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PubMed1979

Object sorting by chimpanzees and monkeys.

Chimpanzees and two species of monkey were compared on sorting tasks. When the sets of objects differed in multiple ways, most chimpanzees learnt to sort whereas only a few monkeys performed better than chance (and then inconsistently). When the objects within a set differed in one or two respects, so that sorting by one principle entailed "unsorting" by one or more alternative principles, chimpanzees had greater difficulty. Two young animals did rapidly learn to sort by color and size ("unsorting" by size and shape or by color and shape). They did not sort pictorial material and had difficulty in sorting by shape if "unsorting" by both color and size. The sorting task differentiated between the cognitive capacities of chimpanzees and monkeys whereas other tasks did not.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Hepatitis B outbreak among chimpanzees at the London Zoo.

Persistent carriage of hepatitis B virus in extremely high titre was identified in 5 out of 9 chimpanzees kept at the London Zoo. Antibody to this virus was present in the other 4 chimpanzees. Serological survey of the other primates in the Regent's Park collection did not reveal the presence of the surface antigen in 2 gorillas, 11 orang-utans, and 2 gibbons, although surface antibody was present in the serum of 1 gorilla and 2 orang-utans. 3 of the carrier chimpanzees were born at the Zoo and were the offspring of either a carrier mother or a carrier father, and perinatal transmission may have occurred. A strict safety code of practice was introduced and hepatitis B immunoglobulin was given at intervals to designated staff members. Sero-conversion did not occur in any of the 38 staff members under surveillance for more than 2 years. Treatment of the carrier state in the chimpanzees was attempted with human leucocyte interferon, with and without ribavirin ('Virazole'), and with adenine arabinoside, but the effects were mostly temporary.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Simultaneous acute infections with hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses in a chimpanzee.

The unexpected occurrence of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a chimpanzee experimentally inoculated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) provided an opportunity to examine the course of simultaneous acute infections with both agents. A chimpanzee inoculated intravenously with HAV developed elevated levels of aminotransferases in serum, detectable excretion of hepatitis A antigen in feces, and a marked antibody response to HAV. During the acute phase of this experimentally induced infection with HAV, the chimpanzee simultaneously developed an HBV infection. The latter was characterized by jaundice, a second increase in levels of aminotransferases in serum, and the appearance in serum of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, and, later, antibody to HBsAg. During the acute phase of both HAV and HBV infections, marked histopathologic inflammatory changes were observed in serial liver biopsy specimens. In this chimpanzee, the concurrent acute infection with both HAV and HBV occurred in association with marked liver damage.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Feeding behaviour and diet of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the Okorobikó Mountains of Rio Muni (West Africa).

Some aspects of the nutritional behaviour of the Okorobikó-Matama (Rio Muni, West Africa) chimpanzees have been studied over two periods--from June 1963 to September 1964 and from July 1966 to February 1969. This research totaled 640 h, 119 of which were in sustained contact with the animals. We have complied a list of 43 plant and two termite species consumed by the chimpanzees. We studied the relative importance of the plants consumed in terms of the four principal biotopes and seasonal cycles, the feeding behavior, the rhythm of activity and chimpanzees' vertical stratification during feeding. We also took into accout group dynamics as a function of feeding, communication and polyspecific associations with other primates. We finally compared some aspects of the nutrition of these chimpanzees with that of gorillas living in nearby zones.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1976

The thermoreculatory responses of the galago (Galago crassicaudatus), the baboon (Papio cynocephalus) and the chimpanzee (Pan stayrus) to heat stress.

1. The thermoregulatory response of the galago, the baboon and the chimpanzee were studied on exposure to dry bulb temperatures of up to 40 degrees C in a temperature controlled room. 2. Heat exposure caused an elevation in the respiratory frequency of all three species. The increase in the galago was significantly greater than that in the baboon and the chimpanzee. 3. Heat exposure also caused an increase in the cutaneous moisture loss of the baboon and the chimpanzee but not in the galago. 4. Rectal temperatures always rose on heat exposure but the animals never become hypethermic. 5. Sweat gland activity in the baboon and the chimpanzee was stimulated by the administration of acetylcholine and was blocked by the administration of atropine. Sympathetic and parasympathetic drugs had no stimulatory effect on the sueat glands of the galago. 6. Local, infra-red heating of the skin of the galago and the baboon did not stimulate any sweat gland activity. 7. The sweat glands in the galago and the baboon were found to be epitrichial. 8. These findings are discussed in relation to the habitat of each species. They are also compared to thermoregulation in other primate species, especially in relation to the unique nature of thermoregulation in man.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1978

Persistent shedding of adenovirus in urine of chimpanzees.

A new adenovirus, designated Pan 11, was isolated repeatedly from the urine of several chimpanzees for more than 1 year. One chimpanzee had chronic interstitial nephritis; the others were healthy. Most chimpanzees tested had neutralizing antibodies to Pan 11 virus in the serum; three people who worked with chimpanzees also acquired antibodies. Transplantable rhabdomyosarcomas developed in hamsters inoculated as newborns with Pan 11 virus.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1979

Cytomegalovirus isolation from a chimpanzee with acute demyelinating disease after inoculation of multiple sclerosis brain cells.

A strain of cytomegalovirus (CMV) was isolated during the third subcultivation of explants from the left frontal lobe of a chimpanzee that developed paralysis more than 3 years after intracerebral inoculation at birth with brain cell cultures derived from a patient with multiple sclerosis. Another strain of CMV was also isolated from a lymph node culture taken from the same chimp. The isolates, designated MZM-13 and MZM-14, produced a cytopathic effect characteristic for CMV when inoculated into brain, ganglion, or fibroblast cultures of human or simian origin. Infected cells contained characteristic Cowdry A intranuclear as well as intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and 100-nm spherical herpes-like virus particles were detected by electron microscopy in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells. Virus was further identified as CMV with convalescent human anti-CMV serum. Complement-fixing antibody to CMV was present at a titer of 1:32 when the acutely ill chimpanzee was sacrificed. No antibody was detected at birth or at 1 or 2 years of age. A newborn chimpanzee inoculated intracerebrally with MZM-13 developed clinically asymptomatic lesions in the central nervous system characterized by acute and chronic inflammation and degeneration of myelin in cranial and spinal nerve roots. Restriction endonuclease analysis of viral deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from these two viruses indicated that MZM-13 and MZM-14 are identical and are closely related to chimpanzee CMV. No similarity in restriction endonuclease fragment patterns was found between MZM virus and the Towne and Clegg strains of human CMV.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Antigens and DNA of a chimpanzee agent related to Epstein-Barr virus.

Biological and biochemical studies of the herpesvirus of chimpanzees previously demonstrated to be antigenically related to human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) indicated that the agent is similar to EBV in that: (i) leukocyte culture of chimpanzees whose sera contained antibody against EBV capsid antigen could yield long-term lymphoblastoid cell lines (Ch-LCL) with B-cell characteristics; (ii) the DNA of Ch-LCL contained sequences homologous to approximately 35 to 45% of human EBV; (iii) Ch-LCL contained an intranuclear antigen, Ch-NA, that could be identified with some chimpanzee or orangutan serum in anticomplimentary immunofluorescence assays; and (iv) treatment of Ch-LCL with iododeoxyuridine resulted in expression of new antigenic activity that reacted with EA+ but not EA- human sera. Two lines of evidence indicate that the chimpanzee agent, although related to human EBV, is a distinct agent: (i) Ch-NA was antigenically distinct from EBV-rebv infection although it cross-reacts of a limited extent with a minor component of EBNA; and (ii) Ch-LCL are missing 55 to 65% of the DNA sequences of human EBV.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Immunofluorescent studies on chimpanzee humoral responses to human melanoma cells.

Eight chimpanzees were immunized, each with a single melanoma cell line. It was found that the serum of only one of the eight chimpanzees showed immunofluorescence with four of the five melanoma cell lines at the membrane surface; but it showed no fluorescence with normal skin fibroblasts, WI-38 cells, HeLa cells, human or monkey kidney cells. With appropriate absorption studies it was found that the antiserum was specific to melanoma cell lines. Trypsinated cells showed bright patchy membrane fluorescence, whereas non-trypsinated cells showed bright full ring fluorescence. The chimpanzee's antibody was C'-fixing IgG. It was concluded that the immunized chimpanzee produced antibody to surface antigen(s) common to four of the five melanoma cell lines tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Conversion of chimpanzee O-erythrocytes into B-erythrocytes by human alpha galactosyltransferase].

The red blood cell antigens of the ABO system are not present in all the anthropïd Primates. The Chimpanzee, particularly, shows only the two genes A and O. The alpha-galactosyl transferase, present in the human sera of group B, has been used to fix a molecule of galactose on O red cells of Chimpanzee giving them a B specificity. If the B gene was present in the Chimpanzee it could consequently be expressed on the erythrocytes. This gene, probably present in an ancestor common to the anthropoïd apes and to Man disappeared in the Chimpanzee, perhaps at the origin of species.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2026

A new southern limit for the distribution of African great apes: sympatric western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and central chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) confirmed in Mayombe National Park, Angola.

The distribution of African great apes has remained unconfirmed regarding their southern limit, particularly on the western side of the continent. IUCN maps include the Mayombe forest of Angola as part of the estimated distribution of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes). However, until now no published evidence-based records had confirmed the continued presence of both species. The Mayombe forest is a key biodiversity hotspot and a potentially important stronghold for the conservation of great ape populations in Africa. Here, we report the first systematic evidence of both species in the Mayombe National Park, Cabinda, Angola. In 2023, a grid of camera traps was systematically deployed, producing the first visual records of gorillas and chimpanzees. Building on these findings, in 2024, a pilot survey including ad libitum field observations was carried out along exploratory trails to maximise data collection. The combination of these records identified a hotspot of great ape activity where six transects were established, and systematic direct and indirect evidence was documented. Chimpanzees were recorded more times across a broader range of evidence categories, while gorillas appeared less and seemed more spatially restricted. Notably, both species were detected at overlapping sites but never simultaneously, indicating sympatric coexistence with spatio-temporal partitioning. These findings confirm the southernmost predicted distribution of both species for this part of Africa, filling critical gaps in the understanding of great ape evolution and biogeography, and providing a baseline for the first demographic and ecological census of great apes in Angola.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with the Norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis.

A fecal filtrate of human origin containing the Norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis was administered by stomach tube to chimpanzees in an attempt to induce diarrheal disease. Significant postchallenge serum antibody rises against Norwalk viral antigens were demonstrated in all animals using the techniques of immune electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. In addition, viral antigens were detected in feces from five of nine animals using radioimmunoassay. Clinical illness characterized by diarrhea and/or vomiting did not occur. Infection was transmitted subsequently by feeding four additional chimpanzees a fecal filtrate prepared from one of the previously infected animals. Development of an antibody response in four animals and detection of viral antigen in two animals that received this passage filtrate indicated that viral replication had occurred in the absence of clinical illness. The availability of the chimpanzee as an experimental animal host susceptible to infection with the Norwalk agent should facilitate the study of epidemic viral gastroenteritis.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The distribution of sequences complementary to human satellite DNAs I, II and IV in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus).

Human satellite DNAs I, II and IV were transcribed to yield radioactive complementary RNAs (cRNAs). These cRNAs were hybridised to metaphase chromosomes of man, chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus). The results of this in situ hybridisation were analysed quantitatively and compared with accepted chromosome homologies based on Giemsa banding patterns. The cRNA to satellite II (cRNAII) did not hybridise to chimpanzee chromosomes, although its hybridisation to chromosomes of gorilla and orang utan yielded more autoradiograph grains than hybridisation to human chromosomes, and cRNAIV hybridised to many chromosomes of gorilla and chimpanzee but was almost entirely restricted to the Y chromosome in orang utan. Most sites of hybridisation were located on homologous chromosomes in all four species, but there were a number of sites which showed no correspondence between satellite DNA location and chromosome banding patterns, and others where a given chromosomal location hybridised with different cRNAs in each species. These results are in contrast to those found for many transcribed DNA sequences, where the same sequence is usually located at homologous chromosome sites in different species, and appear to cast doubt on many proposed models of satellite DNA function.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The chromosomal radiosensitivity of lymphocytes from the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).

The yield of chromosomal aberrations induced by exposure to X-irradiation in vitro was studied in the lymphocytes of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), a hominoid ape phylogenically and chromosomally closely related to man. In agreement with the similarity of the chromosome characteristics, no significant difference was observed between man and chimpanzee with respect to the incidence of dicentrics and fragments. It is obvious that the nuclear area, which apparently constitutes the most evident difference between the nuclei of man and chimpanzee lymphocytes, did not play an important role in the yields of aberrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Biotransformation of diethylstilbestrol in the rhesus monkey and the chimpanzee.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is considered a teratogen and a transplacental carcinogen in humans. In order to compare its biotransformation in nonhuman primates to that in humans, a metabolic study was carried out in rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees. After an oral dose of 1 mg/kg [14C]DES, approximately 59% of the ingested radioactivity was found in the urine and 28% in the feces of two female rhesus monkeys after 4 days, while in male rhesus monkeys urinary radioactivity accounted for 43% and fecal radioactivity for 35%. In chimpanzees, 63% of a 0.5 mg/kg dose was excreted with the urine in a female and 47% in a male animal. In both species, urinary radioactivity was predominantly (greater than 70%) associated with glucuronides. Besides DES, three metabolites were found in the urinary glucuronide fraction of rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees by radio gas chromatography and were identified as dienestrol and omega-hydroxy derivatives of DES and dienestrol. Fecal radioactivity in rhesus monkeys was shown to consist exclusively of DES. Glucuronidation of DES appears to occur in neonatal and fetal rhesus monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Acquired immunity to human non-A, non-B hepatitis: cross-challenge of chimpanzees with three infectious human sera.

Chimpanzees that had recovered from non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted by inoculation of serum from each of three chronically infected humans were challenged by inoculation with a second of the three infectious sera to determine whether recovery from infection caused by one serum afforded protection against later infection by another. None of the challenge inoculations caused recognizable non-A, non-B hepatitis in any of the chimpanzees, a finding suggesting that either one agent or several agents sharing a common or similar antigen were responsible for the original non-A, non-B hepatitis in fections in these chimpanzees. Although circumstantial evidence in the literature suggests the existence of more than one agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis, the fact that the three inocula were obtained from humans residing in different geographic areas of the eastern United States suggests that one agent or a group of related agents may be the cause of many cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis in the United States.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infection and disease induced in chimpanzees with 6/94, a parainfluenza type 1 virus isolated from human multiple sclerosis brain.

A parainfluenza type 1 virus (6/94) recovered from brain cell cultures of two patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was inoculated into newborn chimpanzees by the intranasal (IN) or intracerebral (IC) routes. Four of the five animals receiving the virus IN developed clinical signs ranging from mild fever, with or without rhinorrhea, to severe respiratory disease. Two of the chimpanzees died as a result of pneumonia. Virus could be recovered from respiratory tracts for as long as 9 days after exposure and was followed by development of specific neutralizing antibody to the 6/94 virus but not to the HA2 strain of parainfluenza type 1. Brain examination showed astrocytosis, especially of posterior fossa structures, activation of microgliacytes and, in one animal, round cell infiltration of leptomeninges. Of thse three animals receiving virus IC, two developed recurrent seizures beginning 14 months after inoculation. One of these was sacrificed at 23 months of age after progressive neurologic disease, with electroencephalographic abnormalities, developed. The third animal died at 3 months of age of intercurrent pneumonia. No virus was recovered from these animals, although all showed antibody conversion to 6/94 but not HA2 virus. A variety of pathologic lesions were seen in the brains of both animals coming to necropsy particularly in the sacrificed chimpanzee. These included subacute encephalitis, extensive cortical and subcortical degeneration, vascular sclerosis, white matter gliosis and axonal dystrophy.

Animals↗