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PubMed1979

Simultaneous acute infections with hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses in a chimpanzee.

The unexpected occurrence of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a chimpanzee experimentally inoculated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) provided an opportunity to examine the course of simultaneous acute infections with both agents. A chimpanzee inoculated intravenously with HAV developed elevated levels of aminotransferases in serum, detectable excretion of hepatitis A antigen in feces, and a marked antibody response to HAV. During the acute phase of this experimentally induced infection with HAV, the chimpanzee simultaneously developed an HBV infection. The latter was characterized by jaundice, a second increase in levels of aminotransferases in serum, and the appearance in serum of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, and, later, antibody to HBsAg. During the acute phase of both HAV and HBV infections, marked histopathologic inflammatory changes were observed in serial liver biopsy specimens. In this chimpanzee, the concurrent acute infection with both HAV and HBV occurred in association with marked liver damage.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Feeding behaviour and diet of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the Okorobikó Mountains of Rio Muni (West Africa).

Some aspects of the nutritional behaviour of the Okorobikó-Matama (Rio Muni, West Africa) chimpanzees have been studied over two periods--from June 1963 to September 1964 and from July 1966 to February 1969. This research totaled 640 h, 119 of which were in sustained contact with the animals. We have complied a list of 43 plant and two termite species consumed by the chimpanzees. We studied the relative importance of the plants consumed in terms of the four principal biotopes and seasonal cycles, the feeding behavior, the rhythm of activity and chimpanzees' vertical stratification during feeding. We also took into accout group dynamics as a function of feeding, communication and polyspecific associations with other primates. We finally compared some aspects of the nutrition of these chimpanzees with that of gorillas living in nearby zones.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1978

Persistent shedding of adenovirus in urine of chimpanzees.

A new adenovirus, designated Pan 11, was isolated repeatedly from the urine of several chimpanzees for more than 1 year. One chimpanzee had chronic interstitial nephritis; the others were healthy. Most chimpanzees tested had neutralizing antibodies to Pan 11 virus in the serum; three people who worked with chimpanzees also acquired antibodies. Transplantable rhabdomyosarcomas developed in hamsters inoculated as newborns with Pan 11 virus.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1979

Cytomegalovirus isolation from a chimpanzee with acute demyelinating disease after inoculation of multiple sclerosis brain cells.

A strain of cytomegalovirus (CMV) was isolated during the third subcultivation of explants from the left frontal lobe of a chimpanzee that developed paralysis more than 3 years after intracerebral inoculation at birth with brain cell cultures derived from a patient with multiple sclerosis. Another strain of CMV was also isolated from a lymph node culture taken from the same chimp. The isolates, designated MZM-13 and MZM-14, produced a cytopathic effect characteristic for CMV when inoculated into brain, ganglion, or fibroblast cultures of human or simian origin. Infected cells contained characteristic Cowdry A intranuclear as well as intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and 100-nm spherical herpes-like virus particles were detected by electron microscopy in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells. Virus was further identified as CMV with convalescent human anti-CMV serum. Complement-fixing antibody to CMV was present at a titer of 1:32 when the acutely ill chimpanzee was sacrificed. No antibody was detected at birth or at 1 or 2 years of age. A newborn chimpanzee inoculated intracerebrally with MZM-13 developed clinically asymptomatic lesions in the central nervous system characterized by acute and chronic inflammation and degeneration of myelin in cranial and spinal nerve roots. Restriction endonuclease analysis of viral deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from these two viruses indicated that MZM-13 and MZM-14 are identical and are closely related to chimpanzee CMV. No similarity in restriction endonuclease fragment patterns was found between MZM virus and the Towne and Clegg strains of human CMV.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Antigens and DNA of a chimpanzee agent related to Epstein-Barr virus.

Biological and biochemical studies of the herpesvirus of chimpanzees previously demonstrated to be antigenically related to human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) indicated that the agent is similar to EBV in that: (i) leukocyte culture of chimpanzees whose sera contained antibody against EBV capsid antigen could yield long-term lymphoblastoid cell lines (Ch-LCL) with B-cell characteristics; (ii) the DNA of Ch-LCL contained sequences homologous to approximately 35 to 45% of human EBV; (iii) Ch-LCL contained an intranuclear antigen, Ch-NA, that could be identified with some chimpanzee or orangutan serum in anticomplimentary immunofluorescence assays; and (iv) treatment of Ch-LCL with iododeoxyuridine resulted in expression of new antigenic activity that reacted with EA+ but not EA- human sera. Two lines of evidence indicate that the chimpanzee agent, although related to human EBV, is a distinct agent: (i) Ch-NA was antigenically distinct from EBV-rebv infection although it cross-reacts of a limited extent with a minor component of EBNA; and (ii) Ch-LCL are missing 55 to 65% of the DNA sequences of human EBV.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

A new southern limit for the distribution of African great apes: sympatric western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and central chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) confirmed in Mayombe National Park, Angola.

The distribution of African great apes has remained unconfirmed regarding their southern limit, particularly on the western side of the continent. IUCN maps include the Mayombe forest of Angola as part of the estimated distribution of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes). However, until now no published evidence-based records had confirmed the continued presence of both species. The Mayombe forest is a key biodiversity hotspot and a potentially important stronghold for the conservation of great ape populations in Africa. Here, we report the first systematic evidence of both species in the Mayombe National Park, Cabinda, Angola. In 2023, a grid of camera traps was systematically deployed, producing the first visual records of gorillas and chimpanzees. Building on these findings, in 2024, a pilot survey including ad libitum field observations was carried out along exploratory trails to maximise data collection. The combination of these records identified a hotspot of great ape activity where six transects were established, and systematic direct and indirect evidence was documented. Chimpanzees were recorded more times across a broader range of evidence categories, while gorillas appeared less and seemed more spatially restricted. Notably, both species were detected at overlapping sites but never simultaneously, indicating sympatric coexistence with spatio-temporal partitioning. These findings confirm the southernmost predicted distribution of both species for this part of Africa, filling critical gaps in the understanding of great ape evolution and biogeography, and providing a baseline for the first demographic and ecological census of great apes in Angola.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with the Norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis.

A fecal filtrate of human origin containing the Norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis was administered by stomach tube to chimpanzees in an attempt to induce diarrheal disease. Significant postchallenge serum antibody rises against Norwalk viral antigens were demonstrated in all animals using the techniques of immune electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. In addition, viral antigens were detected in feces from five of nine animals using radioimmunoassay. Clinical illness characterized by diarrhea and/or vomiting did not occur. Infection was transmitted subsequently by feeding four additional chimpanzees a fecal filtrate prepared from one of the previously infected animals. Development of an antibody response in four animals and detection of viral antigen in two animals that received this passage filtrate indicated that viral replication had occurred in the absence of clinical illness. The availability of the chimpanzee as an experimental animal host susceptible to infection with the Norwalk agent should facilitate the study of epidemic viral gastroenteritis.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The distribution of sequences complementary to human satellite DNAs I, II and IV in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus).

Human satellite DNAs I, II and IV were transcribed to yield radioactive complementary RNAs (cRNAs). These cRNAs were hybridised to metaphase chromosomes of man, chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus). The results of this in situ hybridisation were analysed quantitatively and compared with accepted chromosome homologies based on Giemsa banding patterns. The cRNA to satellite II (cRNAII) did not hybridise to chimpanzee chromosomes, although its hybridisation to chromosomes of gorilla and orang utan yielded more autoradiograph grains than hybridisation to human chromosomes, and cRNAIV hybridised to many chromosomes of gorilla and chimpanzee but was almost entirely restricted to the Y chromosome in orang utan. Most sites of hybridisation were located on homologous chromosomes in all four species, but there were a number of sites which showed no correspondence between satellite DNA location and chromosome banding patterns, and others where a given chromosomal location hybridised with different cRNAs in each species. These results are in contrast to those found for many transcribed DNA sequences, where the same sequence is usually located at homologous chromosome sites in different species, and appear to cast doubt on many proposed models of satellite DNA function.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Biotransformation of diethylstilbestrol in the rhesus monkey and the chimpanzee.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is considered a teratogen and a transplacental carcinogen in humans. In order to compare its biotransformation in nonhuman primates to that in humans, a metabolic study was carried out in rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees. After an oral dose of 1 mg/kg [14C]DES, approximately 59% of the ingested radioactivity was found in the urine and 28% in the feces of two female rhesus monkeys after 4 days, while in male rhesus monkeys urinary radioactivity accounted for 43% and fecal radioactivity for 35%. In chimpanzees, 63% of a 0.5 mg/kg dose was excreted with the urine in a female and 47% in a male animal. In both species, urinary radioactivity was predominantly (greater than 70%) associated with glucuronides. Besides DES, three metabolites were found in the urinary glucuronide fraction of rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees by radio gas chromatography and were identified as dienestrol and omega-hydroxy derivatives of DES and dienestrol. Fecal radioactivity in rhesus monkeys was shown to consist exclusively of DES. Glucuronidation of DES appears to occur in neonatal and fetal rhesus monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Acquired immunity to human non-A, non-B hepatitis: cross-challenge of chimpanzees with three infectious human sera.

Chimpanzees that had recovered from non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted by inoculation of serum from each of three chronically infected humans were challenged by inoculation with a second of the three infectious sera to determine whether recovery from infection caused by one serum afforded protection against later infection by another. None of the challenge inoculations caused recognizable non-A, non-B hepatitis in any of the chimpanzees, a finding suggesting that either one agent or several agents sharing a common or similar antigen were responsible for the original non-A, non-B hepatitis in fections in these chimpanzees. Although circumstantial evidence in the literature suggests the existence of more than one agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis, the fact that the three inocula were obtained from humans residing in different geographic areas of the eastern United States suggests that one agent or a group of related agents may be the cause of many cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis in the United States.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infection and disease induced in chimpanzees with 6/94, a parainfluenza type 1 virus isolated from human multiple sclerosis brain.

A parainfluenza type 1 virus (6/94) recovered from brain cell cultures of two patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was inoculated into newborn chimpanzees by the intranasal (IN) or intracerebral (IC) routes. Four of the five animals receiving the virus IN developed clinical signs ranging from mild fever, with or without rhinorrhea, to severe respiratory disease. Two of the chimpanzees died as a result of pneumonia. Virus could be recovered from respiratory tracts for as long as 9 days after exposure and was followed by development of specific neutralizing antibody to the 6/94 virus but not to the HA2 strain of parainfluenza type 1. Brain examination showed astrocytosis, especially of posterior fossa structures, activation of microgliacytes and, in one animal, round cell infiltration of leptomeninges. Of thse three animals receiving virus IC, two developed recurrent seizures beginning 14 months after inoculation. One of these was sacrificed at 23 months of age after progressive neurologic disease, with electroencephalographic abnormalities, developed. The third animal died at 3 months of age of intercurrent pneumonia. No virus was recovered from these animals, although all showed antibody conversion to 6/94 but not HA2 virus. A variety of pathologic lesions were seen in the brains of both animals coming to necropsy particularly in the sacrificed chimpanzee. These included subacute encephalitis, extensive cortical and subcortical degeneration, vascular sclerosis, white matter gliosis and axonal dystrophy.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The recent rise to the alpha-rank in a population of free-living chimpanzees.

The recent rise of a high-ranking adult male chimpanzee to the alpha male position of the Gombe National Park's Kasakela chimpanzee community is reported. The male Figan is the fourth individual to assume this status in the wild chimpanzees' social hierarchy during Goodall's 16 year study in Tanzania. The paper describes the overthrow of the previous top-ranking male, and the manner in which Figan has maintained his new position after the take-over. Emphasis is placed upon his relationship with his elder male sibling, Faben, and the second highest-ranking male in the community, Evered.

Aggression↗
PubMed1976

Technique of laparoscopy in the chimpanzee.

We have developed the technique of laparoscopy in the chimpanzee using a modification of the standard human procedure. The technique requires careful management, but permits repeated examination, high quality photography, ovarian biopsy, follicle aspiration and injections into the ovary. The chimpanzee may thus be useful for evaluating new techniques or instrumentation intended for human patients. In addition, laparoscopy access to the internal genitalia enhances the value of the chimpanzee as an experimental model.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The metabolism of (2-cyclopentyl-6,7-dichloro-2-methyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acid in chimpanzee and man.

The metabolism of the polyvalent saluretic agent (2-cyclopentyl-6,7-dichloro-2-methyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acid was studied in chimpanzee and man. The drug was well absorbed and extensively metabolized by man. Peak levels of drug (5--8 microgram/ml) occurred within 1.5--4.5 hr of drug administration. The plasma half-life was estimated to be 2 hr; a similar half-life was observed in the chimpanzee. Little unchanged drug (less than 10%) was excreted in the urine of either species. Similar metabolic profiles were obtained for man and chimpanzee. The major urinary metabolites resulted from hydroxylation of the cyclopentyl moiety, giving rise to a number of diastereomers. The alcohol metabolites were subsequently oxidized to the ketone. The excretion of the metabolites coincided with maximal excretion of sodium and chloride ions. The hydroxylated metabolites have intrinsic pharmacological activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Chimpanzee livers after infection with human hepatitis viruses A and B: Ultrastructural studies.

Electron microscopical studies were carried out on coded liver biopsy specimens from chimpanzees inoculated with human hepatitis A or B virus. Hepatitis B was recognized by the presence of hepatitis B core particles in hepatocellular nuclei. Hepatitis A was characterized by unidentified large, dense, and more irregular heterochromatin-like particles in hepatocellular nuclei coincidental with peak aminotransferase activities. As type A hepatitis illness became manifest in the chimpanzees, mitochondrial cristae were curled and attenuated, and clusters of endoplasmic reticulum were tightly packed. In contrast, the livers in viral hepatitis B showed mainly hypertrophy of tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This suggested different pathogenetic mechanisms in A and B chimpanzee viral hepatitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

STRONGYLID COINFECTIONS IN SYMPATRIC CHIMPANZEES AND GORILLAS FROM THE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO REVEALED BY FECAL METAGENOMICS.

Soil-transmitted strongylid nematodes are common intestinal parasites of African great apes, yet most surveys have relied on microscopy or targeted PCR assays that are limited in taxonomic breadth and comparability across hosts. I reanalyzed 46 publicly available shotgun fecal metagenomes from sympatric central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes; n = 18) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla; n = 28) in the Goualougo Triangle, Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Republic of the Congo, to test whether host species structures genus-level strongylid community composition and relative read signal. Non-host reads were classified against a custom strongylid-focused database targeting 4 genera repeatedly reported from African apes: Ancylostoma, Necator, Oesophagostomum, and Trichostrongylus. All 4 focal genera were detected in every library under baseline filtering, and multi-genus detection remained robust under increasingly stringent read-count thresholds. However, host species differed strongly in community composition. Chimpanzee libraries had relatively even genus-level profiles, whereas gorilla libraries were consistently Necator-dominated. Gorillas also had substantially higher relative strongylid read abundance. The results show that shotgun metagenomic reanalysis can recover host-structured strongylid community signals from wildlife samples and can complement targeted parasitological surveys in conservation and One Health surveillance.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Reproductive function in aged female chimpanzees.

Reproductive function was evaluated in ten female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) aged 35-48 years. Forty-eight years is the longevity record for the chimpanzee. Data on cycle frequency and duration was available for seven animals. Most were cycling regularly until death, and all had experienced at least one menstrual cycle within one year of death. After exclusion of periods when the animals were pregnant or in postpartum amenorrhea, the mean cycle frequency (+/- standard error)/year was 9.54 +/- 0.20 in seven animals aged 15-25 (432 cycles analyzed) compared to 8.6 +/- 0.76 in the same animals at age 35 + years (405 cycles analyzed); this effect approached significance (p = 0.072, Mann-Whitney U-test). Cycle length of 16 cycles in each of seven animals aged 15-25 was 32.23 +/- 0.38 days. The same animals when aged over 35 had mean cycle lengths of 35.59 +/- 0.73. This difference was not significant, although cycle lengths clearly increased with age in some individual animals. In five aged animals for which mating data was available, appropriate exposure to a male occurred in 52 cycles, but only two pregnancies occurred; one pregnancy resulted in a live birth at age 38, the other in a stillbirth at age 40. This conception rate was 3.85% compared with 20% in the same animals aged 15-25. These data suggest greatly reduced fertility after age 35, although menstrual cycle frequency remained high. The persistence of menstrual cyclicity until death, which occurred due to natural causes at latest in the fifth decade, is in striking contrast to the human female in which menopause occurs in the fifth decade and death is often postponed for several more decades.

Aging↗