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PubMed1976

Wear striations on the incisors of ceropithecid monkeys as an index of diet and habitat preference.

Wear striations on the incisiors of Old World monkeys were examined in order to determine associations between the distributions of striations, diet and habitat preference. Significant differences exist between the Cercopithecinae and the Colobinae in respect to the orientation of incisor wear striations. In the Colobinae striations are oriented in a predominantly mesiodistal direction. In the Cercopithecinae straitions usually have a labiolingual orientation. Comparisons of terrestrial and arboreal genera indicate that significant differences exist between the two groups in respect to the density of striations on the occlusal wear facets of maxillary central incisiors. Arboreal and terrestrial monkeys also differ in the frequency of individual incisor wear facets completely devoid of wear striations.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Mhc-E polymorphism in Pongidae primates: the same allele is found in two different species.

Mhc-E intron 1, exon 2, intron 2, and exon 3 from pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) have been sequenced; six new Mhc-E alleles have been obtained but sequence changes are only placed either in introns or in synonymous exonic bases. One pygmy chimpanzee Mhc-E DNA sequence is identical to another sequence from chimpanzee; the fact that no variation is found also at the intronic level suggests that these two species of chimpanzee may have recently separated and/or that both of them might only represent subspecies. Mhc-E phylogenetic trees separate two evolutionary groups: Pongidae, including humans, and Cercopithecinae; this is also found by studying another non-classical class I gene, Mhc-G. The Mhc-E alleles' invariance at the protein level supports that strong selective forces are operating at the Mhc-E locus, as has also been found in both Cercopithecinae and humans. These allelic and evolutionary data suggest an altogether different functionality for HLA-E (and also HLA-G) compared with classical class I proteins: i.e., sending negative (tolerogenic) signals to NK and T cells.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from guereza colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in Cameroon: a new lineage in the nonhuman primate lentivirus family.

Exploration of the diversity among primate lentiviruses is necessary to elucidate the origins and evolution of immunodeficiency viruses. During a serological survey in Cameroon, we screened 25 wild-born guereza colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) and identified 7 with HIV/SIV cross-reactive antibodies. In this study, we describe a novel lentivirus, named SIVcol, prevalent in guereza colobus monkeys. Genetic analysis revealed that SIVcol was very distinct from all other known SIV/HIV isolates, with average amino acid identities of 40% for Gag, 50% for Pol, 28% for Env, and around 25% for proteins encoded by five other genes. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that SIVcol is genetically distinct from other previously characterized primate lentiviruses and clusters independently, forming a novel lineage, the sixth in the current classification. Cercopithecidae monkeys (Old World monkeys) are subdivided into two subfamilies, the Colobinae and the Cercopithecinae, and, so far, all Cercopithecidae monkeys from which lentiviruses have been isolated belong to the Cercopithecinae subfamily. Therefore, SIVcol from guereza colobus monkeys (C. guereza) is the first primate lentivirus identified in the Colobinae subfamily and the divergence of SIVcol may reflect divergence of the host lineage.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

[The karyotypes of Colobus vellersus and of C. palliatus: comparison with Cercopithecidae and man].

The karyotypes of two species of African Colobidae, Colobus vellerosus and C. palliatus, as well that of their hybrid, are described and compared. The two species differ by four pericentric inversions, indicating species divergence a relatively long time ago. Chromosome banding analogies with Papioninae, Cercopithecinae, and man are described. A common origin for Papioninae, Cercopithecinae, and Colobidae is indisputable; but, there are no arguments for considering that a close relationship exists between Colobidae and Hylobatidae as suggested by some authors.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Chromosomal phylogeny of forty-two species or subspecies of cercopithecoids (Primates Catarrhini).

After comparison of the chromosomes of 42 species or subspecies belonging to Cercopithecinae, Papioninae and Colobidae, a phylogeny based on the sequence of chromosomal rearrangements is proposed for Cercopithecoidea. From their last common ancestor, which possessed 46 chromosomes, a trifurcation gave 3 branches, very unequal as regards chromosomal rearrangements. One, very short, leads to Papioninae. Another, still poorly known, leads to Colobidae. The last branch leads to a further bifurcation, separating 2 groups of Cercopithecinae, with underwent the most active chromosomal evolution. A tentative to reconcile chromosomal, biochemical and morphological data is presented for Papioninae, for which chromosome study alone is not sufficient to construct a cladogram.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Evolutionary history of the Cercopithecidae.

The application of cladistic methods (especially a concentration on shared derived rather than ancestral characters) permits the distinction of four dental and two cranial morphocytes among the Cercopithecidae. Comparison with fossils suggests that the Fayum parapithecids are not specially related to the Old World monkeys, while other undoubted Fayum 'hominoids' may share derived features with monkeys. Miocene Victoriapithecus 'species' may document a stage very close to the split between Colobinae and Cercopithecinae. Later African colobines appear to form a monophyletic group, more arboreal than the extinct European branch; Asian forms may be specially related to the latter. Among the Cercopithecinae, after a Miocene separation from the high-forest Cercopithecini, the Papionini divided into three groups: geladas, sub-Saharan Papio-related 'baboons' and Mediterranean-Eurasian macaque relatives; each of these underwent Plio-Pleistocene adaptive radiations and subsequent taxonomic diminution.

Africa↗
PubMed1993

Facial anatomy of Victoriapithecus and its relevance to the ancestral cranial morphology of Old World monkeys and apes.

Recently discovered craniofacial fossils of the middle Miocene cercopithecoid Victoriapithecus are described. The frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, and premaxilla anatomy differ from the previously proposed colobine-like ancestral cercopithecoid morphotype in several significant respects. This morphotype was based on the assumption that features held in common by subordinate hominoid and cercopithecoid morphotypes (Colobinae and Hylobatidae) are primitive for Old World monkeys. Cranial similarities between Victoriapithecus, which represents the sister-group of both colobine and cercopithecine monkeys, and the shorter-snouted Cercopithecinae (Macaca and Cercopithecus) indicate that the last common ancestor of Old World monkeys possessed the following features: a narrow interorbital septum, moderately long snout, moderately long and anteriorly tapering premaxilla, large procumbent upper central incisors set anterior to and with longer roots than lateral incisors, moderately tall face below the orbits, teardrop-shaped nasal aperture of low height and moderate width, and probably long and narrow nasal bones. The Victoriapithecus cranium is also characterized by features not present in modern cercopithecids. These include a deep malar region of the zygomatic and the presence of a frontal trigon due to the occurrence of temporal lines that merge with supraorbital costae close to the midline of each orbit and converge anterior to bregma. These features are interpreted as primitive retentions from the basal catarrhine condition as indicated by the occurrence of these features among primitive catarrhines (Aegyptopithecus) and Miocene hominoids (Afropithecus).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Phylogenetic, paleodemographic, and taphonomic implications of Victoriapithecus deciduous teeth from Maboko, Kenya.

More than 240 milk teeth of Victoriapithecus macinnesi, representing all elements of the deciduous dentition, are described. Their morphology is intermediate between that of hominoids and cercopithecids. Unlike colobine and cercopithecine milk teeth, Victoriapithecus dp3s, dp4s, and at least 7 (14%) dp4s lack transverse distal loph(id)s and are not bilophodont. Victoriapithecus also differs from cercopithecids in having less elongated deciduous premolars, a dp3 metacone set mesial to a very small hypocone, a dp4 crista obliqua, and a dp4 hypoconulid. The deciduous canines and incisors of Victoriapithecus are like those of other cercopithecids in having an uneven distribution of enamel around a compressed (rather than cylindrical) root, but differ from cercopithecids and resemble hominoids in being more elongated. Since Colobinae and Cercopithecinae share features of the deciduous dentition that are derived relative to Victoriapithecus and hominoids, extant Old World monkeys are interpreted as representing the sister-taxon of the middle Miocene cercopithecoids. Due to a dramatic increase in the number of deciduous teeth found at Maboko Island, juvenile individuals represent a much larger proportion of recently excavated Victoriapithecus collections than is true of pre-1987 assemblages which mainly derive from sediment first excavated during the 1930s and 1940s. Age distribution differences between pre- and post-1987 samples indicate that paleontological collection procedures were more important than taphonomic biases in determining the paleodemographic profile of the Maboko fossils. Since the Victoriapithecus assemblage from Maboko is strikingly similar to that of fossil Theropithecus oswaldi from Olorgesailie in terms of the large number of specimens and high representation of juvenile and infant individuals, the latter can no longer be viewed as unique among cercopithecoid fossil assemblages. Rather than being related to a specific cause of death, such as selective hunting of T. oswaldi by Homo (Shipman et al. [1981] Curr. Anthropol. 22:257-268), the large number of cercopithecoids at both sites is attributed to the fact that both assemblages represent excavated samples and that the preferred habitats of the extinct monkeys were probably at or near the site of deposition. The greater number of young adult male than female canines in the apparently attritional Maboko Bed 5 assemblage, indicate that the social organization of V. macinnesi may have been similar to that of modern macaques, with males migrating out of their natal group and suffering higher death rates than females at puberty.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Fossil Macaca remains from RDB quarry (Villafranca d'Asti, Italy): new data and overview.

Mentioned in faunal lists since the late 1960s, Macaca remains from Villafranca d'Asti (early Villafranchian, Italy) were never described in detail. If some doubts were reported in the past about the related stratigraphic position, at present, partly thanks to the original acquisition labels, there is enough information to place these finds within the updated stratigraphic and biochronologic framework of the Villafranca d'Asti area. The reported sample consists of upper dentition and postcranial bones. By size and morphology all these remains are clearly Cercopithecinae, comparable with the extant Macaca sylvanus and mostly distinguishable from Mesopithecus, Dolichopithecus and Paradolichopithecus. The dental remains in particular give us the opportunity to discuss an inferred European size trend from smallest Pliocene macaques up to the larger living species M. sylvanus. Although Pliocene localities in western Europe have yielded so far only scanty Macaca finds, our data (even if preliminary) refute a major overall size difference between the extant Barbary macaque and the related fossil remains.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Catarrhine phylogeny: noncoding DNA evidence for a diphyletic origin of the mangabeys and for a human-chimpanzee clade.

Maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses of two of the serum albumin gene's intron sequences from 24 catarrhines (17 cercopithecid and 7 hominid) and 3 platyrrhines (an outgroup to the catarrhines) yielded results on catarrhine phylogeny that are congruent with those obtained with noncoding sequences of the gamma(1)-gamma(2) globin gene genomic region, using only those flanking and intergenic gamma sequences that in their history were not involved in gene conversion. A data set that combined in a tandem alignment these two sets of noncoding DNA orthologues from the two unlinked nuclear genomic loci yielded the following confirmatory results both on the course of cladistic branchings (the divisions in a cladistic classification of higher ranking taxa into subordinate taxa) and on the ages of the taxa (each taxon representing a clade). The cercopithecid branch of catarrhines, at approximately 14 Ma (mega annum) divided into Colobini (the leaf-eating Old World monkeys) and Cercopithecini (the cheek-pouched Old World monkeys). At approximately 10-9 Ma, Colobini divided into an African clade, Colobina, and an Asian clade, Presbytina; similarly at this time level, Cercopithecini divided into Cercopithecina (the guenons, patas, and green monkeys) and Papionina. At approximately 7 Ma, Papionina divided into Macaca, Cercocebus, and Papio. At approximately 5 Ma, Cercocebus divided subgenerically into C. (Cercocebus) for terrestrial mangabeys and C. (Mandrillus) for drills and mandrills, while at approximately 4 Ma Papio divided subgenerically into P. (Locophocebus) for arboreal mangabeys, P. (Theropithecus) for gelada baboons, and P. (Papio) for hamadryas baboons. In turn, the hominid branch of catarrhines at approximately 18 Ma divided into Hylobatini (gibbons and siamangs) and Hominini; at approximately 14 Ma, Hominini divided into Pongina (orangutans) and Hominina; at approximately 7 Ma, Hominina divided into Gorilla and Homo; and at approximately 6-5 Ma, Homo divided subgenerically into H. (Homo) for humans and H. (Pan) for common and bonobo chimpanzees. Rates of noncoding DNA evolution were assessed using a data set of noncoding gamma sequence orthologues that represented 18 catarrhines, 16 platyrrhines, 3 non-anthropoid primates (2 tarsiers and 1 strepsirhine), and rabbit (as outgroup to the primates). Results obtained with this data set revealed a faster rate of nucleotide substitutions in the early primate lineage to the anthropoid (platyrrhine/catarrhine) ancestor than from that ancestor to the present. Rates were slower in catarrhines than in platyrrhines, slower in the cheek-pouched than in the leaf-eating cercopithecids, and slower yet in the hominids. On relating these results to data on brain sizes and life spans, it was suggested that life-history strategies that favor intelligence and longer life spans also select for decreases in de novo mutation rates.

Albumins↗
PubMed1981

[Peculiar and random activity in Macaca: delta rhythm at the vertex].

Despite the fact that waking and sleeping EEG activities are well known in cercopithecinae, a striking random activity was noted in 3 macaque species: M. mulatta, M. fascicularis, M. nemestrina. It occurred in bursts of monophasic slow waves (250-400 msec) at 3/sec (2.5-4/sec, according to the moment and the individual at 50-480 microV amplitude, with a waxing and waning aspect. The duration was 2-24 sec. It predominated along the midline, in the precentral and supplementary motor areas; hence its name, the delta vertex rhythm. It occurred either isolated or several times within the same REM or waking episode. In some monkeys it was more or less frequent on different recording nights; however, in other monkeys it could be totally absent. Its mean total duration, for a 12 h recording, was 0.45% for M. mulatta and 0.065% for M. fascicularis. No significant correlations were found between its occurrence and the age, sex, the moment of occurrence of eye movements and sawtooth waves.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Evolution of MHC-G in humans and primates based on three new 3'UT polymorphisms.

MHC-G is a class Ib (non-classical) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) whose functional and evolutionary characteristics are still under scrutiny. The study of noncoding sequences in the MHC genes may provide important phylogenetic information. In this work we have sequenced the MHC-G exon 8, which encodes for the 3'UT region, in different species of primates. It has been shown that: (1) a previously described 14 base pair (bp) deletion polymorphism is human-specific and the HLA-G alleles may be classified according to its absence or presence; (2) another newly described 3 bp deletion/insertion polymorphism is also human-specific; and (3) another newly described 51 bp deletion polymorphism is common to Pongidae and humans, but is not found in other primates belonging to the Cercopithecinae family. A hypothesis on the evolutionary pathway of this gene is put forward in the light of these findings.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2000

Lack of MHC-G4 and soluble (G5, G6) isoforms in the higher primates, Pongidae.

HLA-G is a class Ib (nonclassical) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein expressed at the materno-fetal interface that may inhibit natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis in an allotype-independent manner. The human MHC-G transcript is differentially spliced, giving rise to at least six different forms. In order to study the evolutionary importance of this phenomenon, the presence of alternative splicing in MHC-G mRNA molecules from Pongidae (Chimpanzee, Gorilla, and Orangutan) has been investigated in the present work, and three alternative spliced isoforms (i.e.: G1, G2, and G3) have been found, but not the G4 and the soluble G5 and G6 ones. In addition, a novel MHC-G isoform is described in Gorilla, "G2 short." This molecule is similar to the G2 isoform, but it lacks 29 amino acids normally encoded by exon 4. Our findings suggest that soluble isoforms are not necessary for MHC-G function(s) in Pongidae or that MHC-G is not a functional protein, because G1 is not necessary for survival in humans and Cercopithecinae bear stop codons in MHC-G exon 3.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Earliest known Old World monkey skull.

Similarities of the skull are commonly used to support hypotheses of ancestor-descendant relationships between fossil and living ape genera, especially between the late Miocene apes Sivapithecus and Dryopithecus from Eurasia and the living orang-utan (Pongo) from Borneo and Sumatra. Yet determining whether craniofacial traits shared by extant and Miocene apes are primitive or derived is severely hampered by the rarity of well-preserved fossil crania, particularly of early members of their closest outgroup, the Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea). The discovery of a complete and undistorted skull of Victoriapithecus at middle Miocene deposits from Maboko Island, Kenya, provides evidence of intact cranial-vault and basicranial morphology, brain size and craniofacial hafting for a primate from between 32 and 7 million years ago. Victoriapithecus represents a branch of Old World monkey that is intermediate between extant cercopithecids (Colobinae and Cercopithecinae) and the common ancestor they shared with apes (Hominoidea). The skull preserves traits widely thought to be derived for extant and fossil members of a proposed Sivapithecus/Pongo clade, but which now appear to be primitive features of ancestral Old World higher primates in general.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A new zoonosis of the cerebrospinal fluid of man probably caused by Meningonema peruzzii, a filaria of the central nervous system of Cercopithecidae.

A female fourth stage larva of Meningonema, probably of M. peruzzii Orihel et Esslinger, 1973, was recovered in Cameroon, from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient harbouring Loa loa, but without any neurological signs. This observation is the first human case of Meningonema (Filarioidea Splendidofilariinae) which usually parasitizes the central nervous system of African Cercopithecinae. However, as indicated by Orihel and Esslinger, it seems probable that the perstans-like microfilariae described in cases of cerebral filariasis in Zimbabwe belonged to the same species.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Ancestral facial morphology of Old World higher primates.

Fossil remains of the cercopithecoid Victoria-pithecus recently recovered from middle Miocene deposits of Maboko Island (Kenya) provide evidence of the cranial anatomy of Old World monkeys prior to the evolutionary divergence of the extant subfamilies Colobinae and Cercopithecinae. Victoria-pithecus shares a suite of craniofacial features with the Oligocene catarrhine Aegyptopithecus and early Miocene hominoid Afropithecus. All three genera manifest supraorbital costae, anteriorly convergent temporal lines, the absence of a postglabellar fossa, a moderate to long snout, great facial height below the orbits, a deep cheek region, and anteriorly tapering premaxilla. The shared presence of these features in a catarrhine generally ancestral to apes and Old World monkeys, an early ape, and an early Old World monkey indicates that they are primitive characteristics that typified the last common ancestor of Hominoidea and Cercopithecoidea. These results contradict prevailing cranial morphotype reconstructions for ancestral catarrhines as Colobus- or Hylobates-like, characterized by a globular anterior braincase and orthognathy. By resolving several equivocal craniofacial morphocline polarities, these discoveries lay the foundation for a revised interpretation of the ancestral cranial morphology of Catarrhini more consistent with neontological and existing paleontological evidence.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Fibrinopeptides A and B of Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) and patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas): their amino acid sequences, restricted mutations, and a molecular phylogeny for macaques, guenons, and baboons.

Amino acid sequences of fibrinopeptides A and B from the macaque, Macaca fuscata (Japanese monkey) and the guenon, Erythrocebus patas (patas monkey) were established. Fibrinopeptides A of the monkeys had a sequence identical with those of baboons: Ala-Asp-Thr-Gly-Glu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Leu-Ala-Glu-Gly-Gly-Gly-Val-Arg. Fibrinopeptides B were 9-residue, "short," peptides with the sequences Asn-Glu-Glu-Ser-Leu-Phe-Ser-Gly-Arg for M. fuscata and Asn-Glu-Glu-Val-Leu-Phe-Gly-Gly-Arg for E. patas. The sequence of the B peptide of M. fuscata differed from that of a close-related species, M. mulatta (rhesus monkey), at a single site, Leu (M.f.)----Pro (M.m.). A single replacement between the B peptides of E. patas and Cercocebus aethiops (green monkey), Val (E.p.)----Gly (C.a.), was detected. A phylogenic relationship of macaques, guenons, and baboons, named Cercopithecinae (Old World monkey), was deduced from the sequence data. A selective rather than random amino acid replacement was observed in the B peptides of these Old World monkeys, suggesting a restricted mutation of their fibrinopeptides during primate evolution.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

High polymorphism of Mhc-E locus in non-human primates: alleles with identical exon 2 and 3 are found in two different species.

Thirteen Mhc-E new sequences were found in eight individuals belonging to the Cercopithecinae family, i.e.: Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis and Cercopithecus aethiops when studying E locus polymorphism. No changes were found in the invariant residues which are required for the correct conformation of the peptide presenting region which are conserved in classical Mhc class I molecules from fish and reptiles to humans; however, polymorphism of Mhc-E alleles is not limited to the three typical hypervariable regions per domain as it is in classical class I alleles. The rate of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in the DNA sequence corresponding to the antigen binding site, compared to the remainder of exons 2 and 3 shows that the peptide-binding site is under high evolutionary pressure for stability since only synonymous substitutions have been found to be accepted in apes. Also, a clear example of trans-species evolution of allelism is found: two identical exon 2 and exon 3 sequences there exist belonging to individuals from different species (Mamu-Mhc-E*0101 and Mafa-Mhc-E*04). In addition, two Macaca mulatta individuals show an Mhc-E locus duplication. Finally, phylogenetic tree analysis shows that Mhc class I molecules found in Saguinus oedipus (described as Mhc-G homologues) are closer to Mhc-E sequences.

Alleles↗