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PubMedDate not supplied

The dilemma in saving children from child labor: reform and casework at odds with families' needs (1900-1938).

Early in this century, reformers lobbied for regulation of child labor and compulsory school attendance. This article draws on their publications, agency case records, professional literature, and historical studies to examine the role of social workers in implementing the new reforms and the reactions of parents and children in low-income households who were affected by the legislative changes. The precarious nature of family self-sufficiency and social workers' ambivalence toward child labor led to conflict between professionals and client families. Missing at the time was professional acknowledgment of economic security for families as a fundamental necessity for children's welfare.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Child labor in Bombay.

Of the world's largest child labor force in India, Bombay has over 30,000 working children, most of them migrants. In a prospective study of 73 working children from a part of Dharavi, the biggest slum in Asia, 68% were working as hotel boys; 22% had started working before their 10th birthday, a large number doing so to increase the family income, but earning less than Rs. 100 ($11) per month. Forty percent worked more than 12 hours a day and only 16% continued schooling. Two-thirds depended entirely on their employers for food which was adequate and no child in the study was malnourished. Overall incidence of anemia and vitamin deficiency was 10% each. Only 7% had ailments related to their occupation. Because this was a cross-sectional study no conclusions can be drawn regarding long term and residual effects. Preventing children from working is likely to make worse their own as well as their families' problems unless substitute sources of income or welfare are available. Legal protection and other services near their working places are essential for those who have to work.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the obligations of the health sector in the public policy for eradication of child labor and protection for young working people].

OBJECTIVE: As part of the evaluation of the obligations which the health sector acquired within the national policy for eradication of child labor, it is necessary to analyze their pertinence in relation to the context, the goals of the system and, overall, the needs felt by children of both sexes, young workers and their families. METHODS: For this evaluation the systemic approach is used where one side the commitments are compared with the social, political and economic context in which they were formulated and, on the other side, all those involved in the subject are called. From this a comparative strategy or triangulation is generated in order to obtain the coincident aspects as well as the conflicting ones, analyzing the different positions. RESULTS: Difficulties become evident in the sector regarding decision taking, as well as the ignorance of children and youths as social subjects of rights. CONCLUSIONS: In the health sector limitations are present for the understanding of the phenomenon of child labor, as well as of the role of the health sector in the solution of the problem ad the structural barriers created by the Law 100 of 1993.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Child labor in Pakistan: a study of the Lahore area.

Child labor is deeply rooted and exceptionally extensive in Pakistan. An interview survey of children in the Lahore area documents the causes. Although fundamental changes can evolve only over a long time, some recommendations emerge from the study for early steps for improvement.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Child labor and the division of labor in the early English cotton mills.

"The share of children employed in English cotton factories fell significantly before the introduction of effective child labor legislation in the early 1830s. The early factories employed predominantly children because adults without factory experience were relatively unproductive factory workers. The subsequent growth of the cotton industry fostered the development of a labor market for productive adult factory workers. This effect helps account for the shift toward adults in the cotton factory workforce."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Congressional approaches toward remedies to problems of child labor.

Hearings by the Employment and Housing Subcommittee and nationwide "sweeps" by the Labor Department focused attention in 1990 on the growing problem of child labor. Fast food and retail establishments employ the majority of minors and were found to have the most violations. Although the bulk of violations affected hours of work (too many or too late), many involved prohibited hazardous occupations. Reform measures were introduced in the House and the Senate. They would limit hours of work during school weeks for 16-17-year-olds, require school work permits, improve protection of farm workers, increase civil and criminal penalties for willful violations, and provide for national reports on employment of and injuries to workers under age 18. As of May 1992, the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources has voted out its bill, but floor action has not been scheduled. The House Subcommittee on Employment Standards has taken no action.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Child labor.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Child labor.

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Child↗
PubMed1993

Agricultural child labor in West Bengal.

Five hundred agricultural child workers of the age group 7-14 years from nine villages of three districts of West Bengal were studied to investigate the socio-economic problems, health hazards and health status. Majority (65%) were Muslims and the rest were Hindus; 79% were boys and most were the eldest children in the families. Nearly 65% children were part-time workers of whom 54% were unpaid helpers and the rest mostly received meagre wages of Rs. 5 to 6 per day. Seventy per cent fathers and 96% mothers were illiterate. A total of 33.6% children did not attend schools and 37.6% had discontinued their studies due to poor economic conditions. Reasons for taking up jobs were mostly due to low family income. Almost 85% children lived in kaccha houses and 98.5% used open fields for sanitation. Different grades of malnutrition were observed in 77.4% boys and 88.5% girls. None had undergone any systemic health check-ups. The associated ailments recorded were anemia (68.5%), gastrointestinal tract infections (65.8%), upper respiratory tract infections (15.5%), vitamin deficiencies (81.2%), eye diseases (30.2%) and skin diseases (22.8%). Health hazards, to which the children were exposed, included heat-induced disorders (4%), mechanical injuries (16%), toxic effects of chemicals (3%), bites of poisonous insects (34%) and death of two children due to poisonous snake bite. No legal protection was available to child.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health risks associated with child labor: activities and proposals of WHO collaboration centers].

Child labour should be analyzed with regard to the main frameworks where it arises: particularly, the small family based enterprises in agricultural, hospitality and restaurateurs' sectors play a leading role. In these contexts the child can underestimate the risks related to the carried out work activity and assimilate the work background to the family background. In spite of the national thorough regulations on child labour, the network of WHO Collaborating Centres is working to develop a common awareness in order to evaluate, communicate and prevent the occupational health and safety risks for children, at national and international level.

Adolescent↗