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Results for “Child Nutrition Disorders”

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PubMed2002

Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have used the same references across countries to examine the trends of over- and underweight in older children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: Using international references, we examined the trends of overweight and underweight in young persons aged 6-18 y from 4 countries. DESIGN: Nationally representative data from Brazil (1975 and 1997), Russia (1992 and 1998), and the United States (1971-1974 and 1988-1994) and nationwide survey data from China (1991 and 1997) were used. To define overweight, we used the sex- and age-specific body mass index cutoffs recommended by the International Obesity Task Force. The sex- and age-specific body mass index fifth percentile from the first US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to define underweight. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight increased during the study periods in Brazil (from 4.1 to 13.9), China (from 6.4 to 7.7), and the United States (from 15.4 to 25.6); underweight decreased in Brazil (from 14.8 to 8.6), China (from 14.5 to 13.1), and the United States (from 5.1 to 3.3). In Russia, overweight decreased (from 15.6 to 9.0) and underweight increased (from 6.9 to 8.1). The annual rates of increase in the prevalence of overweight were 0.5% (Brazil), 0.2% (China), -1.1% (Russia), and 0.6% (United States). CONCLUSIONS: The burden of nutritional problems is shifting from energy imbalance deficiency to excess among older children and adolescents in Brazil and China. The variations across countries may relate to changes and differences in key environmental factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Trends in the nutritional status of Salvadorian children: the post-war experience.

This article examines trends in the nutritional status of children in EI Salvador between 1988 and 1993 (before and after the signing of a peace accord that ended the civil war.) The data derive from two national surveys, each of which included measurements of the height and weight of children aged 3-59 months. The prevalence of low weight-for-age (< -2 SD) dropped from 15% in 1988 to 10.5% in 1993. The prevalence of low weight-for-height (< -2 SD) was minimal in both surveys: falling from 3.9% to 2.9%. The prevalence of low height-for-age (< -2 SD) fell from 28.1% to 22%. These declines in malnutrition indicators resulted from an upward shift in the distributions of weight and height of children, not from thinner lower tails of the distributions. The quality of anthropometric data appears to be high for both surveys: < 1% of surveyed children had heights or weights outside the expected range. This analysis demonstrates the value of repeated surveys of nutritional status.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Nutritional status of preschool children in informal settlement areas near Bloemfontein, South Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the nutritional status and household resources of preschool children. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. SETTING: : Two informal settlement areas, Joe Slovo (JS) and JB Mafora (JBM) in Mangaung, near Bloemfontein, South Africa. SUBJECTS: Preschool children (<72 months) of a randomly selected sample of households in JS (experimental) (n = 162) and JBM (control) (n = 186) were included. Standard methods were used to obtain household and care-giver particulars, weight and height measurements, blood and stool samples, and 24-hour dietary recalls. RESULTS: Breast-feeding and dietary intake in the two areas were nearly similar; breast-feeding was continued for 12 months and longer. Although the children's total protein intake was sufficient, their energy intake was low. A low median intake of micronutrients prevailed, including iron, zinc, calcium, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine and vitamins C, B6, A and D. The prevalence of being underweight (JS = 19.8%; JBM = 18.8%), stunted (JS = 29%; JBM = 21. 5%) and wasted (JS = 6.5%; JBM = 3.7%) were fairly similar in both areas, as well as the prevalence of marginal vitamin A deficiency, anaemia, iron deficiency and parasite infestations. No significant associations could be found between household and nutritional status indicators, probably due to the small number of well-nourished children and the generally poor household situation of the participants. CONCLUSIONS: The generally poor nutritional status and environmental conditions emphasize the urgency of intervention for these children.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1992

Growth, behavior, development and intelligence in rural children between 1-3 years of life.

In a rural cohort of 625 children registered from 1981 to 1983 in 10 villages of K.V. Block, Varanasi, 196 children were assessed for physical growth, development, intelligence and concept development between 1 and 3 years of age. Home environment was also assessed using Caldwell Home inventory. These rural children remained below 3rd centile of NCHS standard for weight, height, skull and mid-arm circumferences throughout the study. Malnourished children scored poorly in all the areas of development, i.e., motor, adaptive, language and personal social, 9% in Grade I and 16.6% children in Grade II + III had IQ less than 79 (inferior). Concept for color shape and size was poorly developed in malnourished children. Maternal involvement and stimulation was strongly associated with better behavior development and intelligence. Multiple regression analysis showed that the effect of home environment on development and intelligence was of a higher magnitude as compared to status and family variables and nutritional status during 1-3 years of age.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[An epidemiological index to assess the nutritional status of children based in a polynomial model of values from Z punctuation for the age in Mexico].

A nutritional status index was built by modeling the mathematical function of the mean Z scores of weight for age, from 60,079 children under five years of age, selected in a probabilistic fashion from the Mexican population. The most precise mathematical model was a fifth degree polynomial. The correlation coefficient was between .937<R<.999. The proposed index is the integral of the polynomial function, which represents the nutritional gap between the observed and the reference population. This model is used to analyze the characteristics of the different study populations. The index shows an improvement of -39.6 to -16.8 at the national level, between the years 1988 and 1999. This improvement is greater in urban (-36-4 to -8.4) than in rural areas (-48.8 in 1989, to -37.7 in 1999). The indigenous rural population of the country showed the highest levels of malnutrition (-54.4), as compared to the non-indigenous rural population (-37.1). In Mexico, City, the index was -5.9 in 1995, which represents an average of extreme nutritional values: -17.3 in the lower socioeconomic strata and 18.0 in the higher strata, the latter suggesting the presence of childhood obesity. This index is useful to estimate the epidemiological burden and the characteristics of malnutrition at early ages, as well as to assess the impact of interventions, without being altered by common biases related to the utilization of malnutrition prevalence values.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2003

A study on under five nutritional status and its determinants in a semi-rural community of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.

Ten variables were assessed as they influence the under five (U5) nutritional status of children at Oranfe, a semi-rural community in Ife East Local Government Area of Osun state, Nigeria. The two types of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) that are prevalent in the community are stunting and wasting. Of the 230 children assessed using Waterlow's technique, 23% and 22.6% were stunted and wasted respectively. The results confirmed that mothers' educational level, age, parity, types of family and children's immunization status and age are some of the key determinants of nutritional status of U5 children. The intensification of exclusive breast feeding, female education, a compulsory food demonstration unit in all health centres, use of complementary feeds from 7 months upwards, growth monitoring and promotion are some of the strategies to reduce the high prevalence of PEM in both rural and urban areas of developing countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Growth and nutrition of children with chronic renal failure.

It has long been recognized that chronic renal failure (CRF) in children is associated with growth delay. Still In our days nevertheless, growth retardation remains today a major impediment to the full rehabilitation of children with CRF. The reduction of in height velocity frequently results in diminished final adult height. Available evidence suggests that growth retardation might be the result of late referral and/or suboptimal clinical care in children with CRF. Management of malnutrition, renal osteodystrophy, metabolic acidosis, salt wasting and anemia should be optimal before recombinant human growth hormone initiation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

[Assessment of the dietary habits of short girls and boys].

BACKGROUND: The problem of body height deficiency, being the effect of undernutrition of children in developing countries, is widely described in the literature, whereas very little attention is devoted to the estimation of the nourishment of children and adolescents with a simple body height deficiency in developed countries. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of the study was to estimate the nourishment of short-height girls and boys, with special regard to the realisation of the norms of daily demand for basic nutrients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigation included 60 subjects in two age groups: 10.5 and 13.5 years old. The body height of the investigated children was below 10 centile in relation to the development norms for a given age and gender. Estimations of nourishment were made with the use of an interview about the consumption in the last 24 hours. RESULTS: In 22% of the investigated, energy intake was found to be lower than 75% of the daily demand. The percentage of the realisation of the norm for mineral components amounted on average to: 38.6-56.7% for calcium; 49.2-77.4% for iron; 50.1-93.2% and 45.9-72.2% for zinc and copper, respectively. Hypovitaminosis was relatively much less marked in comparison with the deficiency of mineral components. A lower consumption of animal protein and vitamin C was noted among adolescents from rural areas. CONCLUSION: Among short girls and boys a frequent occurrence of deficiency of energy and mineral components (calcium, zinc, copper and iron) was found. The irregularly balanced diet could be the cause of a smaller body height in relation to peers among a considerable percentage of the investigated adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Nutritional and health status of children during a food crisis--Niger, September 17-October 14, 2005.

Media attention in 2005 brought worldwide awareness to a food and nutrition crisis in the West Africa country of Niger (population 11.5 million in 2002). The United Nations World Food Programme estimated that 2.5 million persons living in farming and grazing areas in Niger were vulnerable to food insecurity (i.e., not having access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy lifestyle). Local surveys conducted in the Maradi and Tahoua administrative regions during April 2005 suggested critical levels (i.e., >15%) of global acute malnutrition (GAM) and greater mortality among Niger's estimated 2.7 million children aged <5 years than the emergency threshold (i.e., more than two deaths per 10,000 children per day). To help ensure a proportionate and timely response, the Government of Niger and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) collaborated with CDC to conduct an emergency survey that assessed the magnitude of malnutrition and recent illness among young children in Niger. This report summarizes the results of that survey, which determined that, among children aged 6-59 months, 15.3% had GAM; during the preceding 2 weeks, 72.0% had fever, and 49.1% had diarrhea. Among children aged 9-59 months, 33.7% had not been vaccinated for measles. Health officials in Niger took immediate action to improve availability of food, increase accessibility to medical treatment (for fever, diarrhea, and respiratory illness), and administer measles vaccinations along with vitamin A supplements to children who had not been vaccinated.

Child Nutrition Disorders↗
PubMed2005

Community-based supplementary feeding for promoting the growth of young children in developing countries.

BACKGROUND: Supplementary feeding is defined as the provision of extra food to poor children or families beyond the normal ration of their home diets. The impact of food supplementation on child growth merits careful evaluation in view of the reliance of many states and NGOs on this intervention to improve child health in developing countries. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of community-based supplementary feeding for promoting the physical growth of pre-school children in developing countries. SEARCH STRATEGY: Searches of CENTRAL 2005 (Issue 2), MEDLINE 1966 to 2005, EMBASE 1980 to 2005, CINAHL 1982 to 2005, LILACS 1982 to 2005, Social Science Citation Index 1956 to 2005, and Dissertation Abstracts International (late 1960s to 2005) were conducted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials evaluating supplementary feeding in children aged 0-5 years old in developing countries. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted and analysed independently by two authors. MAIN RESULTS: Four trials met the inclusion criteria for this review. No meta-analysis is currently appropriate due to the clinical heterogeneity among the included studies. We group these trials into two categories: a) studies without formally assessment of malnourishment at baseline and, b) studies involving children formally assessed as malnourished.a) A cluster RCT conducted in Indonesia in 1991(20 Day Care Centres, n = 113 children), found no benefit in weight-for-age and height-for-age z-scores of the intervention group compared to the control group after three months of intervention. A study in Guatemala included four villages as unit of analysis (exact sample sizes were not provided). The length of 3-yr-old children was based on a 'before-after comparison' by village size and type of supplement. According to this analysis, the difference in net change in the large villages was 2.55 cm and in the small villages was 2.35 cm. The mean of these differences is 2.45 +- 0.10 cm (mean +- SD).b) A study conducted in Jamaica (n = 65 children) reported a positive effect on length (cm) in the supplemented group compared to controls [WMD 1.3 (0.03 to 2.57)] after 12 months of intervention. A trial from Indonesia (n = 75 children) found no benefit in growth after 12 months of supplementation. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Based on the small number of available trials, no firm conclusions of the effectiveness of supplementary feeding to the growth of pre-school children could be drawn. Issues of research design such as blinding and sample size calculation need to be addressed in future studies.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Methodology for estimating regional and global trends of child malnutrition.

BACKGROUND: Child malnutrition is an important indicator for monitoring progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). This paper describes the methodology developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to derive global and regional trends of child stunting and underweight, and reports trends in prevalence and numbers affected for 1990-2005. METHODS: National prevalence data from 139 countries were extracted from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition. A total of 419 and 388 survey data points were available for underweight and stunting, respectively. To estimate trends we used linear mixed-effect models allowing for random effects at country level and for heterogeneous covariance structures. One model was fitted for each United Nation's region using the logit transform of the prevalence and results back-transformed to the original scale. Best models were selected based on explicit statistical and graphical criteria. RESULTS: During 1990-2000 global stunting and underweight prevalences declined from 34% to 27% and 27% to 22%, respectively. Large declines were achieved in Eastern and South-eastern Asia, while South-central Asia continued to suffer very high levels of malnutrition. Substantial improvements were also made in Latin America and the Caribbean, whereas in Africa numbers of stunted and underweight children increased from 40 to 45, and 25 to 31 million, respectively. CONCLUSION: Linear mixed-effect models made best use of all available information. Trends are uneven across regions, with some showing a need for more concerted and efficient interventions to meet the MDG of reducing levels of child malnutrition by half between 1990 and 2015.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Early nutrition and later adiposity.

The objective was to review whether nutrition during pregnancy and the first 3 y of life predisposes individuals to be fatter as adults. The roles of undernutrition, overnutrition and breastfeeding were considered. The evidence that poor nutrition in early life is a risk factor for increased fatness later in life is inconclusive. Overnutrition, as proxied by high birthweight or gestational diabetes, on the other hand, is associated with subsequent fatness. Two large, well-conducted studies in developed countries suggest that breastfeeding has a protective effect. Nutrition in early life has a demonstrable but small impact on adult obesity.

Adipocytes↗