research and plant biotechnology applications. While significant progress has been made in understanding regeneration in angiosperms, the regulatory mechanisms in gymnosperms, particularly Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), remain poorly understood, despite its importance as a key timber species in China. This study successfully established an efficient DNSO protocol for Chinese fir, identifying six distinct stages in the process through cellular-level analysis. Time-course transcriptome and proteomics analyses revealed dynamic changes in mRNA and protein levels during regeneration. Notably, proteins showed more significant alterations across a broad range of biological processes, often independent of corresponding mRNA changes. Key pathways associated with ethylene metabolism and abiotic stress responses were enriched, highlighting their critical roles in regeneration. Further experiments confirmed that moderate osmotic stress treatments (150 mm mannitol) and ethylene treatment (100 μm ACC and 5 μm AgNO3) substantially enhanced DNSO efficiency. In summary, this study uncovers the molecular mechanisms underlying Chinese fir DNSO, providing valuable insights into improving plant regeneration efficiency in this economically important species. These findings contribute to advancements in plant biotechnology and sustainable forestry practices.

Cunninghamia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chinese alchemy: confluence and transformation.

The study of China's alchemical tradition can provide considerable insight into early Chinese medical theory, pharmaco-therapeutic practice and psychosomatic concepts. Chinese alchemy is a complex blending of philosophical, cosmological, physiological and natural scientific thought. This article presents a historical survey and analysis of some important aspects of Chinese alchemical research and theory.

Alchemy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of the uterotonic principle from Leonurus artemisia, the Chinese motherwort.

A search in ancient Chinese medicinal literature and modern phytochemical references indicates that the therapeutic value of Leonurus artemisia (I-mu ts'ao, the Chinese motherwort) might reside in a uterotonic principle present in leaves. Leonurine (4-guanidino-n-butyl syringate) was isolated from fresh and dry leaves of Leonurus artemisia. The uterotonic effect of leonurine was demonstrated in rat uterus in vitro. Results from this study suggest that functional phytochemistry based on ethnobotanical experience could lead to development of new and effective drugs from Chinese medicine.

China↗
PubMed1979

A comparative study of greek and chinese alchemy.

According to an herbal cult of immortality in China, about 200 B.C., certain plants could make man immortal. Greek alchemy, the earliest record of which dated about 200 A.D., presents a similar version, was originally Chinese and was introduced by the Arabs who brought herbal drugs of longevity to Alexandria. The name of these drugs, Chin-I, dialectal Kim-Iya, was Arabicized as Kimiya and transliterated Chemeia by the Copts. Other terms were later influenced by Indians (Chumeia, 100 A.D.) and more directly by the Chinese (Chrusozomion, 200 A.D.). The 3 terms signify herbal elixirs of gold and the art related to them. Both early Chinese and Greek alchemies were not concerned with the making of bullion gold. In China the development of alchemy has been ruled by two theories: first, as like makes like, a perennial plant can make human life perennial: likewise, certain substances can prolong human life as they are rich in Life-force or Soul-content. From here, Blood was equated to Soul and later Redness to Soul. Jade, Cinnabar and eventually gold, more precisely Red-gold or Cinnabar-gold, a colloidal gold, became the ideal drug of immortality. Finally, alchemy can be defined as the art of making metal colloids as panaceae.

Alchemy↗
PubMed2026

AI-generated familiarity estimates are a useful new source of information about word knowledge in Simplified Chinese.

This study evaluated the usefulness of AI-generated estimates of word familiarity for predicting word difficulty in Simplified Chinese, building on previous research in alphabetic languages. We found that familiarity estimates produced using large language models (LLMs) showed moderate-to-strong correlations with human familiarity ratings. These LLM estimates were the most effective predictors of both word naming and lexical decision times, surpassing traditional metrics such as word frequency and human familiarity ratings, while the latter still provided modest, non-overlapping variance. GPT-4o with English instructions produced superior results compared to the Chinese-centered models currently available. The results imply that LLM familiarity estimates are a valuable resource for Chinese psycholinguistics, supporting work across experimental design, modeling, and norming. We release familiarity estimates for 27,624 words for unrestricted research and educational use.

Humans↗